Chiyambi: Kulinganiza Ulamuliro ndi Ufulu

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo aupandu kuli maziko a chitaganya chilichonse cholinganizidwa. Ndi njira imene malamulo amasungidwa, ufulu amasungidwa, ndi chilungamo chimachitidwa. Pakati pa lamulo limeneli ndi apolisi, amene apatsidwa ulamuliro waukulu wofufuza milandu, kumanga, ndi kutsimikizira kusungidwa kwa anthu. Komabe, ulamuliro umenewu suli wosatsutsika kapena wosaletsedwa. Kumvetsetsa malo enieni a mphamvu za apolisi ndi kulephera kwawo kogwirizana ndi nkofunika kuti onse aŵiri akatswiri a malamulo ndi nzika zawo zitumikire. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kolongosoledwa mwatsatanetsatane kwa malamulo, maprogramu ogwirira ntchito, ndi kutsutsa kosulitsa polisi amakono ku United States, ikupereka lingaliro loyenera pa mmene dongosolo likufunira kulinganiza lamulo lothandiza kuti asungidwe bwino ndi otetezera ufulu wa anthu.

Mbiri ya Mphamvu za Apolisi

Maulamuliro a apolisi amakono ndi opangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri a kusinthika kwa lamulo, kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi ndale. Malamulo oyambirira apolisi, monga Roma *vigiles* kapena a kampani ya Chingelezi ya parishi, anaikidwa m'dera lawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri a m'chitaganya, okhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Kusintha kwa magulu a apolisi aukatswiri kunachitika m’zaka za zana la 19, makamaka ndi kukhazikitsa kwa Bwana Robert Peel Doropepolitan Police mu 1829. Malamulo a Peel anagogomezera kuletsa upandu, kugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu onse, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu — mfundo zimene zidakali mphamvu zolamulira lerolino.

Ku United States, ntchito yapolisi inayambika mofananamo koma ndi kupotozedwa ndi boma. Madipatimenti a apolisi oyambirira adapanga madipatimenti a polisi otsatiridwa pa dongosolo la London, koma kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe m’zaka za zana la 20 zoikidwanso modabwitsa. Ziphunzitso zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuphatikizidwa kwa Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi mabomawo kudzera ku Demendment ya 1450, malamulo a Warren Court pa kachitidwe ka upandu m'ma 1960, ndi gulu la apolisi otsatirapo kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu pochitapo kanthu pa kupotopetsa ufulu wa anthu. Kumvetsa mbiri yakale imeneyi kumathandiza kuyambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza mphamvu za apolisi, kuyambira kuimitsa ndi kuima kwa malamulo a bungwe la makhamera.

Maulamuliro Akuluakulu a Apolisi Olembedwa Mwalamulo

Ulamuliro wa apolisi ku United States suchokera ku magwero amodzi koma kuchokera ku dongosolo la malamulo alamulo, malamulo a malamulo, ndi zitsanzo zachiweruzo.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Malamulo a ku United States, makamaka Bill of Rights, amakhazikitsa malire apamwamba kwambiri a mphamvu ya apolisi. Lamulo Lachinayi limaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, likumafuna kuti “achirikizidwe ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunikiridwira, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kugwidwa. Malamulo achisanu amatetezera ku kudzitetezera ndi kutsimikizira njira yoyenera, pamene Sixth Amendment imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu ndi chithandizo chapoyera. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulidwa ndi lamulo lopatula, limene limapeza umboni woswa zitetezero zimenezi ku kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'khoti — chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu * Weekb. United States * (1914) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito m'maboma la Ohio *.

Malamulo a Malamulo

Pambuyo pa Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma ndi a boma amamasulira mphamvu za apolisi m'nkhani zikuluzikulu. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma Factive kapena Practice of Police Miscuracy lamulo (34 U.S.C. 76601) limalola Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kufufuza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma amene amachita zinthu zosayenera. Pa mlingo wa boma, malamulo olamulira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, njira zotsekera, ndi kuyang'anira umboni, zakhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana ambiri. Mayiko ambiri atenga “malamulo kuti asiye mphamvu yopambanitsa ya anzawo. Lamulo la lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri limapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane kuposa malamulo, kudzaza m'malo amene“ kukayikira kapena kuchititsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kolakwika kopambanitsa.

Lamulo la Milandu ndi Zilango

Chiweruzo cha LandS Court chawongolera mobwerezabwereza malire a apolisi. Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968) adakhazikitsa kuti apolisi angaimitse ndi kutsekera munthu ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kwa zochita za upandu, muyezo wotsika kuposa wochititsa. Madanda v. [1998] adapanga “kulingalira bwino kwa mphamvu yopambanitsa. Zimenezi zinafunikira kuti adziwidwe ufulu wawo asanafunse mlandu. [FLT:] Graham v. Connor (1998)

Apolisi Akuchitapo Kanthu

Kuzindikira malamulo ndi theka lokha la chithunzi. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa mphamvu za apolisi — kumanga, kufunafuna, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu — kumaphatikizapo zosankha zachiŵiri zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayesa malire a lamulo.

Kumangidwa

Kumangidwa ndiko kutchula kwachindunji kwa ulamuliro wa apolisi, kuphatikizapo kunyozedwa kwakukulu kwa ufulu. Kuti kumangidwa kukhale kololedwa, maofesala ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chomveka — chikhulupiriro chomveka, chozikidwa pa mfundo zoona, kuti munthu wachita kapena watsala pang’ono kuchita upandu. Muyezo wa chifukwa chimene chingakhale chomveka kwambiri kuposa kukayikira kokwanira. Oyang'anira angagwire anthu popanda chifukwa chomveka chifukwa cha mabishopu amene achitidwa paokha kapena chifukwa cha kulakwa kwawo. Komabe, kuti agwire m'nyumba, Lamulo Lachinayi kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna chilolezo chopatsira anthu ena, monga momwe chikukhalira chokhalira ndi umboni wosatsutsika kwambiri. PH. .

M’zochitika, kumanga kaŵirikaŵiri ndiko chimake cha kufufuza, koma kungachitikenso panthaŵi yomweyo. Kumangidwa kwalamulo kungatsutsidwe m’kutsendereza, kumene woweruza amasankha ngati wapolisiyo anali ndi zifukwa zokwanira. Ngati kumangidwako kupezedwa kukhala koletsedwa, umboni wopezedwa pambuyo pa kumangidwa ungachotsedwe.

Kufunafuna ndi Kutengeka

Chiletso cha Genetic Demendment ndi chimodzi cha mbali zosayenera za njira za apolisi.

  • Chochitika chofufuza kuti agwire: [[FLT :1] Apolisi angafufuze malo m’manja mwa womangidwayo mwamsanga kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni ( Cimel v. California, 1969).
  • Mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika: mikhalidwe yoloŵetsamo ngozi yoyandikira, kulondola mwachangu wokayikiridwa wothaŵa, kapena ngozi ya kuwonongedwa kwa umboni ingalungamitse kufunafuna kosafunikira.
  • Apolisi odziyendera okha: angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi upandu wobedwa kapena umboni wa upandu (] Caroll v. United States, 1925).
  • [[FLT: 0] Commony : Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufufuza, maofesala safunikira chilolezo. Komabe, chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chaulere ndi chaufulu; kungovomereza ku ulamuliro sikuli kokwanira.
  • chiphunzitso choonekera: apolisi angapeze umboni wooneka ngati alipo mololedwa ndi kugamula kwa chinthucho kuwonekera mwamsanga.

Kupatula kumeneku kwapangidwa kulola apolisi kuchita bwino m'malo amphamvu, koma amapanganso malo a makutu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa chochitika chofuna kumangidwa kwachepetsedwa ndi Riley v. California [1] (2014, yomwe imasunga kuti apolisi ambiri sangakafufuze chidziŵitso pa selo popanda chilolezo, ngakhale ngati agwira mwini wake. Malamulo otero amasonyeza kuyesayesa kwachiweruzo kwa kugwirizanitsa malamulo a Generable ku zinthu zenizeni za sayansi.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu

Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi mwinamwake kuli mbali yaikulu ndi yotsutsana kwambiri ya maulamuliro a apolisi. Muyezo walamulo umachokera ku Graham v. Connor , amene amapenda mphamvu pansi pa Demendment ya Fourter ya “Kulolera . Kufufuzaku kukusonyeza:

  • Kuwopsa kwa upandu wokayikiridwawo.
  • Kaya wokayikiridwayo anali wowopsya mwamsanga ku chisungiko cha apolisi kapena ena.
  • Kaya wokaikiridwayo anali kukana kugwidwa kapena kuyesa kuthaŵa mwa kuthaŵa.

Mofunika, kulolera kumayesedwa ndi kuona kwa mkulu wa asilikali wololera pamalopo, popanda 20 / 20 akuona bwino zinthu. Ngakhale ndi muyezo wapamwamba umenewu, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri kwapezedwa kukhala kosalolera pamene wokayikirayo sanamenyedwe, kapena kutsekeredwa. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, imfa zapamwamba monga za George Floyd, Breonna Taylor , ndi Daniel Prude watsogolera ku kusintha kwa malamulo, kuphatikizapo kutsekereza zinthu, ntchito yokankhira ku maato oimira, ndi kuwonjezera ntchito ya makamera. [FLT:] A [FLT:] Pew Research Center . [2020] Kufufuza kwa FLT. [FLT:]

Zolephera pa Mphamvu za Apolisi

Ngakhale kuti apolisi ali ofunika, iwo ali ndi malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo oletsa kutero amene cholinga chake n’kuletsa nkhanza ndi kudalira anthu.

Zolephera za Malamulo

Malamulo ndi malamulo amatetezera kwambiri. Lamulo la kupatula, monga momwe kwatchulidwira, limaletsa kusachita bwino kwa apolisi mwa kupangitsa umboni wopezeka molakwika. Mairavanda [1] Lamulo lotsimikizira kuti mawu operekedwa panthaŵi ya kufunsa chilango ndi operekedwa mwaufulu. Kuwonjezera apo, chiphunzitso cha oyenerera chimateteza akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo apolisi, kuchokera ku mlandu wa boma pokhapokha ataswa “lamulo lokhazikitsidwa bwino kwambiri". Chiphunzitsochi chakhala chotsutsana ndi mkangano — otsutsa kuletsa kuŵerengera mlandu waudindo, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza chimalola akuluakulu kupanga zosankha zachiŵiri popanda kuopa kulakwa. Khoti Lapamwambali lasonyeza posachedwapa kuyang’anitsitsa kuyenerera kwa kugonja, ngakhale kuti silinathetsedwa.

Kulingalira Kwabwino

Pholisti ya boma imaposa pa zimene zili zololeka. Oyang'anira amayang'anizana ndi mavuto a makhalidwe osalekeza: pamene agwiritsira ntchito nzeru, mmene angalinganizire kusungitsa kusungidwa ndi chifundo, ndi mmene angapeŵere tsankho la fuko kapena la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Internationalbook Association of Kings of Police [IACP] imapereka malamulo achitsanzo ndi malangizo a makhalidwe abwino ogogomezera umphumphu, chilungamo, ndi ulemu wa ulemu wa munthu. Komabe, kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino — monga perjury, kutsutsa umboni, kapena kuloŵerera mchitidwe waupo wa upo wa — kungachotse chidaliro cha anthu ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo. Kuphunzitsa makhalidwe abwino ndi kulephera kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu tsopano kuli mbali ya polisi ambiri, koma kupambana kwake kuchirikiza ntchito ya usilikali.

Zotetezera Zachilengedwe

Malamulo ofotokoza za kuperekedwa kwa zinthu monga mabungwe oyang'anira anthu, kufufuza nkhani za mkati, ndi loya wodziimira yekha amayendera apolisi. Matauni ambiri akhazikitsa mabungwe openda anthu okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro — ena angangoyamikira ntchito yopereka umboni, pamene ena angapereke umboni waung'ono ndi kukakamiza. Makamera a m’thupi akhala chiŵiya chofala choŵerengera mlandu, kupereka mbiri ya zochita pakati pa apolisi ndi anthu. Oonedwa ndi a American Police Beat [1] anapeza kuti makamera amachepetsa madandaulo a mabwanala otsutsa ndi kutsogolera kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zapadera, ngakhale kuti umboniwo wasakanizidwa. Pomalizira pake, chofunika cha akulu kuti apange nkhani zonse za kugwiritsa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane kapena kumanga pepala la kulakwa.

Unansi wa Anthu ndi Kuŵerengera Apolisi

Kusungitsa lamulo kogwira mtima sikuli koyendera njira imodzi. Umboni umadalira pa kudalira kwa chitaganya, kumene kumalimbikitsa kugwirizana ndi kusimba za upandu. Pamene kudaliranako kuthetsedwa, dongosolo lonse la chiweruzo limawonongeka.

Kufunika kwa Malamulo a M’deralo

Apolisi a boma amasintha maganizo awo kuchoka pa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa zachiwawa ndi kuyambitsa mavuto. Oyang'anira amalimbikitsa kumanga maunansi ndi anthu okhala m’deralo, kupezeka pa misonkhano yapafupi, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe akuno. Zimenezi zasonyeza lonjezo la kuchepetsa mantha a upandu ndi kuwongolera kaonedwe ka anthu apolisi. Mwachitsanzo, “Uchigawenga” pulogalamu ya chiwawa imachitira chiwawa monga nkhani ya zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kugwiritsa ntchito antchito oyendetsa ntchito ndi achiwawa kusokoneza mikangano isanayambe kukula. Pamene kuli kwakuti si ntchito ya papalacea, apolisi a m'mudzi angapange njira zolankhulira anthu osatsatsa malonda.

Kuŵerengera Makampani ndi Zoyesayesa za Kusintha

Chifukwa cha zionetsero za dzikolo ndipo apolisi anyozedwa kapena kusinthidwa, madipatimenti ambiri ayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano zodziŵerengera mlandu.

  • Makamera a Body-morn: Tsopano muyezo wa madipatimenti ambiri, makamera ameneŵa amapereka mbiri ya kusaloŵerera kwa kugwirizana ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kuperekedwa mkati mwa mapangano onse osungitsa lamulo.
  • Madongosolo achenjezo oyambirira: maprogramu a Data-drive amadziŵikitsa maofesala amene ali ndi madandaulo ambiri kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zochitika zamphamvu, zimene zimatsogolera ku kutsendereza kapena kuloŵerera.
  • Uyang'aniro wodziimira: Maboma ena apanga makompyuta a polisi kapena malamulo ogwirizana ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo pambuyo popeza njira za kusamvera.
  • Ban pa zilolezo zopanda nakonso: Poyankha imfa ya Brenna Taylor, maboma ndi mizinda ingapo aletsa kapena kuletsa zikalata za kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chigonkho, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito pofufuza mankhwala.

Kusintha kumeneku sikumavomerezedwa padziko lonse — mabungwe ena apolisi amatsutsa kuti iwo ndi akuluakulu a mizere ya nyama ndi kuwonjezera ngozi — koma kufufuza kumapereka lingaliro la chichilikizo chachikulu cha anthu kaamba ka kuwonekera ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. chitokoso ndicho kukonza zinthu zimene ziri zogwira ntchito popanda kudodometsa chitetezo cha ofisala.

Mapeto: Kuyandikira Mtsogolo Mwachikatikati

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo aupandu kumafuna kulinganiza. Apolisi ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kutetezera anthu ndi kubweretsa olakwa ku chilungamo, komabe maulamuliro amenewo ayenera kuikidwa kuti atetezere kuponderezedwa. Luso lalamulo — malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo a mlandu — limapereka maziko, koma si kudzipha okha. Kufunikira kukhala maso kosalekeza, kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ndi kudzipereka kwa onse aŵiri osungitsa malamulo ndi madera omwe amatumikira kuyang'anirana. Monga momwe luso la zopanga ndi ziyembekezo za anthu zidzapitirizabe kuyesedwa, maulamuliro a apolisiwo ngofunika kumvetsetsa. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amasamalira malamulo, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulondola chitaganya cha chitaganya.