Kupangidwa kwa Boma la United States ndi Chiyambukiro Chake pa Inu Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Boma si lingaliro lakutali, losawoneka limene limakhala kokha ku Washington D.C. Nyumba za boma. Ndilo mphamvu imene imasankha liŵiro la misewu yanu, kukongola kwa madzi a pampope yanu, masukulu ophunzitsidwa pasukulu ya mwana wanu, ndi miyezo ya kutetezereka ya galimoto imene mumayendetsa. Zosankha zimenezi sizichitidwa ndi nyumba imodzi yokha ya malo amodzi yokha, koma ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi malire a boma, boma, ndi maboma akuno, lililonse lokhala ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo ake. Kuzindikira mmene miyezo imagwirira ntchito , ndi kumene mawu anu amayenderana ndi kumlingo wa [1] ndi kumene njira yoyamba ya kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino kuyendera bwino madongosolo a moyo wanu ndi mudzi wanu.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba kwambiri ku United States, likupeza mphamvu yake ku Malamulo a U.S. Limakhudza nkhani za mtundu zimene zimafuna kugwirizana m’maiko 50 onse. Kuchokera ku kutetezera dziko ndi kulowa m’dziko, zosankha zake zimakhazikitsa malamulo olamulira ndi ovomerezeka amene maboma ndi anthu amagwira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amawonekera kukhala kutali ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, chisonkhezero chake nchachikulu: malamulo a boma amatetezera kusungika kwa chakudya chanu, amalamulira ndege za wailesi yakanema ndi italineti, ndi kutsimikizira kutetezera zoyenera za anthu.

Udindo wa Mathayo

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Asilikali a United States, mapangano a zauneneri, ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse amagwa pansi pa puriview ya boma. Mabungwe ali ndi mphamvu ya kulengeza nkhondo, pamene prezidentiyo akuchita monga Mtsogoleri wa nkhondo ndi kukambitsirana ndi mitundu yachilendo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Entestate Commerce:[FLT .] The Commerce Claus imapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa kusinthana kwa zachuma kumene kumadutsa malire a boma. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira banki, misika ya masheya, ndi makampani a zoyendera monga ndege ndi njanji m’dziko lonselo.
  • Lamulo la Thupi ndi Kusintha: Mabungwe onga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ndi U.S. Unigration Service (USCIS) amasamalira maupandu odutsa m'dziko ndi malamulo a kukhazikitsa dziko.
  • Inishuwansi ndi chipatala: The Social Security Administration, Medicare, ndi mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za Medicaid imayang'aniridwa pa mlingo wa boma, kukhazikitsa chichirikizo cha maziko kaamba ka achikulire, anthu olumala, ndi mabanja opeza zochepera.

Makonzedwe ndi Malonda ndi Masitepe

Boma la boma lagaŵidwa mwadala kukhala nthambi zitatu, dongosolo lolinganizidwira kuletsa gulu lirilonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu yopambanitsa. Kulekana kumeneku, limodzi ndi dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganiza, kumatsimikizira chigwirizano ndi uyang’aniro.

  • Nthambi Yolamulira: Yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthambi imeneyi imatsatiridwa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Imaphatikizapo madipatimenti a KBB (m., Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, Department of Homeland Security), mabungwe akuluakulu, ndi antchito a boma. Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe la Congress ndi kukhazikitsa oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo machiweruzo a Supreme Court (m's a chivomerezo cha Khoti).
  • Branch: Nyumba ya Bajaral Congress (Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo) ili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutulutsa misonkho, ndi kuvomereza ndalama za boma. Nyumba ya Oimira imapatula mipando yozikidwa pa anthu a boma, kupereka maufumu aakulu oimira. Nyumba ya malamulo imapereka chithunzi chofanana ndi oimira aŵiri a mu boma limodzi. Nyumba ya malamulo ingatsegule prezidenti ndi magawo aŵiri mu zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma akumasulira Konsichushoni ndi malamulo a boma. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda kwa chiweruzo . Kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe a maulamuliro popanda lamulo. Zilungamo zimaikidwa kaamba ka moyo, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kakonzedwe kameneka kamatanthauza kuti ngakhale pamene lamulo la boma laperekedwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵetsamo kugwirizanitsa kocholoŵana pakati pa mabungwe a boma, maboma, ndi mabungwe ena a boma. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lalikulu la zamaziko la boma loperekedwa pamlingo wa boma (monga Inslastructuralezation Investivement and Jobs Act) limagaŵira ndalama ku Dipatimenti ya Zachiteteshoni, imene kenaka imasamalira ntchito yomanga m'gwirizano ndi maboma a boma ndi mizinda. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse ya madzi oyera, koma maboma amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchirikiza miyezo imeneyo.

Boma: Maboma a Demokalase

Pa ntchito pakati pa ambulera ya boma ndi zofuna za dziko, maboma a boma ali ndi ufulu ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Mpambo wa Tenuth Amendment ku bungwe la U.S. Maulamuliro a malamulo osaperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma. Mawu "audindo" ameneŵa amalola maboma kukhala monga malaboratori a malamulo, kusamalira mavuto ndi mapindu apadera a madera. Monga momwe Justice Supreme Court Louis Brandeis anatchulidwira motchuka, malamulo anga "kutumikira monga malo ofufuziramo zinthu; ndi kuyesa kuyesa mayanjano ndi chuma popanda ngozi ku dziko lonse.

Ntchito Zazikulu ndi Mathayo

  • Kuphunzitsa: maboma akupereka ndalama ndi kulamulira maphunziro a anthu onse K-12, amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro (kuphatikizapo zofunika za maphunziro a pasukulu ya sekondale), amayang'anira mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera njira za maphunziro a m'chigawo cha sukulu.
  • [[FLT :0] Maboma: ali ndi thayo la kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, milatho, ndi mabwalo a ndege. Iwo ali ndi njira zambiri zazikulu zimene zimagwirizanitsa mizinda ndi matauni, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira kulembetsa ndi kuyendetsa galimoto.
  • Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amasamalira zolembedwa zofunika, kuyang'anira zipatala ndi nyumba zosamalira okalamba, kuyendetsa maprogramu a zaumoyo a boma oyenderana ndi kufalikira kwa matenda. Apolisi a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo pa misewu ya boma ndi kuthandiza kusungitsa lamulo la kumaloko.
  • Lajegi ndi Kuwongolera: Nyumba za malamulo za boma zokhazikitsa malamulo a upandu, pamene makhoti a boma asamalira mikangano yambiri ya lamulo (mapangano, mapangano, milandu yaupandu). Ndende za boma zimachita maupandu, ndipo makomiti a boma amayang'anira maprogramu a kumasulidwa koyamba.
  • Environin Management Management : Mabungwe a boma otetezera malo otetezera akuipitsa amakakamiza kuletsa kuipitsa, amayang'anira mapaki a boma ndi zoyesayesa za kutetezera nyama, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a malo okhala a boma onga Clean Water Act m'malire awo.

Malamulo a Boma

Kuwona chitsanzo cha boma, boma lirilonse liri ndi nthambi zitatu, ngakhale kuti maina ndi maulamuliro apadera amasiyana. Nthambi yapamwamba imatsogozedwa ndi Kazembe, amene amasankhidwa padziko lonse ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu zoyang'anira mabungwe a boma, kupanga bajeti, ndi kusayina kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo. Nthambi ya malamulo ya boma imasankhidwa ndi boma mkati mwa boma. Maboma amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma, ndi maboma ena ochitira masankhoti a oweruza.

Uchifumu wa boma umatanthauza kuti malamulo angazisiyane kwambiri pakati pa mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a msonkho . kuphatikizapo msonkho wa ndalama zimene munthu amapeza ndi ndalama zogulitsa ndalama zokwana pa msonkho . Mayiko ena alibe msonkho wa munthu aliyense (m’njira yakuti, Texas, Nevada), pamene ena ali ndi nyumba za msonkho (m. California, New York). Mofananamo, maboma ali ndi ufulu wapamwamba pa malamulo a chamba, ndipo amaletsa kusanguluka kwina.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu

Boma la kumaloko ndilo mlingo wa mwamsanga ndi wowoneka kwambiri wa boma m'zochitika zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Limagwira ntchito za manja zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji katundu wanu, chisungiko, ndi moyo. Maboma, mizinda, matauni, midzi, ndi madera apadera (monga ma pulatifomu a sukulu, madera ozimira moto, ndi maulamuliro a madzi) amapanga malo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo ali magawo a boma ndipo amapeza ulamuliro ku boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi luntha lapadera pa nkhani za kumaloko.

Ntchito za Core Kumalo Akwawo

  • Safety : Madipatimenti a apolisi a kumaloko, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS) ndiwo oyamba kuyankha mavuto a m'dera lanu. Malamulo odziwitsa amalamulira kukonza malamulo a chitetezo ndi malo. Malamulo a pamsewu, malamulo oimika galimoto, ndi malamulo a phokoso amatsatidwa kumaloko.
  • Ntchito za Public ndi mafashoni: Maboma amasunga misewu m’mizinda, amayang'anira madzi ndi zimbudzi, amasonkhanitsa zinyalala, amakonza mapaki ndi malo osangalalira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera za anthu (basi, njanji yopepuka).
  • Magawo a Sukulu a ku malo akwanuko: M'maboma ambiri, makomiti a sukulu a kumaloko (osankhidwa kapena oikidwa) amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za sukulu za boma, olemba ntchito, ma bajeti, ndi kuyang'anira malipiro a aphunzitsi ndi mapangano mkati mwa miyezo ya maphunziro a boma.
  • Kukopa ndi Zoning : Maboma a kumalo amapanga mapulani odziŵa bwino a malo, amakhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa amene angalinganizire kumene angamangidwe (amalonda, a maindasitale), zilolezo zomangira nyumba, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a nyumba kutsimikizira kukhala kokhalako.
  • Makhoti a madera apafupi: [[FLT :1] makhoti a Makampani a boma amasamalira kuswa zigaŵenga, matikiti a galimoto, ndi mikangano yaing’ono yachiŵeniŵeni. Makhoti a m'chigawo amasamalira milandu yaikulu kwambiri koma adakali mbali ya dongosolo lachiweruzo la boma.

Boma Lakumene Kuli Boma Lamtundu Wosiyanasiyana

  • Minicalities (Makolo ndi Towns): Kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulidwa ndi meya wosankhidwa (wopha) ndi bungwe la mzinda (wopatutsa). Ena amagwiritsira ntchito "meya wamphamvu" kumene meya ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zauyang'aniro, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo "loyang'anira mzinda waluso" kumene manijala wa mzinda, woikidwa ndi bungwe, amatsatira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku.
  • Magawo a dziko aakulu : [[FLT :1] Magawo aakulu omwe amaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri mizinda ndi midzi, kuphatikizapo makampani ambiri m'malire awo. Maboma amasamalira mautumiki amene amadutsa malire a mzinda uliwonse, monga makhoti a boma, kuyang'anira katundu, ndende, zipatala zaumoyo, ndi maziko a zaumoyo pakati pa matauni (m.g., misewu ya m'magawo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Zigawo: Independent , mabungwe a boma a zolinga zochepa opangidwa kuti apereke utumiki wapadera. Zofala kwambiri ndi zigawo za sukulu. Zina zimaphatikizapo madera a madzi, madera otetezera moto, madera osungiramo malaibulale, ndi maulamuliro a onyamula anthu. Iwo ali ndi makomiti awoawo olamulira amene amasankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nzika za m’chigawo.

Zigamulo za boma la kumaloko zimakhudza mwachindunji mapindu a katundu ndi anthu a m'mudzi. Chigamulo cha bungwe la mzinda cha kukonzanso malo opanda kanthu kuchokera ku malo okhala kufikira ku malonda apamwamba chingasinthe malingaliro a malo a mdima. Ndalama za bungwe la sukulu zingathetse nyimbo kapena maprogramu a maseŵera. Dipatimenti ya katemera ya katemera ya m'chigawocho ikhoza kuletsa matenda. Kupezeka pamsonkhano wa bungwe la tauni kapena pulogalamu ya sukulu ndiyo njira yofulumira kwambiri yoonera demokrase m'nkhani zimene mukusamalira.

Mmene Zinthu Zimenezi Zimakhudzira Moyo Wanu

Kumvetsa miyalo n’kofunika, koma nzeru yeniyeni imachokera pa kuona mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi, kapena nthaŵi zina pa zolinga zina ndi zina, kuti mutulutse zotsatirapo zake. Palibe nkhani yaikulu imene imathetsedwa ndi mlingo umodzi. Lingalirani zitsanzo izi:

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ndi kukhazikitsa masukulu a pansi pa sukulu a kufupi ndi kubwera kwa anthu. Boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyeza, ndi ndalama zambiri za bajeti ya sukulu kudzera m'misonkhongo ya boma. Bungwe la sukulu lakumaloko limalemba aphunzitsi ndi kukonza kalendala ya sukulu, ndipo limasamalira malo ophunzirirako anthu. Ngati kholo limadera a kachitidwe kaphunzitsi kapena mtundu wa sayansi, malo awo a kukambirana ndi sukulu yakumaloko, osati Washington C.
  • Khoma Lanu: System ya Interstate Highway inalipiriridwa ndi boma ndipo imamangidwa ku miyezo ya boma. Dipatimenti ya boma ya Zoyendera imasunga misewu ya boma ndi kukambirana kwa mayiko m'malire ake. Boma la mzinda lakumaloko limakhala ndi udindo wokonza mabowo a misewu ya mzinda, kulinganiza kwa kayendedwe a galimoto pa maguwa, ndi kuchotsa chipale chofera pamsewu. Ntchito yaikulu yomanga misewu ingaphatikize ndalama za boma, kulinganiza kwa boma, ndi zilo za kumaloko.
  • Chipatala Chanu cha Zaumoyo: [[FLT :1] Boma la boma limapatsa anthu okalamba ntchito ndi kuika malamulo operekera inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo pansi pa Afford Care Act. Maboma amayang'anira misika yawoyake ya zaumoyo, makampani a inshuwalansi aumwini, ndi kuyang'anira Service Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo ya Ana (CHIP). Madipatimenti a za zaumoyo a m'dzikolo amapereka zipatala zaulere, masewera, ndi kugaŵira maphunziro a zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mumapereka: [[FT:1] Mumapereka msonkho wa malipiro wa boma ku Internal Revenue Service . Mumalipira msonkho wa ndalama za boma (ngati mukhala ndi boma limodzi) ndi msonkho wa malonda a boma pa kugula. Mumalipira msonkho wa katundu wakwanu ku dera lanu kapena mzinda, masukulu andalama, misewu, ndi mautumiki a kwanuko. Ndalama zonse zimene mumalipira ndi zimene zimaikizidwa pa zosankha zonse.

Ngati lamulo likuyenda bwino, milingo yonse imalandira ngongole. Pamene ilephera, mlingo uliwonse ungaimbe mlandu wina. Koma kuzindikira kuikizidwa kwa thayo kungakuthandizeni kuwongolera pangano lanu la ukwati mogwira mtima. Ngati mukufuna kudutsa bwinopo kwa anthu, muyenera kudziŵa kaya nkhaniyo iri ndi ulamuliro wa basi yanu, njira yanu yoperekera ndalama za boma, kapena chilolezo cha boma cha kuyendera.

Njira Zothandiza Zokhalira ndi Boma Lanu

Kudziwa mmene kompyuta imagwirira ntchito kumatsimikizira kuti mungathe kuchita chilichonse chimene mungafune, koma ngati mukuchita bwino kwambiri pa chibwenzi, ndiye kuti mukumupatsa udindo wochita zinthu zina.

  • Misonkhano ya Malo: misonkhano ya bungwe la m'mizinda, magawo achigawo, ndi kugamula milandu kwa sukulu n’zotseguka kwa anthu. Zambiri zimaphatikizapo nyengo ya " ndemanga yapoyera" kumene mungalankhule mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu anu osankhidwa ponena za nkhani za kumaloko kwa mphindi zitatu kapena zisanu.
  • Kuvota mu Chisankho Chilichonse: Kaŵirikaŵiri] Turmout m'masankho a kumaloko ndi boma imatsika, kutanthauza voti lanu limakhala ndi kulemera kokulira. Masankho apadera a zikole za sukulu, tchata ya mzinda, ndi malo a boma angakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu, komabe ochepera pa 10-20 peresenti ya osankhidwa angaponye maboloti.
  • Kugwirizanitsa Oimira Anu: [[FLT: 1]] Kutumiza telefoni, ma email, ndi makalata ku nkhani za ofesi ya woimira wanu. Pankhani za boma, lankhulani ndi woimira wanu kapena woimira United States. Pankhani za boma, lankhulani ndi woimira boma lanu kapena Senator. Pankhani za kwanu, lankhulani ndi chiŵalo cha Boma kapena Commission Commission.
  • Yakanitsa Boma kapena Komiti: Maboma ambiri a kumaloko ali ndi mabodi odzifunira (mabungwe olinganiza zinthu, mapaki ndi mabudi a zosangulutsa, mabodi a malaibulale) oikidwa ndi meya kapena bungwe. Awa ndi mapaipi a mwachindunji kuti asonkhezere malamulo.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito Zida za Mayiko: Mawebusaiti onga USA.gov [1] akupereka khomo ku mautumiki a boma ndi chidziŵitso cha masamu onse atatu. Boma la National Association akupereka chidziŵitso m'nkhani za boma. Kufufuza kwa kwanu, kufunafuna mzinda wanu kapena webusaiti yalamulo. Maboma ambiri tsopano amapanga misonkhano ya pa Intaneti ndi kulandira ndemanga zapoyera kudzera mwa mafomu kapena makompyuta.
  • Kutsatira Manyuzipepala a M’malo Okha ndi Khale: Zikalata ku nyuzipepala ya kwanu kapena tsatirani malo a nyuzi za m'dera lanu. Ikani m'magulu a anthu ocheza nawo (monga magulu apafupi kapena a Facebook) kumene anthu akukhala akukambirana za mautumiki ndi nkhani za boma.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ku United States si malingaliro wamba ovuta kuyesa anthu. Amapanga dongosolo logwirira ntchito la chitaganya chanu, boma, ndi dziko. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu ndi kupereka chuma cha dziko. Boma limasintha malamulowo kuti agwirizane ndi zigawo ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu aakulu a nyumba. Maboma akupereka mautumiki ofunika amene amapangitsa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala wotheka ndi woyenerera. Mwa kuzindikira amene ali ndi vuto loperekedwa, boma, ndi mmene angagwirire ntchitoyo mwa kupezeka pamisonkhano, kapena kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti asinthe mautumiki a boma kukhala othandiza kwambiri m’malo anu. Yambani ndi mlingo wapafupi kwambiri panyumba panu, chifukwa chakuti n’kuti chisonkhezero chanu n’chomwe chidzakhala ndi pamene mudzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri kuchokera kukugwirizana kwanu.