Chiyambi: Masomphenya Aŵiri Ochititsa Msokonezo a Chilungamo

Dongosolo la chiweruzo la ku America lili pa chipwirikiti chachikulu: kufunika kwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kufunika kwa kusunga dongosolo lachilungamo. Kupsinjika kumeneku, kaŵirikaŵiri kumapangidwa monga kulimbana pakati pa ndondomeko yoyambirira ndi kuletsa [[FLT]] kuyendetsa [], kukonza mbali iliyonse ya dongosolo la chilungamo [kuyang'anira dongosolo lachilungamo], kuima mlanduko kuti apereke mlandu. Katswiri wa zamalamulo Herbert Packer anafotokoza motchuka maluso aŵiri ameneŵa mu 1960, ndipo amakhalabe pakati pa kutsutsana pa chilungamo cha masiku ano. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro aŵiri nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, opanga malamulo, ndi aliyense amene amasamalira dongosolo loyenera ndi lothandiza. Nkhaniyi imapereka chitsanzo cha kupenda, chiwonenso, pakati pa kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa ziwo, ndi kufunafuna kwa kulinganiza kwa malingana kwa malingana kwa malingana.

Kumvetsa Zoyenera Kuchita: Maziko a Chilungamo

Malamulo a boma amatsimikizira kuti boma silingalande munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira zabwino. Limatsimikizira kuti anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa upandu amachitiridwa ulemu ndi kuti mphamvu ya boma imayesedwa ndi lamulo. Mchitidwe wake suli chabe luso; uli maziko a demokrase ndi chitetezo ku ulamuliro wankhanza.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Maziko a Lamulo

Mfundo ya kachitidwe koyenera inayamba ndi Magna Carta wa 1215, amene analengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angalangidwe kusiyapo "kuweruza kololedwa kwa anzake kapena lamulo la dziko. Lamulo limeneli linasintha zaka mazana ambiri ndipo linaikidwa m'Chisinthiko Chachisanu ku U.S. Komphonansi ya Malamulo mu 1791: "Palibe munthu... amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeniŵeni, Kusintha kwa 145 kunawonjezera chitetezo chimenechi ku zochita zonse za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la U. Lamilandu lapamwamba lakhala likumasulira ntchito zonse ziŵirizo [FLD: 091] ndi

Mmene Zinthu Zimakhalira: Ufulu Womveka

Kufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo akuti boma litsatire njira zoyenerera lisanachotse ufulu wa munthu wina.

  • Notice ya milandu kapena zochita zimene zikutengedwa.
  • [[ML:0] Mwayi womveka [[M'WINI] panthaŵi yatanthauzo ndi m’njira yatanthauzo.
  • Wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho (kuweruza kapena juli).
  • Kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni ndi kuitana mboni.
  • Kuyenera kwa kuwoloka-equamine mboni zowopsya.
  • Kuyenera kwa uphungu wa lamulo (monga momwe kwatsimikiziridwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright [, 1963]).

Chikwangwani cha mlandu wa Land Court Supreme chaumba zoyenera za procedal. Marinda v. Arizona (1966), khoti linavomereza kuti apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa kuyenera kwawo kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya amene akhalapo pa nthaŵi ya kufunsidwa mlandu. Mu Gault mu Reault (1967), Khotilo linafutulira ufulu woyenerera kuyendetsa achinyamata. Zigamu zimenezi zimasonyeza chikhulupiriro chakuti dongosolo lolungama limafunikira chitetezo cholimba, ngakhale ngati nthaŵi zina lilephera kusungitsa lamulo.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri ku boma, ngakhale ngati boma limagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenerera. Chiphunzitsochi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ufulu wonga ukwati, kulera ana, kudzilamulira kwa thupi, ndi chinsinsi. Ngakhale kuti chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuposa njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu, chimathandiza kuyang'anira kwambiri za kulephera kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Obergefell v. Hodges . (20: 5), Khoti limadalira pa njira yoyenerera yovomerezeka ndi yovomerezeka kumanga ukwati wauchigamulo monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Ntchito Iyenera Kuchitika: Dongosolo la Kuukira

Dongosolo lalamulo la ku America ndilo kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi mabwalo aŵiri (kuzunza ndi kudzitetezera) akupereka mlandu wawo pamaso pa woweruza kapena juli. Kutsatira kwake kumatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mpata wotsutsa umboni wa boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukayikira kuti ali wopanda liwongo, kulemera kwa umboni wosatsutsika, ndi mwaŵi wolimbana ndi kudziteteza. Popanda zimenezi, dongosololi limaika anthu osalakwa pangozi. Magulu onga Innocence Project alembapo mazana ambiri za zikhulupiriro zolakwika, ambiri ochititsidwa ndi kuswa malamulo oyenera, uphungu wosagwira ntchito, kapena kutsendereza umboni.

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: Project Innoce – Chotsatira ndi Zokhulupirira Zolakwika

Kumvetsetsa Kuletsa Upandu: Kuika Chitetezo cha Anthu Patsogolo

Chitsanzo cha kulamulira upandu chimawona dongosolo lachilungamo kukhala njira yochepetsera upandu ndi kutetezera anthu. Limagogomezera kuyendetsa bwino, kufulumira, ndi kumaliza. Ochirikiza amanena kuti popanda kuvomereza mwamphamvu upandu, chitaganya chimaloŵa m’chipwirikiti. Amakhulupirira kuti dongosolo liyenera kusumika maganizo pa kudziŵa ndi kutsendereza olakwawo mofulumira, popanda zopinga zochepera.

Mfundo za Malamulo za Malamulo Olamulira Upandu

  • Kulephera: Dongosolo liyenera kukonza nkhani mofulumira ndi ndi zinthu zochepa. "mzera wosavuta" wophiphiritsira umasonyeza lingaliro limeneli . Matupi amachoka ku kumangidwa kupita ku chitsimikizo ndi kulanga mochedwa.
  • Kudziimba mlandu: m’zochitika, chitsanzo cha upandu chimagwira ntchito polingalira kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi liwongo. Cholinga ndicho kutsimikizira liwongo lenileni mwa kufufuza ndi kufunsa kwa apolisi, mmalo mwa kusumika maganizo pa luso lalamulo.
  • Kupatula ndi kupeputsa: zilango zankhanza, kuphatikizapo zigamulo zofunikira ndi malamulo a zigamulo zitatu, zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuletsa olakwa othekera ndi kutsekera anthu owopsa m’makwalala.
  • Khulupirirani kusungitsa lamulo: Chitsanzo chimalingalira kuti apolisi ndi oweruza amachita mwachikhulupiriro chabwino ndi kuti njira zawo zofufuzira nzodalirika. Imatsutsa malamulo amene amachotsa umboni wodalirika, monga lamulo lopatula lopezera umboni mosemphana ndi lamulo.

Zitsanzo za Kulamulira Upandu

Kuchokera ku America konse, kuletsa upandu kwachititsa njira zazikulu za malamulo. "nkhondo pa mankhwala ogodomalitsa" yoperekedwa mu 1970, "mawindo osweka" apolisi m'ma 1990, ndi kuwonjezereka kodabwitsa kwa dongosolo la ndende zonsezo zimasonyeza kutsogoza upandu. Njira zimenezi zanenedwa kuti ndizo kuchepetsa ziŵerengero za upandu komanso zabweretsa chitsutso champhamvu pa ziyambukiro zawo pa anthu ochepa ndi kuyambitsa kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri.

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: [[FLT: 0] Breau of Justice Statistics – Prison Population Trends [1]

Kutchuka kwa Chitsanzo cha Kulamulira Upandu

Otsutsa amanena kuti kugogomezera kwambiri za kuletsa upandu kumayambitsa chisalungamo chachikulu. Kudalira pa kuchonderera kofuna kubwezera (kuposa 95% ya zikhululukiro m'makhoti a United States) kumatanthauza kuti oimbidwa mlandu ambiri amawononga ufulu wawo wosafunikira popanda kuzenga mlandu. Kusiyana kwa mafuko kumaonekera: Akuda a America amamangidwa pamlingo wa kasanu wa azungu a ku America. Chitsanzo cha upandu chingayambitsenso zikhulupiriro zonama pamene apolisi ndi oimba mlandu a Central Park Five apeza chitsanzo chomveka bwino: Achinyamata asanu anaimbidwa molakwa chifukwa cha kuvomereza mlandu wapotu wa anthu aupandu. Iwo pambuyo pake anamasulidwa ndi umboni wa DNA.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu Pakati pa Kulamulira Upandu: Vuto Lapakati

Mafanizo aŵiriwa sangokhala malingaliro apamwamba chabe, ndipo amatsutsana tsiku lililonse m’mabwalo a milandu, m’madipatimenti a apolisi, ndi m’mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo.

Kufunafuna ndi Kubisa: M’bwalo la Four Amendment Defert

Chikalata cha Ofesi cha Sunet Commission chimateteza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kukomoka. Chigamulo cha upandu chimafuna kupatsa apolisi ufulu waukulu wofufuza zida kapena umboni. Chionetsero choyenera chimalimbikira pa zilolezo ndi chifukwa choyenera. Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limayendera pakati pa mfundo zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, Terry v. Ohio . (1968]), Khoti linalola akuluakulu a boma kuti "imika ndi frisk" anthu ogwirizana ndi mfundo zomveka bwino .

Miranda ndi Kuyankha

Miranda v. Arizona adakali chimodzi cha zosankha zotsutsana kwambiri. Ochirikiza upandu amanena kuti apolisi amapalamula ndi kulola olingalira kukhala ndi liwongo kukhala aufulu. Ochirikiza akuchititsa kutsutsa kukakamiza ndi kutetezera Demendment ya Fifer yolimbanirana ndi kudzivulaza. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti machenjezo a Mirnda samachepetsa kwenikweni kuvomereza; okayikira kwambiri amawononga ufulu wawo. Komabe lamulolo limakhalabe chizindikiro champhamvu cha lamulo lakuti boma liyenera kulemekeza munthu aliyense ngakhale pamene likulondola apandu.

Plea Barganing: Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Kulephera.

Milandu yambiri ya upandu imathetsedwa mwa kukambirana, osati mayeso. Chitsanzo cha upandu chimagwirizanitsa imeneyi monga njira yoyenerera yoyang'anira milandu. Njira yoperekera nkhaŵa zimene zimapempha kuchonderera oimbidwa mlandu opanda liwongo kuti apereke mlandu kuti apeŵe zigamulo zowawiritsa kwambiri ("Trango"). M'mabwalo ambiri, ozenga milandu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yaikulu mwa kulamula oimba mlandu ndi maupandu ofunikira, kukakamiza mokhutiritsa. Zimenezi zimadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za ngati dongosololo lingapereke chiweruzo pamene akuona juli. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kuchonderera ndiko "osati kuweruza kochitidwa ndi lamulo; [FLD:] [FLD] [FF:1] dongosolo laupandu] (FLT: ML: M.N: [2]

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Mfulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, kusagwirizana pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu kunakula. USA PATRIOT Act yauyang'anira, ndipo boma linasunga onyumwiridwa kukhala zigaŵenga ku Guantámo Bay popanda kuzenga. Achilikizi a ntchitoyi anatsutsa malamulo ameneŵa m’khoti, kutsogolera ku zigamulo zonga ngati Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], zimene zinkakhulupirira kuti nzika za U.S.

Kupeza Kulinganiza Koyenera: Kuchokera ku Chiphunzitso Chokhala Chochita

Funso sili lakuti kaya njira yoyenerera kapena kulamulira upandu ziyenera kupambana, ndilo mmene mungalinganizire dongosolo limene lili ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri. Democracy yabwino imafunikira ponse paŵiri chisungiko cha anthu ndi zoyenera zaumwini. Nazi mbali zazikulu zimene mungafune kulinganiza.

Maphunziro ndi Kudziŵikitsa Anthu

Aphunzitsi amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pophunzitsa ophunzira za ufulu wawo walamulo ndi kufunika kwa ntchito yawo. Kumvetsetsa za Lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu ndi Chisanu, ndi Lachinayi Lowonjezera kupatsa nzika mphamvu zochirikiza ufulu wawo ndi kusunga dongosololo kukhala ndi mlandu. Maprogramu amene amapereka "kudziŵa ufulu wanu" m'masukulu ndi m'midzi amapanga anthu odziŵa bwino. Monga momwe nkhani yoyambirira yasonyezera, kuphunzitsa za mfundo zimenezi kumanzeretsa dongosolo lachilungamo. Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito mayeso ofufuza zinthu monga Manda , , [FLT:], [FLT:] .GIDEon , kapena Central Park 5" chitira chitsanzo njira yotetezera, osati yongoneneredwa.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo a boma amayesa kuchepetsa upandu pamene akuthandiza anthu kudalirana pakati pa malamulo ndi anthu okhala m'dziko. Pamene apolisi aonedwa kukhala othandizana mmalo mwa anthu omvera malamulo, kugwirizana kwa anthu kukuwonjezeka, ndipo kulengeza za upandu kukuwonjezedwa. Chigamulo cha chiweruzo cha boma chimanena kuti anthu ali othekera kwambiri kumvera lamulo ndi kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu ngati akuona kuti achitiridwa bwino. Madipatimenti a apolisi angatenge malamulo amene amagogomezera kuonekera bwino, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kuchepetsa. Kamera za m'bungwe, mabungwe oyang'anira, ndi maphunziro osonyeza kukondera ndi zitsanzo za kulinganiza zinthu zimene zimayesa kulinganiza ndi makhalidwe abwino oyenera.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza Malamulo

Makhoti ayenera kukhalabe osamala poteteza ufulu walamulo, ngakhale pamene kuletsa upandu kuli kofala. Lamulo loletsa, ngakhale kuli kotsutsana, limaletsa khalidwe loipa la apolisi mwa kuletsa kuweruza. Ena ochirikiza kunyalanyaza lamulolo, koma kuchotsatu kuchotsako kutetezera kwachinayi Kowonjezera. Kusintha zinthu, monga ngati kuchepetsa malamulo ofunikira ndi kuchotsa malamulo atatu oletsa kuphwanya malamulo, kungathandizenso kulinganiza masitepe. Chikalata choyamba cha 2018, chimene chinachepetsa zigamu za boma ndi kuwonjezera maprogramu a kukonzanso, chimasonyeza kuyesayesa kwa kuchotsapo pa upandu wongolamulira.

Chilungamo Chobwezera: Njira Yachitatu

Chilungamo chobwezera chimapereka njira ina ku dongosolo la kubwezera. Chimaphatikiza mikhole, opalamula, ndi ziŵalo za mudzi kukambitsirana za kuvulaza kochititsidwa ndi kuvomerezana pa kukonza. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera kuŵerengera ndi kuchiritsa mmalo mwa chilango chokha. Imagwirizana ndi njira yoyenerera mwa kulemekeza zoyenera za magulu onse ndi kulamulira kwa upandu mwakuchepetsa kupulupudza. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito chilungamo pa milandu ya achichepere ndi milandu ya achikulire. Ngakhale kuti si yoyenerera pa milandu yonse, imasonyeza kuti chilungamo chingakhale ndi mitundu yambiri kuposa zitsanzo ziŵiri zamwambo.

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: [[Fot: 0] Justice International – Incuties

Kumaliza: Kufunafuna Chilungamo Chosatha

Kulinganiza pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi kulamulira kwa upandu sikusintha ndi mphepo zandale, malingaliro a anthu, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Chomwe chimakhala chosasintha nchakuti dongosolo limene limatetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi chisungiko cha onse. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, nkhani imeneyi imapereka njira yochuluka yopendera makhalidwe amene amachirikiza demokrase ya Amereka. Lonjezo lalikulu la U.S. ndilo kuti silimakakamiza ufulu ndi dongosolo lachilungamo. Mmalomwake, limapereka maziko a kukambitsirana kwa vutolo kudzera m'malamulo, makhoti, ndi mademokrase. Monga nzika ndi atsogoleri a mtsogolo, tiyenera kugwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro ameneŵa ndi chisomo, nthaŵi zonse kuyesayesa kukhazikitsa dongosolo lachilungamo limene limakhala ndi moyo wapamwamba kwambiri.