Kuzindikira Kugwirizana kwa Boma m’Malamulo Otsutsana ndi Mapaki ndi Madipatimenti Opezera Zosangalatsa

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapereka vuto loyamba ndi loopsa kwambiri. Kulimbana ndi mapaki a boma ndi madipatimenti a zosangalatsa kumapangitsa maboma kulephera kutsutsidwa popanda kuvomereza. Anthu ovulala panja pa mapaki, pa kampani yosambira, kapena m'malo alionse a boma, kumapereka chiphunzitso cholepheretsa choyamba ndi choopsa kwambiri. Kulimbana ndi mapaki a boma ndi madipatimenti a za zosangulutsa kumafuna kuti adziwe bwino ngati chitetezo chikugwira ntchito, mmene chingachotsedwe, ndi chimene chilipo. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kupenda kochititsa chidwi kwa ulamuliro wa otetezera zinthu za m'dzikolo, ndi cholinga chachikulu pa zimene zimachokera ku malo osungirako zinthu ndi kusanguluka, kupereka malangizo othandiza kwa malo a malo a maloya ndi odzinenera ndi oyendera lamulo lapamwambali.

Maziko a Kusagwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kwamakono

Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzilamulira chimatsatira lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene mawu akuti “mfumu siingachite cholakwika. Imaletsa suti ku Bwana. Ku United States, Lamlungu Lamphumphu [ ku Lamulo lochirikiza chitetezo cha boma, kuletsa masuti ndi magawo a anthu achinsinsi m’khoti la boma. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chimafalikira kupitirira pa Khumi Lapansi la Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma lililonse. Lerolino, kutetezeredwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma kutetezera sikumatetezera boma lokha komanso mabungwe ake, madipatimenti, ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti maboma angavomereze kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa boma pa malamulo ena, monga kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Mpando wa Zam’mbuyo wa 14, ndipo mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo.

Federal v. Kugawana kwa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti Fateral Tort Actions Act (FTCA) [FFLT:1] imawononga ufulu wa kutetezera boma la United States kwa oyendetsa ambiri ochitidwa ndi antchito a boma, otetezera ufulu wa boma akugwira ntchito mosiyana. Maboma ali ndi malamulo awo otetezera ndi malamulo, kupanga mpambo wa malamulo m’dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Boma la California Acties Act imakhazikitsa njira zatsatanetsatane zoperekera boma, pamene Texas akusunga chiphunzitso choletsa chokhudza anthu opangika. Kulimba kumeneku kuli kowopsa pamene kumatsutsana ndi mapaki ndi dipatimenti ya za zosangulutsa, monga momwe lamulo logwira ntchito limadalira pa boma pamene likuwonekera.

Kugwirizana Kolamulira m’Malo a Mapaki a Boma ndi Madipatimenti Opezera Zosangalatsa

Zonena Zofala Zotsutsa Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa

Mapaki a boma ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa ali ndi thayo la kuyang'anira madera aakulu a malo a boma, kuphatikizapo njira, malo a misasa, magombe, mabwalo a maseŵero, mabwalo a maseŵera, ndi malo ochitiramo zikondwerero.

  • Kusintha ndi kugwa ngozi panjira zokwera, njira zoyendera, kapena m'malo oimika galimoto.
  • zochitika zokondweretsa [[FLT :1] pa magombe a boma, nyanja, kapena maiwe osambira.
  • Kuvulala ndi zipangizo za zosangulutsa monga malo oseŵera, kukwera makoma, kapena masilaidi a madzi.
  • Ngozi za Vehicle [1] zimaphatikizapo galimoto zosungidwa ndi boma kapena mikhalidwe yapamsewu yowopsa mkati mwa mapaki.
  • Premisess defict [[FL:1] ya mikhalidwe yowopsa m'malo ochezera, zimbudzi, kapena madera a pikiniki.
  • Ngozi za madzi ndi za pa port [1] chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kukonza madoko kapena kulephera kuchenjeza za ngozi.

M’zochitika zonsezi, woyang’anira milandu ayenera choyamba kulimbana ndi ngati kuletsa kusungidwa kwa maulamuliro kwa munthu wina kusungirira mlandu kapena ngati wolakwa kapena wosakhala wa Mboniyo akugwira ntchito.

Ntchito ya Boma

Malamulo oletsa kusokonezeka kwa boma ndi ovuta kwambiri pakati pa ntchito za boma ndi ntchito zokopa. Maboma amachitidwa kokha kuti anthu apindule, pamene ntchito za mapulofiti ndi zimene zingachitidwe ndi mabizinesi aumwini. M'mayiko ambiri, chitetezo chimagwira ntchito za boma; pamene bungwe la boma lichita ntchito ya proprieary, lingatengedwe ngati chiŵalo chilichonse chaumwini.

Mapaki a boma ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa, kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito paki ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumaonedwa kukhala ntchito ya boma chifukwa chakuti imagwira ntchito kwa anthu m'dera losungidwa ndi boma. Komabe, maboma ena anena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kosi ya golufu, malo ovomerezeka, kapena nyumba zobwereketsa mkati mwa paki ndiyo ntchito ya boma. Zotsatira za mlanduwo zingadalire pa kaya ntchitoyo ya kuweruza ionedwa kukhala yotetezedwa, motero kuchotsa boma. Chothandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa kusiyanitsa kumeneku ndi [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legic Reformation Institute ya boma la otetezera , imene ikufotokoza za boma-proptary diso.

Mapeto a Kugaŵikana Kolamulira: Kuswa Malamulo ndi Zofunika za Malamulo

Machitidwe Onenedwa ndi Boma

Pafupifupi boma lirilonse lakhazikitsa [[FLT: 0] likunena kuti, kuchotsa chitetezo cha mbuye pa mitundu ina ya zonena. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola kwenikweni kuswa milandu ya mabungwe a boma kaamba ka kunyalanyaza kofanana ndi kwa munthu waumwini, woyang'anizana ndi zofunikira za kuwonongeka ndi zofunikira za procedrogalamu. Mwachitsanzo, Boma liyenera kuikidwa m’masiku 90, Florida (komatu atatu m’zaka zitatu) ndi kusanena kuti:

Ngati wodzinenerayo alephera kutsatira mosamalitsa zikalata zimenezi, kunenako kumaletsedwa, ngakhale ngati boma lisunga mkhalidwe wowopsa. Msampha wa m’mimba umenewu umapangitsa kukhala kofunika kwa aliyense wovulala m’paki ya boma kukaonana ndi loya nthaŵi yomweyo kuti adziŵe masiku oyenera kutsatiridwa.

Malamulo Oletsa Kusanguluka: Malire Apadera

Kuwonjezera pa kudzitetezera kwa munthu, maulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ogwiritsira ntchito malamulo omwe amachepetsa thayo la eni malo amene amapanga malo awo kukhala osangalatsa popanda kuyendetsa. Malamulo ameneŵa, olinganizidwa poyambirira kulimbikitsa eni malo awo kutsegula katundu wawo kuti adzisangalalira, agwiritsiridwa ntchito ku mapaki ngati. M’malamulo ameneŵa, boma lingakhale lotetezeka ku zovulaza zimene zimachitika m'maseŵera, pokhapokha boma lichita ndi kusasamala kwakukulu kapena kusadzisunga kwadala. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT:] Malamulo a New York a Lamulo a [1] [1] [1] [1] Opangika [1] Opatula malo, kuphatikizapo boma, pogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito yosodza, yosodza, ndi yoyendera malo, A New York. [F]

Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito m’kulimbanitsa ndi otetezera thupi ndi ufulu wa kudzilamulira, akumapanga muyalo wa aŵiri wa chitetezo cha m’mapaki a boma. Wodzifunira ayenera kugonjetsa zonse ziŵiri chitetezero cha onse cha kudziimira pa munthu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chinjirizo lotetezera thupi, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna kutsimikizira kusasamala kapena kulephera mwadala kuchenjeza za ngozi zobisika zodziŵika.

Kulekanitsidwa ku Umodzi Wolamulira M’mapaki ndi m’Mavuto a Zosangulutsa

Matoyi a Malamulo ndi Chigawo cha 1983

Chimodzi cha zopatulidwa zazikulu kwambiri pa kutetezera thupi kwa kudziimira kwa munthu chiwopsezo chimakhala pamene woyang'anira chikalata anena kuti afuna kuchirikiza ufulu walamulo, wonga njira yoyenerera, yotetezera, kapena yotsendereza. Komabe, mu All. Pansi pa 144th Confectivement, Congress iri ndi chitetezero cha boma choikidwa cha boma cha boma kaamba ka mawu amene amayesa kutetezera ufulu walamulo, monga ngati njira yoyenerera, kapena kulanda kosalinga. Komabe, mu [FLT:]. Apply V. Depart of State Police[FL:3], 491, U. (199), Supreme Court imagalamu yosaikana kuti “makedwa ku Super "3]. Chifukwa chake, [FFFFF:]

Komabe, anthu amene amagwira ntchito papaki pawokha pamakhala vuto loona kuti anthu ena akuchita zinthu molakwika.

Chiphunzitso cha Waiver- Mwambo wa Chikomyunizimu

Makhoti ena azindikira kuti boma lingawonongeretu chitetezo cha mbuye mwa kuchita zinthu zina kapena mwa kuloŵa m'mapangano. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dipatimenti ya boma ya paki ipeza inshuwalansi ya ngozi inayake, maboma ena amanena kuti boma lawononga chitetezo cha inshuwalansiyo. Mofananamo, ngati paki itenga penti kapena kugwirizana ndi wogulitsa wachinsinsi, imanena kuti ikhoza kutuluka m'machitidwe a wogulitsayo. Komabe, imeneyi ndi lingaliro la anthu ochepa, ndipo maboma ambiri amafuna kuti pabwalo likhale ndi malonda kapena kugwirizana ndi wogulitsayo.

Dziko la Federal ndi FTCA

Kuli kofunika kudziŵa kuti mapaki ambiri adziko amayang'aniridwa ndi Service ya National Park , bungwe la boma. Malamulo otsutsa mapaki a boma amagwa pansi pa Fateral Tortetitions Act (FTCA) , imene imatetezera chitetezero chachikwanekwane cha kutetezera kokhala chochititsidwa ndi kunyalanyaza kapena ntchito zoipa za antchito a boma, kugonjera ku malire ofanana ndi opatula. FTCA imaphatikizaponso kusakhala kwapadera, monga ntchito yopatula, imene imatetezera zosankha zochitidwa pa mlingo wa lamulo. Pa ndandanda ya FTCA, imanena za kuweruza, [FTKK:] Chilungamo cha FT: [FTTFFFFFFFFF:] Chitsomo chovomerezeka chovomerezeka cha lamulo, kaya chikanetsene, kaya chikane, chikane chika m’lamulo cha lamulo cha lamulo cha lamulo chotsimikizira cha lamulo chokhudza lamulo, kaya chika

Zopinga za Malo a Suing State Parks

Onani Zofunika za Kudzinenera

Monga momwe tatchulira, pafupifupi maiko onse amafuna tsatanetsatane woyembekezeredwa kukonza cholakwa; malongosoledwe a kuvulazako; zowawa zokaikitsa; ndi zowawa zofunidwa. Kulephera kupereka tsatanetsatane wokwanira kuchotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu tsono, Barderane v. Department of Parks ndi Communition (Malinga a kudandaula kwa kudandaula; ndi kulephera kufotokoza pepala la kudandaulako) khotilo lochotsedwa chifukwa cha kulephera kufotokoza chilemacho.

Nthaŵi yoperekera chidziŵitso kaŵirikaŵiri njaifupi / kuchepa kwa masiku 30 mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi . Kulephera (kukwaniritsa nthaŵi yokwanira yochitira zinthu zabwino) sikumaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Operekawo ayeneranso kudziŵa kuti maboma ena amafuna chidziŵitso chapadera kwa loya wamkulu wa boma, ndipo chidziŵitso chosiyana kwa chigawo chakwawo kapena mzinda ngati pakiyo ikugwira ntchito ndi boma.

Kulephera

Ngakhale atalemba chilengezo choyenera, nthaŵi yoyamba kumanga mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri njaifupi kuposa lamulo lalamulo la kuletsa kuvulala kwa munthu. M'maiko ambiri, wofuna kumanga tart amachotsa lamulo la malire kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ngakhale pambuyo pa kukanidwa kapena kukanidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] New York , suti iyenera kuyambitsidwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi ndi masiku 90 pambuyo poti chikalatacho chatha kuikidwa.

Kuchotsedwa kwa Malamulo a Uyang’aniro

Maboma ena amafuna kuti odzinenera achotse mankhwala a boma asanapite kumakhoti. Mwachitsanzo, California Parks ndi Department Resport iri ndi njira ya mkati imene iyenera kutsatiridwa mlandu usanaperekedwe. Mofananamo, Florida ikufuna kuti chinenezocho chiperekedwe ku Dipatimenti ya Ndalama kaamba ka kupenda ndi kugaŵidwa kwa malo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amakakamiza mwamphamvu, kuletsa milandu yamwamsanga.

Kusiyana kwa Maboma ndi Milandu ya Malo Okhala

California

Governments Act ya California (Gov’t Code 76 810 et seq.) imapereka chiwonjezeko chatsatanetsatane cha kutetezera kwa ufulu wa munthu pa zonena zambiri za tort, koma ndi zofunika zotsata zotsatizana. Mowona, mu Tragment of California v. Khoti Lalikulu (Bodde) [Gov Court :1], Khoti Lapamwamba la California linachirikiza lamulo lakuti kulephera kulinganiza zinthu za panthaŵi yake kwa boma likunena kuti litsekereze ntchitoyo. Boma lagwiritsiranso ntchito kamodzi kamodzi kanga kaamba ka mikhalidwe yowopsa ya anthu, imene imakhalapo kaŵirikaŵiri m’pakiko.g., kamodzi kamene kake kanali kopanda kutsika kapena kopanda madoko. Bungwe la anthu lingakhale loyenerera ngati lili ndi loyenera kapena loyenerera.

New York

Bwalo la Malo la New York la Chikalata cha Aalamu la New York limapereka kuti boma likhale loyenera kuswa zingwe za thumba mofanana ndi munthu wachinsinsi, koma suti ziyenera kubweretsedwa m'khoti la Zonena, osati m'Khoti Lapamwamba. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zosangulutsa kumapatsa lamulo lamphamvu kaamba ka ntchito zambiri za paki, koma Bwalo la Apilo la Apilo lakhala lopangidwa chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kwakukulu ndi mikhalidwe imene boma limalamula kuti likhale malipiro a kulowa m’nyumba. Ferress v. Mzinda wa New Rochellel [1], khotilo linakhulupirira kuti kutetezera kwa maseŵera ogwiritsira ntchito maseŵera sikunagwira ntchito pamene boma linalipira ndalama za kugwiritsa ntchito dziŵe la kusambira.

Texas

Chitetezero cha mbuye wa Texas chimalamulidwa ndi Act [FT:1], imene imawononga chitetezo cha magalimoto, malo owonongeka, ndi kuvulala kochititsidwa ndi mikhalidwe ina ya zinthu. Mapaki, malo owonongeka a boma ndi opereŵera: wofunayo ayenera kusonyeza kuti boma likudziŵadi chilema ndi kuti mkhalidwewo unachititsa ngozi yosatheka. Mu Textas Depart of Parks ndi Wildlife v. Miranda , Court Supreme , inakana kudzinenera kuti akudziloŵetsa m'manyowa m’dzikolo, kulamulira kuti bomalo linalephera kupereka moyo wa munthu wotetezedwa ndi ntchito yosatetezedwa ndi ntchito yapadera.

Florida

Chikalata choteteza thupi ku Florida chimachotsedwa kokha pamlingo woperekedwa ndi Florida Tort Athiess Act (768.28, Flaa Stat .), chimene chimawononga ndalama zokwana madola 300,000 pa munthu aliyense ndi $300,000 pa chochitika chilichonse. Lamulolo limafuna kuti chikalata cholembedwa cha zonena za munthu chiperekedwe kwa bungwe zaka zitatu ndipo ku Dipatimenti ya za Ndalama. Makhoti a Florida aona kuti ntchito ya mapaki a boma ndi ntchito ya boma, koma lingakhale ndi mlandu wowasamalira ngati boma lalephera kusungitsa ntchito yake.

Kulingalira Kwabwino kwa Opereka Uphungu ndi Otetezera

Kwa Opereka Nkhani: Kupanga Mlandu Mosasamala Kanthu za Kulephera Kugwirizana

Pamene wogulayo wavulazidwa papaki kapena m'malo a zosangulutsa, sitepe loyamba ndilo kudziŵa gulu la boma lenileni ndi ntchito yogwira. Uphungu uyenera kuyang'ana mwamsanga zikalata zodziŵitsa ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso cha kulolera mwamsanga monga momwe kungathekere. Pinitseni ngati pakiyo ikufuna ndalama zoloŵetsedwamo kapena ngati ili ndi ndalama ya malonda, popeza kuti zimenezi zingakhudze kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo. Pezani umboni wa kunyalanyaza kowopsa . Kunyalanyaza madandaulo odziŵika bwino / / kungoyerekezera maupandu ambiri ofuna kuvulazidwa. Ndiponso, taganizirani ngati zonenazo zingabweretsedwe kwa antchito ena chifukwa cha kuopa kulowa mwadala kapena kuswa lamulo, ngakhale kuti njirayi ili ndi zopinga zake (m.g., oyenerera).

Uphungu wa Kutetezera: Kutsimikizira Kugwirizana Kogwira Mtima

Uphungu wa boma wa mapaki ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa uyenera kupenda chidziŵitso cha zophophonya: kusoŵa chidziŵitso, kusakhazikika, kapena tsatanetsatane wosakwanira. Failo njira yochotsera zozikidwa pa kudzitetezera kwa kudziimira, asanatulukire, kupeŵetsa ndalama zosafunikira. Pamene ntchito ya tort ya boma ipereka chitsutso, kutsutsa kuti chigamulocho chimagwera m'malo opatuka (m.g., ntchito yanzeru, kugwiritsira ntchito, kapena ndandanda ya chidziŵitso choletsedwa). Nkofunikanso kutsimikizira kuti m'malamulo la boma la boma lalephera kuletsa kuletsa.

Mikhalidwe Yaposachedwapa ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Kunama kwa Covid-19

M’mliri wa Covid-19, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa lamulo lotetezera mabizinesi ndi mabungwe a boma kuti asavulale ndi kachilomboko. Mayiko ena anawonjezera chitetezo chimenechi ku mapaki a boma. Mwachitsanzo, California’s AB 161020 (2020) [1] Maboma ambiri anapereka chitetezo cha kanthaŵi kwa makampani a anthu, kuphatikizapo mapaki, kaamba ka malamulo a kuvumbula a ku COVID. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ambiri a kanthaŵi kanthaŵi kadatha, zizindikiro zakuti nyumba za malamulo amwambo zikhale zofunitsitsa kuwonjezera chitetezo chachinduko panthaŵi ya ngozi.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Kusintha kwa Mapaki

Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa moto wamoto, mafunde, ndi nyengo yowopsa, mapaki a boma amayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, ngati paki yalephera kutseka njira mkati mwa chenjezo la maflag ndi moto kuvulaza, oneneza angatsutse kuti boma linali ndi ntchito yochenjeza. Komabe, kunyalanyaza kungatetezere zosankha ponena za nthaŵi yakutseka njira. Makhoti akulimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi, ndipo kuwala kwamtsogolo kungaunjikitse malire a chitetezo m’nkhani ino.

Kumaliza

Boma lodziimira linzake lidakali loletsa kwambiri kutsutsana ndi mapaki a boma ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa, koma siingatheke. Zonena zachipambano zimafuna kumvetsetsa kwambiri za ntchito ya boma yonena za kusamala, kutsata mosamalitsa zofunikira, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi zina zopatula, ndipo nthaŵi zina zotsutsa za kulinganiza zochita za propritia kapena kuswa malamulo. Attorney oimira onse aŵiriwo ndi okwiridwawo ayenera kukhalabe ndi malamulo ndi zigamu za boma, monga momwe lamulo limachitira pang'onopang'ono koma ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Mwakusanthula nkhani zotetezera pa chiyambi, akatswiri a zamalamulo angakhoze bwino, kupeŵa mbuna zopimidwa ndi kukwaniritsa zinthu zina. [2]