Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ku United States ndi kugwirizanitsa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro kocholoŵana. Kumvetsetsa kugaŵanika mphamvu kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsatiridwa, ndi kumasulira mtundu wonse. Magawo ameneŵa, odziŵika monga authoristism, sasinthasintha mwa kumasulira kwa malamulo alamulo, malamulo apadera, ndi zochita za ndale zadziko. Kwa aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa maboma kapena mbiri, kuzindikira kosiyana kwa boma kuli kofunika polongosola zonse ziŵiri za ulamuliro wa Amereka ndi mikangano imene imasonkhezera mikangano ya malamulo lerolino.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko

Federalism ku United States ndi imene inayambika mu Lamulo la Malamulo, lolembedwa mu 1787. Opanga malamulowo analinganiza kukhazikitsa dongosolo limene lili ndi mphamvu yolinganizika pakati pa ulamuliro waukulu ndi maboma a munthu mmodzi, kupeŵa zofooka zonse ziŵiri za boma limodzi ndi kugwirizanitsa kopanda malire. Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinayamba kukhazikitsa boma lapakati lofooka lomwe silingathe kulamulira malonda, misonkho, kapena malamulo otsatiridwa. Lamulo linaletsa kulephera kumeneku mwa kupanga boma la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zogaŵikana, pamene likusunga ulamuliro wa boma m'madera onse omwe sanaperekedwe ku Union.

Malamulo aakulu amene amalongosola chigwirizano cha boma amaphatikizapo Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2), amene amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma liri lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo; Chithandizo ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus (Chigawo 8, Claus 18), chimene chimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala yololera kuchita maulamuliro ake oŵerengedwa; ndi Tentith Amendment, imene imasunga mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States ku maulamuliro kapena anthu. Zigawo zimenezi pamodzi zimapanga dongosolo lomwe lili losinthika ndi logwirizana.

Pankhani za kutsutsana kwa m'makwalala, Federalist Papers . Makamaka Federalist Na. 10 ndi Federalist No. 51 "kutsimikizira kulungamitsidwa kwa mafilosofi kaamba ka kugawa mphamvu. James Madison adatsutsa kuti lipabuliki lalikulu ndi timagulu tambiri likaletsa gulu lirilonse kulamuliridwa, pamene kupatuka kwa maulamuliro ndi chigwirizano kukapereka "kutetezereka kaŵiri" kaamba ka zoyenera za munthu. Malamulo anapangidwa motero kutetezera ufulu mwa kuchotsa ulamuliro.

Nkhani za Kugwirizanitsa ndi Msonkhano wa Malamulo

Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinavomerezedwa mu 1781, zinapanga "kulimbana ndi ubwenzi" pakati pa mayiko omwe anali ndi boma lokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Boma lapakati silinathe kukhoma msonkho, kukweza gulu lankhondo, kapena kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana mwachindunji. Shays ’ Regiversition (1786 –1787) kuvumbula kufooka kwa Magawo, kulimbikitsa boma lolimba kwambiri. Msonkhano wa malamulo ku Philadelphia unakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano limene linakulitsa kwambiri mphamvu ya boma pamene linasunga chilo.

Kulolerana pa Msonkhano, monga Great Relations ndi Atatu - Feths Ololera, kunasonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa zikondwerero za boma ndi umodzi wa dziko. Malamulo amene anatuluka anali chikalata chokhazikitsidwa bwino chimene chinapereka mphamvu zenizeni ku boma pamene chinali kusunga zotsalazo ku maboma. Magawano a ulamuliro ameneŵa akhala nkhani ya mkangano ndi kutsutsana kuyambira pamenepo.

Kumvetsa Kugawanika kwa Mphamvu

Malamulo a U.S. amasankha maulamuliro a maboma a boma ndi a boma, kupanga dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana lomwe nlofunika kusungitsa ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Maulamuliro operekedwa . Operekedwa mwachindunji ku Nyumba ya Malamulo m'Chigawo I, Gawo 8 .Ikuphatikizapo kuyendetsa kwa mayiko ndi malonda akunja, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa mapositi ofesi. Celauty ndi Holy Classie amalola Nyumba za Malamulo "zofunika ndi zoyenera" kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro ameneŵa, zimene zatembenuzidwa mofala monga [[FT:0]. [FLD:]

Mayiko, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, amasunga malamulo a boma pansi pa Demetrimenti ya khumi. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro pa zamaphunziro, malamulo a boma, njira zoyendera, malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ukwati ndi malamulo a banja, ndi malonda a m'mayiko. Mayiko amagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu za panthaŵi imodzi monga msonkho ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Njira imeneyi yolamulira yogwirizana imatanthauza kuti maulamuliro onse aŵiri a boma akhoza kugwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi, koma nkhondo zimabuka kaŵirikaŵiri pa malire a boma lililonse.

Anagwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Zachibadwa

Pambali pa kuŵerengedwa kwa maulamuliro, boma labomalo lili ndi mphamvu zotengedwa kuchokera ku Mfuno ndi Sed Claus . Izi zinachirikizidwa mu Mcloch v. Maryland, kumene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall ananena motchuka kuti "mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu ya kuwononga" ndi kuti Lamulolo liyenera kufotokozedwa motsimikizirika kuti likwaniritse zifuno zake. Boma la boma lilinso ndi mphamvu zachibadwa [1] awo amene ali a mtundu uliwonse wachifumu, monga mphamvu yolamulira ndi kuyendetsa nkhani zachilendo. Ngakhale kuti iwo satchulidwa mwachindunji m'malamulo.

Maulamuliro a boma ngotakata mofananamo koma ogonjera ku ulamuliro wa boma. Amereka Angwereredwa kupereka chitetezo chatanthauzo kaamba ka ufulu wa boma, makamaka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, popeza kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa likhala ndi mphamvu zochepetsera ntchito za boma kapena zauyang'anira (onani Printz v. United States, 1997; Murphy v. NACA, 2018]). Chiphunzitso ichi "Anti-commander" chimalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti boma liyenera kulemekeza ulamuliro.

Mphamvu Zamakono ndi Kuyesedwa

Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse amaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa msonkho, kumanga misewu, makhoti, ndi kuyendetsa malonda m'miyezo ina. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, Supremacy Claus amalamula kuti lamulo la boma likhalepo [1] koma kokha ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikufuna kulowa m’munda kapena ngati lamulo la boma litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi chofala cha kumasula, makamaka m’madera onga malamulo a malo okhalako, miyezo ya ntchito, ndi kusamuka.

Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu mu Arizona v. United States (20: 2) inagonjetsa makonzedwe angapo a lamulo la kusamuka la Arizona chifukwa chakuti linatsutsana ndi mfundo zofunika za boma. Mofananamo, mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20:3), Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti boma silingachotse ndalama zonse za bungwe za Medicaid kuchokera ku maboma amene sanasankhe kuwonjezera kuwonjezera ku Afford Care Act, kuwonjezera malire a mphamvu ya boma pa malamulo a boma.

Kuyambika kwa Mafuko Ogwirizana M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Federalism ku United States yapyola pa magawo angapo osiyana. Akatswiri kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola kusintha kuchoka ku chigwirizano cha boma (layer kheactum) kupita ku copanstiveism (kusintha kwa makeke) ndiyeno ku chigwirizano chatsopano [ kapena devolution. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko ndiko mfungulo cha kuyamikira kutsutsana kwatsopano pa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Dual Federalism (1789-1930)

Pansi pa malamulo aŵiri a boma, boma la boma ndi maboma omwe anali ogaŵanika kwambiri. Boma la boma linasumika maganizo pa nkhani za nkhaŵa ya mtunduwo . Zonga nkhani zachilendo, majesiti, ndi malonda apakati pa mayiko . Panthaŵiyi mayiko akomweko anachita ndi nkhani monga maphunziro, mphamvu ya apolisi, ndi lamulo la katundu. Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zonga United States v. E. C. Co. CHR. [1895]

Nyengo imeneyi inatha ndi New Deal , pamene Prezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya boma. Programu za New Develop yonga Social Security, National Labor Relations Act, ndi Agricultural Selct inafuna kugwirizana ndi boma ndi kusintha ulamuliro.

Boma Logwirizana (1930s\1970)

M’chigwirizano cha boma, maboma a boma ndi a boma anagwira ntchito pamodzi kuthetsa mavuto a dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kupereka maprogramu ndi malamulo ofunikira kukhala ndi phande m’boma. Boma linakhazikitsa zonulirapo zazikulu za lamulo, pamene maboma anakhazikitsa maprogramu oikidwa m’zitsogozo za boma. Nyengo imeneyi inawona kukwera kwa ndalama zoperekera ndalama zonsezo, zimene zinapereka ndalama kaamba ka zifuno zenizeni zogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe.

Komabe, kuchuluka kwa malamulo a boma ndi mikhalidwe imene inawononga zinthu kunayambitsa mikangano. Mayiko anadandaula kuti kuloŵerera kwa boma kunasokoneza ulamuliro wawo, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malamulowo.

New Federalism ndi D evolution (1980s\-Presente)

Kuyambira ndi ulamuliro wa Reagan, kukakamiza kubwerera ku maboma. Maboma atsopanowa anafuna kuchepetsa ndalama za boma ndi udindo wosinthana kuti apereke maulamuliro kudzera mwa ndalama zotsekereza ndi kuletsa. Malamulo aakulu anali ndi Udindo wa University ndi Wogwira Ntchito Reconciliation Act (1996), umene unaloŵa mmalo maprogramu a boma oimira boma ndi maprogramu oyendera boma, ndi Mandadaides Reform Act (1995), amene anayesa kuchepetsa malamulo a boma pa maboma.

Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsanso malamulo a mphamvu za boma. United States v. Lopez [1] (1995] (195), Bwalo Lamilandu linagonjetsa Gun-Free School County Act monga mphamvu yoposa ya zamalonda ya Congress, yosonyeza nthaŵi yoyamba kuyambira pa New Deal imene Khoti linawononga lamulo la boma pa mabwalo a malonda. Nkhani zonga United States v. Morrison (2]) (2000) ndi [[FLT:] County . Baker . Baker adapitiriza kugamula lamulo m'boma m'boma la ufulu wa dziko.

Ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu mu Kusintha Maboma

Milandu ya malamulo yasintha kamvedwe ka mfundo za boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza mmene ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zinalili m’nthaŵi yawo.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Milandu ingapo yofunika yalongosola malire a mphamvu za boma ndi za boma:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (119) – kukhazikitsa ukulu wa lamulo la boma pa lamulo la boma ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States. Kuŵerenga kotakata kwa Khoti kwa Ofunikira ndi Oyenerera Claus anakulitsa mphamvu za boma.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (11824) – mphamvu yofutukulidwa ya boma kulamulira malonda a dziko lapansi, kulongosola malonda kuphatikizapo ulendo wapanyanja. Chochitikachi chinayala maziko a ulamuliro wa boma pa chuma cha dziko lonse.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995) – kuwonjezera malire pa ulamuliro wa boma mwakugwetsa lamulo lakuti mfuti zaupandu zinali pafupi ndi sukulu, akumalingalira kuti ntchitoyo sinali yogwirizana mokwanira ndi malonda a maiko.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20: 2) – Uppeal chilolezo cha Affordal Care Act monga msonkho, koma kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Congress mwa kulamulira kuti boma silingakakamize maboma kufutukula Medicaid mwa kuwopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse zomwe zilipo.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker [FLT ] (203) – Kuchotsa lamulo la Court Rights Act, kutsutsa kuti inaika mitolo pa maboma imene sinalungamitsedwe ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Chigamulo chimenechi chinachepetsa kwambiri uyang’aniro wa boma wa malamulo osankha.

Chigamulo chimenechi chikusonyeza chisinthiko chosatha cha boma ndi kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro mu United States. Ntchito ya Khotilo monga woimira boma pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma n’njofunika kuti asunge dongosolo la malamulo.

Nkhani za M’tsogolo za Mafuko

Masiku ano, kugawikana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma kumayesedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana, monga zaumoyo, maphunziro, malamulo a malo okhala, kukhazikitsa chamba, kusamuka, ndi kuvota.

Kusamalira thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) imapereka chitsanzo cha kusagwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma m'kachitidwe ka zaumoyo. Maboma akhala ndi mayankho osiyanasiyana ku ACA, kuphatikizapo kufutukula Medicaid pansi pa malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma ogwirizana ndi boma, kapena malamulo a boma ovuta m’khoti. Pa 2024, maboma khumi sanakulitsebe Med ngakhale kuti boma limalimbikitsa, kuchititsa kuchotsa mipata ya anthu otsika olandira. [[FLT: 0] NIB v. Sebelius [1] chigamu chimene chinagogomezedwa kuti sichingafulumizidwebe, kusunga malo awo a kudzilamulira m'derali.

Kupyola ACA, likulongosolanso za misika ya inshuwalansi, inshuwalansi ya osamalira thanzi, ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu. Mliri wa Covid-19, boma linathandiza kwambiri pamene maboma anakhazikitsa malamulo okhalira panyumba, malamulo oletsa kubisa, ndi katemera, nthaŵi zina zotsutsana ndi chitsogozo cha boma. Mliriwu unagogomezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa mayankhidwe abwino.

Maphunziro

Malamulo a maphunziro ndi mbali ina imene mayiko a boma ndi a boma amagwirizana. Zimenezi zinaloŵa m’malo mwa malamulo a child Led Behind Act (ESA), zomwe zinasainidwa mu 2015, zinachotsa mphamvu zazikulu ku mayikowo, kuwalola kukhazikitsa mfundo zawo, kukhazikitsa njira zoonera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene akupereka.

Komabe, malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma monga ngati mutu VI (race), Umutwe IX (x), ndi Asocial Istylebral Education Act (IEA) . Kuphatikizanso, ndalama za boma zothandizira sukulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe, monga ngati kuyesa ndi kuŵerengera. Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro ndi uyang’aniro wa boma kumapikisana, makamaka pamene maboma akulimbana ndi nkhani zonga zolembedwa, chosankha cha sukulu, ndi chikalata cha mphunzitsi.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amawona kutsutsana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi njira za boma. Maboma angapereke malamulo okhwima a malo okhala kuposa miyezo ya boma, kuchititsa kusagwirizana m'zitetezero za malo okhala m'dziko lonse ndi mikangano yalamulo pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, California wakhala akugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake pansi pa Ceac Air Act kukhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu yotulutsa galimoto, imene maboma ena angaitenge. Boma la boma pansi pa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana layesa mobwerezabwereza kuchotsa kulephera kwa California, kuchititsa kufalikira.

Mofananamo, maulamuliro atsogolera pa kusintha kwa nyengo, kukhazikitsa maprogramu, miyezo yokhoza kukonzedwanso, ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Massachusetts v. EPA [1] (2007) adakhulupirira kuti boma lingalamulire mpweya wotentha pansi pa Coopper Air Act , koma pambuyo pake ma deucrative asiya maboma kuti apange njira zawo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mphamvu yopitirizabe pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zamakono za kutsutsana kwa boma ndicho kuloledwa kwa lamulo la chamba kuti chigwiritsiridwe ntchito m'zamankhwala kapena m'zosangulutsa m'mayiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti chikupitiriza kuikidwa monga shidinsi yomwe ndikulamulira pansi pa lamulo la boma. Pa 2024, maboma oposa 202 alola kugwiritsa ntchito cannabis, ndi pafupifupi 40 kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Komabe, lamulo la boma limaletsabe kukhala ndi ndi kugaŵira, kuyambitsa maupandu a mabizinesi, banki, ndi ogula zinthu.

Boma la boma lapansi kwambiri kusungitsa lamulo mwa zikalata zotsogolera monga Cole Memory (203) ndi SAFE Banking Act (2023), koma mkangano waukulu sunathetsedwe. Mkhalidwe umenewu umachitira chitsanzo malire a mphamvu ya boma pamene lamulo la boma likhalabe m’mabukuwo, ndipo umadzutsa mafunso ponena za kuthekera kwa ulamuliro wa boma poyang'anizana ndi kuyesa kwa chigawo chapamwamba.

Kusamuka ndi Mizinda Yosapatulika

Malamulo oletsa kusamuka ndi mphamvu ya boma, koma maboma akhazikitsa mowonjezereka ntchito mwa kuyang'anira ntchito, laisensi, ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Lingaliro la "mizinda yaing'ono" . Zilango zimene zimachepetsa kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma loletsa kusamuka kwa anthu . [FLT: 0] Arizona v. United States , Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha mapangano a SB'S 1070 amene anatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, koma linasiya khomo lotsegulidwa kuti lisunge malamulo a kusamutsira anthu kudziko m’njira zopereŵeruza.

Kuyesa kwa boma kukana kupereka ndalama ku maulamuliro a kachisi kwatsutsidwanso, ndi makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri akumagamula kuti boma la boma silingakakamize mikhalidwe yatsopano m’maiko popanda chinenero chomvekera bwino kapena kukhazikitsa chilolezo choyenera ku programu ya ndalama. Milandu imeneyi ikupitirizabe kulongosola malire pakati pa kutha mphamvu kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma wa apolisi.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 ndi lamulo la boma loletsa tsankho la fuko posankha. Koma pambuyo pa Shelby County v. Horer [1] (2013) adachotsa njira yoperekera yopangira yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti ndi maboma amene ayenera kupeza masinthidwe a malamulo a kuvota, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano a ovota, kusanthula malo otsegulira, ndi mapulani opeputsa amene osuliza amakhudza anthu ochepa kwambiri. Boma la boma layesa kubwezeretsa malamulo monga John R. Voclegiating Reformation Adment Act, koma sanapambane.

Malo ameneŵa akusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa boma lotetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa boma pa masankho.

Maboma Okhala Mabungwe a Demokrase

Woweruza Louis Brandeis analemba motchuka kuti "boma lingagwiritsidwe ntchito, ngati nzika zake zisankha, monga laboratoria; ndi kuyesa kufufuza kwachilendo kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma popanda chiwopsezo kumbali zonse za dzikolo". Lingaliro limeneli likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito phindu lalikulu la boma: likhoza kuyambitsa ndi kuyesa malamulo amene ngati apambana, angatengedwe mwa mtundu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo miyezo yotulutsa mpweya wamphamvu ya California, imene inachititsa kuti boma la California likhale malamulo audongo; Massachusetts''''s Surces proces (200), yomwe imagwira ntchito monga chitsanzo cha ACA; ndi Oregon's druction tration, yomwe yaphunziridwa ndi maiko ena.

Mayiko amaperekanso mipata ya kukhala ndi phande ndi kulabadira. Akuluakulu osankhidwa a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ofikirika ndi oŵerengera kwa oimira awo kuposa oimira a boma. Kuyesa kupambana kwa kuyesa kwa boma kungadziŵitse boma popanda kukhazikitsa njira imodzi yothetsera vuto. Ntchito ya laboratori ndi yofunika kwambiri makamaka m'madera onga maphunziro, kukonzanso chilungamo, ndi malamulo a za kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Komabe, si kufufuza konse kumene kuli kopambana, ndipo kusiyana kwa maiko kungachititse kulingana kwa kukhoza kapena mwaŵi. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kudalira pa kuyesa boma kungachedwetsetse zothetsera mavuto aakulu a dziko, monga ngati kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kupenda zaumoyo.

Tsogolo la Mafuko

Monga momwe chitaganya chikusinthira, ubale pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Mapangano onga a tekinoloji, kusamuka, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo adzapitirizabe kutsutsa madongosolo a ulamuliro amene alipo. Kukula kwa mwamsanga kwa intaneti, luntha lopanga, ndi mathengo a makompyuta zapangitsa malo amene onse aŵiri a boma akuthamanga kuti akwaniritsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Consumer Infocy Act ya California (CPA) inakhazikitsa maziko a dziko kaamba ka chitetezo cha chidziŵitso, pamene boma lilibe malamulo achinsinsi odziŵika bwino.

Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kudzavuta kwambiri. Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kudzafuna kuti anthu agwirizane, pamene mavuto ambiri a malo okhala akudutsa m'madera osiyanasiyana ndipo akufuna njira zothetsera zigawo kapena dziko. Mtsogolo mwa boma lidzadalira pa mphamvu zonse ziŵiri za boma kugwira ntchito pamodzi pamene zikulemekeza mbali zawo zosiyanasiyana.

Ndiponso, kusinthana maganizo kwa anthu, kulamulira kwa chipani cha White House ndi Congress, ndi kuikidwa kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kudzapitirizabe kusonkhezera kulinganiza ulamuliro. Kugaŵidwa kwa magulu aŵiri aakulu kwachititsa masomphenya otsutsana a ulamuliro: mbali imodzi imavomereza kugwirizana kwa mtundu m’madera onga ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala, pamene kuli kwakuti inayo imagogomezera kusamala ndi kulamulira kwa boma. Kuletsa kusagwirizana kumeneku kudzafunikira kulongosola malamulo a boma ndi kulolera kugonja kwa ndale zadziko.

Kumaliza

Kugaŵanika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma kuli mbali ya maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mwakumvetsetsa mphamvu imeneyi, aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira angayamikire bwino lomwe kucholoŵana kwa lamulo, malamulo, ndi chisinthiko cha demokrase mu United States. Federalism si lingaliro lokhazikika koma maziko a moyo amene amasintha mikhalidwe pamene akusunga miyezo yapamwamba ya ufulu, kuimira, ndi kudzilamulira kwa anthu. Pamene mtunduwo ukuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, kukambitsirana pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro kudzakhalabe kwapakati pa kuyesa kwa ku America mu progalamu.

Kuti aŵerengenso, aphunzitsi angaone Malamulo Opendedwa a Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi za mlandu wa chigamulo cha boma chosintha zinthu . [[FLT] . [FLT] . [FLT] .PULT] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .