Kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi oimba mlandu m'mabwalo alamulo ndiko magwero aakulu a chilungamo amene akhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuumba madongosolo a malamulo wamba ndi kusonkhezera njira zaupandu padziko lonse. Kuyenera kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa maupandu ali ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo woyang'anizana ndi awo amene amachitira umboni, kutsutsa umboni woperekedwa, ndi kuyang'ana mboni za kupyola m'tsogolo. Kumatumikira monga chitetezo chachikulu chotetezera zikhulupiriro zolakwika, kuvomereza, ndi umboni wachinsinsi. Ulendo wa m'mbiri wa ufulu umenewu [1] Kuyambira ku machitachita ake ozenga mlandu a Chingelezi cha m'zaka zapakati ndi m'malemba amakono ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse, kupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kulondola kwa kutetezedwa kwa choonadi. Nkhaniyi imene ikupenda mfundo zazikulu za mbiri yakale, zochitika zalamulo, ndi zitokosokosonya zamakono.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale a Kuyenera

Kuchokera kwa kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni kungapezeke kuchokera ku malamulo akale, koma mzera wake wachindunji uli woyambika ku England ya m'nyengo zapakati. Chilungamo choyambirira cha ku England chisanatuluke, chidadalira pa mitundu yaumboni yosatsimikizirika yonga ngati kuzenga mlandu ndi kuyesa, kuzenga mlandu, ndi kutsutsana ndi nkhondo. Njira zimenezi sizinaphatikizapo umboni wamoyo, osaphatikizapo mkangano. Kuyeneraku sikunakhale chifukwa chakuti wonenezedwayo analibe mwaŵi wa kufunsa oimba mlanduwo m’lingaliro latanthauzo lirilonse.

Kusinthako kunayamba ndi Ascentia ya Clarendon (116) ndi kuyambika kwa dongosolo la oweruza pansi pa Henry II. Oweruza anali mboni poyamba omwe anapereka chidziŵitso chozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha kumaloko. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, ajuliwo anasintha kukhala bungwe lopeza mboni zimene zinaperekedwa m’bwalo. Komabe, ozengedwa mlanduwo kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuyang'anizana ndi otsutsa osadziŵika ndi otsutsa andale ndi oukira boma. Magna Carta wa 1215, pamene sanatchule mwachindunji kutsutsana, anakhazikitsa mazikowo mwa kunena kuti “pansi pa mutu 45 . . . . . anamangidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. . . Kusiyapo kuweruza kololedwa kwa ausinkhunkhu lapa kwa ausinkhu wake kapena lamulo la dzikolo. [FLD] Chilamulochochigamuchi] Chilamulo cha dzikolo chinaphatikizapo lamulo la munthu wosalakwa kuti aikidwe popanda mlandu. Ngakhale kuti anthu olakwa.

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 14 ndi 15, Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa malamulo (m. 1352, 1367,) omwe anafunikira mboni za kuukira boma ndi milandu yolakwa kupangidwa. Komabe, kachitidweko kanakhalabe kosagwirizana. Mwapang'onopang'ono kanaphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti wonenezedwayo anali ndi ufulu wa kukhalapo ndi kumva umboni wotsutsa. Pofika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15, Bwana John Fortescue, m'ntchito yake [[FLT: 0] Die Laudibus Leglia Angliae [1], adayamikira kachitidwe kangachezembe ndi mboni zotsutsa mlanduwo. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyezedwa ndi gulu lochedwa koma loyendera ku chitsanzo cha machenjera lerolino.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ya Malamulo

Zaka za zana la 16 ndi Zachisanu ndi chiŵiri: Kuchokera ku Proceedings Yachinsinsi Kufikira ku Cross hẽ Expamian

Zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17 zinawona kusintha kowopsa m'machitidwe aupandu a ku England. Kuzengedwa mlandu koipitsitsa kwa Bwana Walter Raleigh mu 1603 kunasintha. Raleigh anaimbidwa mlandu wa kuukira boma kwakukulukulu pamaziko a kuvomereza kolembedwa ndi wotsogolera kampani yemwe sanaonekere m’khoti. Ralehigh mobwerezabwereza anafuna ufulu wokakumana ndi woimba mlandu wake, Lord Cobam, koma khoti linakana pempho lake. Mlangwe limeneli linavumbula kusalungama kwa umboni wachinsinsi ndi kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu onse ovomereza ufulu wa kutsutsana ndi mlandu. Wopereka milandu, kuphatikizapo Sir Edward Coke, anatsutsa kuti mlanduwo uyenera kuloledwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni kuti ayese mlandu wawo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa kwa mfumu ya Stuart Stuart Camber ndi High Commission . Courts yomwe inagwira ntchito popanda majaji ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri inadalira pa zolembedwa zofuna kusintha. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso kwa England, Palamenti inachotsa Star Chamber mu 1641. Pofika chakumapeto kwa zaka za 1600, lamulo lofala linakhazikitsa lamulo lolimba kuti umboni uyenera kuperekedwa pakamwa ndi m'khoti yotsegulidwa, kuyenera kuwolokera K. Chikalata cha Trect cha 16966 chinalimbikitsa ambiri a zitetezero zimenezi, chikufuna mboni ziŵiri ku kachitidwe kamodzi ndi kulola oimbidwa mlanduwo kukhala ndi makope a mlanduwo ndi kuperekedwa ndi mpambo wa mboni.

Kutsalira kwa Atsamunda a America ndi Kukula kwa Mdani wa Claus

Malamulo a ku England anapita ku maiko a ku America, kumene ufulu wa kulimbana unali kuphatikizidwa m'mabungwe a boma ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) inatsimikizira kuti “moyo wa munthu aliyense kapena chiŵalo kapena dzina kapena katundu , sizidzatengedwa ... koma popanda... kuloledwa kumvedwa, kuyang'anizana.

Chikalata cha ufulu chinatchula kuti apolisi audindo a boma la Britain a m’makhoti a ku Britain omwe anali ndi dongosolo la makhoti apadera . Chinathandiza kudandaula za “mboni za ku mayiko ena. Chikalata cha ufulu chinatchula kuti mlandu wa apolisi ukakanidwa ndi ajuli, koma kukana kutsutsana ndi mlandu kunalinso kodetsa nkhaŵa. Pambuyo pa ufulu, Bill of Rights, yemwe anauzidwa mu 17899 ndi kuvomerezedwa mu 1791, chinali ndi Aprindment ya Six, yomwe imanena momvekera bwino kuti: “Mlandulo wa aupandu, mlanduwo udzalandira ufulu... kuti ayang’anizane ndi mboni. Mawu ameneŵa anakhala maziko a lamulo la milandu a ku America, kusonyeza chigamulo cha okhazikitsa mlandu wachinsinsi ndi zigamu zachinyengo zimene anagwirizana nazo mu ulamuliro wa Britain.

Zochitika Zapadera za Malamulo

Buku lachingelezi lakuti Council of Rights (1689)

Ngakhale kuti anali kudera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi maulamuliro a mfumu ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, Bungwe la Zaufulu la ku England linali ndi makonzedwe amene anachirikiza mosadziŵika kuyenera kwa anthu oimba mlandu. Mfundo 10 inatsutsa “kufunikira kwa maliro opambanitsa a anthu ochitidwa m'milandu ... ndipo mapangano onse a ndalama ndi ziwitso za ndalama zoperekedwa kwa munthu wina asanalangwe. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, Bill of Rights Reaty anatsimikizira kuti anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo ali ndi ufulu wopempha mfumu ndi kuletsa“ chilango chachilendo. .

Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la Lamulo la United States (1791)

Sixte Amendment iri chitsimikiziro cha lamulo chomvekera bwino koposa cha kuyang'anizana ndi mboni m'dziko la Chingelezi lolankhula. Ilo limapereka kuti: “M’mabwalo onse aupandu, woimbidwa mlandu adzasangalala ndi kuyenera ... kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zotsutsana naye. Mawuwa amagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, ndipo kupyolera mwa Geneth Demendment’s Ression of Rected Proct Claus, laikidwa kugwiritsira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro (onani [[FL: 0]]] Pointerv. Texas[FL:1], U. 400.65). Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kutsutsana ndi Claus kuti lipereke machinjirizo atatu owonekera: [FL:] kumanja, kutsogolo kwa kudutsa kwa kutsogolo, ndi kuchotsapo kwa kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kwa kuwonana kwa kumanja kwa Texas, ndi kuwonaname (kunja lakumanja) mu chivome [1].[4] ndi kuwonekera kwa chigalamu choikidwa choikidwa chotchedwa chotchedwa chotchedwa. "F]

Kudziŵika kwa Mayiko Onse

Kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi oneneza sikuli kokha ku United States. Kumadziŵika m'madongosolo ambiri a zamalamulo, kuphatikizapo a United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ndi maiko a ku Ulaya. International pa Pangano la Chivomezi pa Chigawo ndi Chipolitiko (ICPR) [[FLP:1], Mfundo 14 (3), imatsimikizira “kusanthula, kapena kusanthula, mboni zotsutsana naye ndi kupeza mboni ndi kupenda mboni pa mikhalidwe yake imodzimodziyo. [[FLT:] Convention on Human Rights (ECH) [FL:3], Chigawo (3), Chigawo chokhozabe, chimaperekanso mboni kupenda kapena kupenda ziŵiya za mitundu yonse. Kutsutsana kwabwino, kuli koyenera kuweruza koyenera, ngakhale kuli kosiyana, chifukwa chakutsutsana ndi lamulo lachikulukulu, chikambirira pa ziganizo, chikanero, chikanero cha lamulo chokhoza kutsutsa chikayikiro chokwanira ku chika.

Tanthauzo Lamakono

Lerolino, kuyenera kwa kuyang’anizana ndi oimba mlandu kukukhalabe mbali yofunika kwambiri ya madongosolo a milandu aupandu padziko lonse. Kumatumikira ntchito zambiri: kumalola [1] kuwona mkhalidwe wa mboni, kuvumbula kusagwirizana ndi kukondera kupyolera m'mtanda . Kuyenera kumachirikizanso kukhoza kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo kukhala wodzitetezera. Popanda kulimbana, kuyang’anizana ndi mlanduwo kumakhala kongofufuza chabe m’malo mwa kukhala wodziikira mlandu.

Mu United States, Bhanisication Claus yakhala nkhani ya chiphunzitso chachikulu cha Khoti Lalikulu. Pambuyo pa [FLT: 0] Crawford [1], makhoti ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa “kuyerekezera” ndi“ kusamvera . nthano. Mawu otsutsirana. Mawu otsutsa monga mafufuzidwe a polisi, ma affidavits, ndi asanaikidwe mlandu. [FFON], mawu wamba kwa bwenzi, zolembedwa za ntchito zanthaŵi zonse) samaswa mpata ngati agwera mkati mwa kunyansitsa. Kusiyana kumeneku kwatsimikizira ndi kuchititsa chitsutso chachikulu cha thupi. Kuphatikizapo [FT.]: [FFFFON: F.] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [5]

Kuyenera kulinso ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza ku lamulo lamakono laumboni. Malamulo omvera a malamulo onse alinganizidwira kuletsa ajuli kudalira pa mawu osafufuzidwa. Chifuniro cha kulimbanacho chimapereka chitetezero chowonjezereka, kutsimikizira kuti mboni ziri zopezeka kaamba ka kutseguka kwa. M'madongosolo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu walamulo wa kulimbana sungakhale womvekera bwino, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi kuyenera kwa kufunsa mboni kupyolera mwa woweruza kapena mwachindunji, ndi kutsutsa umboni woyambitsidwa ndi mlanduwo.

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Kulinganiza Zokondweretsa Zofuna

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni sikuli kopanda malire. Makhoti ayenera kulilinganiza ndi zikondwerero zina zokakamiza, zonga ngati kutetezera mboni zotetezereka (ana, mikhole ya kugwiriridwa chigololo, anthu opunduka m’maganizo), kusungidwa kwa chisungiko cha dziko, ndi kutsimikizira kutetezeka kwa mboni zimene zimawopa kubwezera. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa njira zapadera zolola mboni zopanda upandu kuvomereza kupyolera mwa mboni zotsekedwa pa wailesi yakanema kapena vidiyo yoikidwa pa vidiyo, malinga ndi mwaŵi wofunikira wa kudutsa. [[FLT:] U. [[FLT:].S] Khoti lalikulu. [[FLT: 1] limachirikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapo ndi kudalirika kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa [FLC]

Mawu Omveka ndi Opeputsa

Kusiyapo pa malamulo a mphekesera . "kutsala pang'ono kufa, mawu odzutsa maganizo, ndi ndemanga zotsutsana ndi chikondwerero , zingalole kuyambitsidwa kwa mawu aumboni popanda mkangano ngati wotsutsayo sapezeka. Komabe, post [1][FLT]] , makhoti amafuna kuti mlandu usonyeze kusadalirika kwa umboni ndi kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mwaŵi woyamba wa kudutsa àraamkane (kapena kuti mboniyo inatayidwa ndi cholakwa). [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Kulakwa kwa kulakwa ndi cholakwa [[FLT:] [FLT: 3]] [3] mboni zotsutsa kutsutsa kuwona kwa dala kulephera kuvomereza umboni. Mawu aumboniwo. Mawuwa, odziŵika m'kayi, [FT]

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Umboni Wamitundu Yosiyanasiyana

M'nkhani zokhudza uchigaŵenga, zigaŵenga, kapena nkhani zina zamphamvu, nthaŵi zina maboma amafuna kudalira pa umboni wapadera umene sungaululidwe mokwanira kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana kwenikweni ndi kulimbanako. Mayiko ambiri atengera njira zothandizira kapena kutseka njira zapadera (m’chitsanzo, Chilungamo ndi Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha United Kingdom, 2013, Chikalata cha Immigration and Refugee Protection Act cha Canada kutchula zimenezi. Komabe, mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu atsutsa njira zoyesa kuchirikiza ufulu wa munthu. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lanena kuti pamene nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko zili zovomerezeka, oimbidwawo ayenerabe kupatsidwa chidziŵitso chokwanira chothandiza; kugwiritsira ntchito mwachinsinsi popanda 6 Chikalata cha ECH .

Kuchuluka kwa Nyengo ya Masinkhu ndi Kusowa Anthu Odziŵana Nawo

Masiku ano, anthu amavutika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pa Intaneti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira zimene anthu ena amanena zokhudza nkhani zachinsinsi kapena zimene zachitika pa Intaneti.

Kumaliza

Ufulu woyang'anirana ndi oimba mlandu uli ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha mbiri yakale, kuyambira ku England ya m'zaka zapakati mpaka ku malamulo amakono. Ulendo wake umasonyeza kuti anthu ali odzipereka pa chilungamo, kuonekera bwino, ndi kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa munthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu wakhala woyengedwa ndi kuchepa ndi kupikisana ndi nkhaŵa, udakali chitetezo chofunika kwambiri ku zitsimikizo zopanda nzeru ndi umboni wachinsinsi. Pamene madongosolo a zamalamulo akupitirizabe kuyambitsa / kuchotsa ziwopsezo zatsopano, luso latsopano, ndi mitundu yatsopano ya mfundo ya mfundo ya kutsutsana idzakhala chizindikiro cha chilungamo. Makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi ochiritsa ayenera kupitiriza kulinganiza ndi zolinga zina zoyenerera, nthaŵi zonse akukumbukira kuti cholinga chachikulu cha mlandu ndicho kufika pa choonadi kudzera mchitidwe umene umalemekeza ndi kuweruza kwa onenezedwa.