Matape a United States okhazikitsa boma anapanga dongosolo la boma losiyana ndi lililonse limene linkaoneka kale — munthu wolinganizidwa mwadala kulinganiza mphamvu ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Maso awo anatulukira kuchokera ku zokumana nazo zachindunji ndi ulamuliro wa Britain, kuphunzira kwambiri nzeru zandale, ndi kuzindikira zinthu zimene sizingaletse ulamuliro kumachititsa unkhanza. Mwakugaŵira mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zosiyana, zoyendera ndi zopinga, ndi kugwirizanitsa ufulu wofunika, iwo anapanga maziko amene akhalabe osasintha kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Komabe kulinganiza kwawo sikunakhaleko; kumafuna kusamala ndi kusintha pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mizu ya ufilo, maprojekiti, ndi nkhondo zimene zikulongosolabe ufulu wa oyambitsawo kuti aonere ufulu wa boma woyenerera.

Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Filosofi: Malingaliro Ounikiridwa

Chipanduko cha ku America sichinali chabe nkhondo ya kudziimira paokha — chinali chipanduko chanzeru chozikidwa pa lingaliro la Kuunikiridwa. Abambo oyambitsawo anakopa kwambiri anthanthi a ku Ulaya amene anakayikira kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera zachibadwa, ulamuliro wotchuka, ndi kupatulana kwa maulamuliro. Anzeru atatu anaumba kwambiri kapangidwe kawo ka malamulo: John Locke, Montesquieu, ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

John Locke ndi Ufulu Wachibadwa

John Locke's SEcond Treasurence of Boma [FULT:1] [1689] adatsutsa kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa wa moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Maboma, adalimbana, alipo kokha mwa pangano la kakhalidwe ndi olamulidwa ndi kutetezera ufuluwo. Ngati boma liswa pangano, anthu ali ndi ufulu wa kupanduka. Thomas Jefferson anabwerezanso Locke ku chilengezo cha Ufulu, kulowetsa "Kufuna chimwemwe" kaamba ka "kusintha" kukulitsa lingalirolo. Loy's'iklok imapereka maziko amakhalidwe abwino kaamba ka kugawa mphamvu za boma — boma limene silikhoza kulanda ufulu wake woyenerera ndi kuyankha.

Montesquieu ndi Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Baron de Montesquieu's Mzimu wa Malamulo (1748) unasonkhezera kwambiri kapangidwe ka U.S. Constitution. Montesquieu adatsutsa kuti kuletsa utsenderezo, mphamvu ya boma iyenera kugawidwa kukhala lamulo, mkulu, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, aliyense wodziimira yekha ndi wokhoza kuyang'anira ena. Iye anawona kuti m'lipabuliki, kuchuluka kwa maulamuliro m’thupi limodzi mosapeŵeka kunatsogolera ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Atate woyambitsayo anasunga lamulo limeneli, akumapanga dongosolo limene palibe nthambi imene ingalamulire. James Magnedine, mu [FLT:] Fireda. [4FLT:3], adatchula dzina la maufumu a maufumu a kulekana.

Rousseau ndi Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Jean-Jacques Rousseau adzagogomezera kuti ulamuliro wovomerezeka umachokera ku chivomerezo cha anthu onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito ya Rousseau inali yosadziŵika bwino, inalimbikitsa oyambitsa kudzipereka kwa ulamuliro wotchuka — lingaliro lakuti boma liyenera kukhala lozikidwa pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Lamulo limeneli likusonyezedwa m'Nyumba ya Oimira, masankho achindunji, ndi mawu oyamba a Malamulo: "Ife Anthufe.

Kuunika kumeneku kunathandiza kuti pakhale boma lapadera la ku America lomwe linatenga mphamvu kwa anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe opatukana, ndiponso kuti liteteze ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Ntchito ya Malamulo: Nthambi Zitatu ndi Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza

Malamulo a ku United States, amene anavomerezedwa mu 1788, anakhazikitsa dziko lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu zolingana. Mabambo okhazikitsawo anandandalika mosamalitsa mphamvu m’Mabuku I, II, ndi III, komanso anapanga maulamuliro otsagana kotero kuti nthambi iliyonse ikanaloŵetsedwa ndi ena. Dongosolo la macheke ndi zipilala limeneli linali njira yaikulu yoletsera nthambi iliyonse kuti isapeze mphamvu zochuluka.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo: Yoyamba Pakati pa Olingana

Mfundo I imaika malamulo onse a boma m'Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nyumbayo inakonzedwa kuti ikhale yovomereza mwachindunji kwa anthu — kusankhidwa pa zaka ziŵiri zirizonse ndi kugawidwa ndi anthu. Nyumbayo inaimira maboma mofanana, ndi malamulo a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi operekera chiyeso pa zikhumbo zotchuka. Malamulo ameneŵa anali olinganizika: maufumu aakulu anaimira Nyumba; maboma aang'ono anatsagana mu Nyumba ya malamulo. Lamulo lirilonse linafuna chivomerezo ku nyumba zonse ziŵiri.

Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu zazikulu: kulipira msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyendetsa malonda, ndi kutsogolera makampani a pulezidenti. Koma maulamuliro ameneŵa amafufuzidwa ndi mkulu (veto) ndi jaji (kupenda). Kuwonjezera apo, Khoti liyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi mapangano a raify, pamene Nyumba imayambitsa ndalama. Oyambitsawo anapanga mwadala Congress kukhala nthambi yamphamvu koposa, amakhulupirira kuti nyumba ya malamulo ya mawu ambiri siingakhale yankhanza kwambiri kuposa mkulu mmodzi wa boma — koma anamanganso m'chitetezero kwa otsutsa kulakwa kwa malamulo.

Oyendetsa Nthambi: Magetsi oŵerengera mlandu

Mfundo II ikupanga mkulu wa bungwe lotsogolera lotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa otsogolera. Oyambitsawo anada nkhaŵa ndi onse aŵiriwo wofooka ndi wokulirapo. Padzanja limodzi, adaona kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa Mabungwe a Confederation, amene analibe mkulu. Kumbali ina, anaopa kuyambitsanso ufumu. Iwo anathetsa zimenezi mwa kupatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro wokulira — wa kuweruza, mphamvu, ndi kulamulira kwa asilikali — koma kuyang'anira mphamvu zimenezo.

Nyumba yachifumu ingaike pambali pa chigawo cha magawo aŵiri, kuvomereza kapena kukana mapangano, kuchotsa prezidentiyo ndi kuchotsa ndalama. jaji ingalengeze ntchito zautsogoleri popanda kuimira boma. Nthaŵi ya pulezidenti imaikidwa pa zaka zinayi, koma kusankhidwanso kumafuna chichirikizo chotchuka. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumalola "kukana mwa mkulu," monga momwe Alexander Hamilton analembera [[FL: 0] Federalist No. [70:1], pamene kuli kwakuti kuletsa mkulu kukhala wolamulira kukhala wolamulira wolamulira.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Nthambi ya Chilombo Yoopsa

Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Khoti Lalikulu ndi kulola Nyumba ya Makhoti a Boma ang’onoang’ono. Oweruza analinganizidwa kukhala odziimira paokha — oweruza amatumikira moyo wawo wonse pa makhalidwe abwino ndipo malipiro awo sangachepetsedwe. Kuvomereza kumeneku kuchokera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kumatsimikizira kuti iwo angafotokoze lamulo popanda tsankho, ngakhale motsutsana ndi zikhumbo za unyinji kapena nthambi zina.

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo — kukhoza kwa kugwetsa malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo — sikunanenedwe mwachindunji mu Malamulo koma kunakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1883]. Mphamvu imeneyi imapatsa judicary kupenda kofunika kwambiri pa zonse ziŵiri Congress ndi prezident . Komabe, judiary imapendedwa ndi mkulu (amene amaika oweruza) ndi nyumba ya malamulo (imene imawatsimikizira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo kuti asinthe). Oyambitsawo anawona nthambi ya judia kukhala "nthambi yachilombo" chifukwa chakuti imayang'anira chikwama kapena lupanga, kudalira mantha ena ake.

Kuseŵera pakati pa nthambi zitatu zimenezi kunalinganizidwa kupanga njira yodziwongolera. Monga momwe James Madison anafotokozera mu [FT:0] Fideranism Ayi. 51 , "Ufulu uyenera kupangidwa kuti uthetse chikhumbo. Makonzedwewo amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu sizimangolekanitsidwa komanso zimangotsagana, kukakamiza kugwirizana ndi kulolera molakwa.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu: Kutetezera Mfulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Otsutsa ulamuliro wa Antifereliast ambiri anatsutsa kupotozedwa kwa Malamulo chifukwa chakuti analibe chitetezo chenicheni cha ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Kuti atetezere ufulu wa munthu. Oyambitsawo analonjeza kuti apeze Bill of Rights — zitsutso khumi zinavomerezedwa mu 1791 kuti boma likhale ndi mphamvu pa nzika. Ziyeso zimenezi zimasonyeza nkhaŵa yaikulu ya atate yokhazikitsa kuti ngakhale boma losankhidwa ndi democracy lingaswe ufulu wofunika kwambiri.

Mpumulo Woyamba: Cornerstone of Loberdour

First Amendment imateteza ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Imaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaufulu. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kuyankha mwachindunji kwa kuyang’anira boma la Britain ndi chizunzo cha chipembedzo. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti nzika zingasulize boma popanda mantha, kuti nyuzi zikhoza kukhala ngati woyang’anira, ndi kuti malingaliro osiyanasiyana angapikisane ndi malonda.

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Kuyenera Konyamula Zida

Demendment Yachiŵiri imateteza ufulu wa anthu wosunga ndi kunyamula zida. Oyambitsawo, pokhala ataona zoyesayesa za Britain za kugonjetsa atsamunda, anakhulupirira kuti anthu a zida anali ofunika kuti atetezedwe ndi kuti afufuze zankhanza. Kusintha kwa mawu — "Militia wolamulidwa bwino, kukhala kofunika kuteteza Boma laufulu" , kumasonyeza kugogomezera koyamba kwa ntchito ya asilikali. Kutsutsana kwamakono pankhani ya kuletsa mfuti kunali kofunika kuti kuyendetse ufulu umenewu ndi kuteteza anthu onse, koma oyambitsawo momvekera bwino cholinga choletsa boma kuletsa anthu kuletsa nkhondo.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kukhala Wekha ndi Chisungiko

Demendment Yachinayi imateteza ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kufunikira chochititsa ndi chikalata choperekedwa ndi woweruza. Izi zinali zikalata zachindunji kwa anthu a ku Britain ofufuza — zikalata zimene zimalola akuluakulu kuloŵa m'nyumba iliyonse popanda chifukwa. Kusinthako kumatetezera chinsinsi cha nzika ndi katundu wa boma ku kuloŵerera kwalamulo, lamulo limene limakhala loyenerera kwambiri m'nyengo ya kufufuza kwa pakompyuta.

Kusintha kwina mu Bill of Rights kumateteza ufulu wonga ngati njira yoyenerera (yachisanu ndi chimodzi), kuzenga mlandu (yachisanu ndi chimodzi), kutetezera ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo (Inigh), ndi kusungidwa kwa maulamuliro ndi anthu (Ana). Zonsezi pamodzi, kukonza zimenezi kumayambitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umene boma silingawolokere, kugwirizanitsa masomphenya a oyambitsawo a boma lokhala ndi malire.

Mavuto a M’mbiri ndi Amakono

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma apangidwa mosamala, anthu ayesanso kulinganiza mphamvu zawo mobwerezabwereza. Mbadwo uliwonse walimbana ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano imene imasokoneza zinthu zoyambirira. Oyambitsawo anadziŵa kuti dongosolo lawo lidzakhala ndi mavuto ndipo lidzakhala ndi cholinga chakuti likhale lolimba, komanso anazindikira kuti kusunga mphamvu kumafuna khama nthaŵi zonse.

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni: Ulamuliro wa Federal ukutsutsana ndi ufulu wa dziko

Chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri ku malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni chinabwera pa Nkhondo, kumenyedwa kwa ukapolo ndi mtundu wa Union. Mayiko a Kum’mwera anatsutsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa ulamuliro wa boma, akumanena kuti boma lalanda ulamuliro wake. Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln ananenetsa kuti Union inali yosatha ndipo kuti kukhazikitsa ufulu kunali kosalekeza. Nkhondoyi inapangitsa kuti mphamvu za boma zilimbitsidwe — mfundo za ukulu, Geneandmendmend, ndi kukana kutha kwa kutha ntchito — koma mkangano pakati pa ufulu wa maboma ndi ulamuliro wa boma ukupitiriza mpaka lero m’makani a maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo okhalako.

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kufutukuka kwa Ulamuliro Waukulu

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal inafutukula kwambiri maprogramu a boma m'zachuma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa poyamba lamulo la New Dec, kutsogolera ku Roosevelt yotsutsana "Scourt-paging". Ngakhale kuti kuyesayesako kunalephera, Khoti linachirikiza malamulo ambiri a New Deal, kuchotsa kulinganiza pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma. Nthambi yapamwamba inapeza ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo a za za polisi, malamulo, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Mabishopu amakono apitiriza kufutukula mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa boma kudzera mwa malamulo audindo amodzi, mapangano audindo, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ulamuliro.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kuweruza

Chigamulo cha Supreme Counity Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960 chinagogomezera ntchito ya jaji yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa malamulo a boma. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chinatsimikizira Brown v. Board of Education [ [1954]] (1954) chinalengeza kuti kusiyanitsa mafuko, kupondereza boma ndi kugamula ufulu wa boma. Zosankha zinachirikiza malamulo a boma ndi kuwonjezera malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a boma kaamba ka kuvota, nyumba, ndi ntchito. Komabe, otsutsa kuti ntchito yachiweruzo nthaŵi zina imaswa mbali yoyenerera ya makhoti, zosankha zazikulu zimene ziyenera kusiyidwa ku malamulo. Kuyang'anira mlandu ndi kukonzanso kopanga tempeni.

Kusokonezeka kwa Magulu a Anthu ndi Magulu Oyambitsa Matenda a M’magazi

M’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, kugaŵikana kwakukulu kwa dziko kwasokoneza mayeso ndi kulinganiza. Nyumba ya malamulo ya Sernbuster, maofesala, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mayeso a chiweruzo kuti aperekenso majaji onse ayesa mapulani a oyambitsa. Kukula kwa boma lamphamvu — mabungwe amene amaphatikiza malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi maweruzi — amatsutsa chiphunzitso cha kupatukana maulamuliro. Mafunso okhudza za pulezidenti, mphamvu zangozi, ndi udindo wapamwamba ayambitsa nkhondo zalamulo. Mabishopu anayembekezera kuti maulamulirowo akapanga ndi kuti kukhumba kupambana, koma sanaone mlingo wa chigawo cha chigawo chimene chingakhalepo pamene maboma agaŵanikana kuti athetse.

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, malamulo asintha zinthu kwambiri.

Kuzindikira Kokhalitsa kwa Masomphenya Opezedwa a Atate

Masomphenya a atate oyambitsa boma sanali okhazikika; iwo anafuna kuti Malamulo akhale chikalata chamoyo chimene chingasinthidwe ndi kutembenuzidwa m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. Komabe lamulo la maziko la mphamvu yolinganizika lidakali lofunika lerolino monga mu 1787. Mantha atatuwo akupitirizabe kuyang'anana, Bill of Rights ikupitiriza kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndipo mkanganowo wokhudza ufulu wa boma ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba ukupitirizabe kuumba ndale zadziko za Amereka.

Kumvetsetsa masomphenya ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira chifukwa chake kulekana kwa maulamuliro kuli kofunika ku ufulu. Pamene nthambi imodzi ipambana — kaya mwa malamulo a akuluakulu amene amanyalanyaza Nyumba za Malamulo, kukana kutsimikizira oweruza, kapena malamulo achiweruzo amene amalembanso malamulo — kulinganizako kumawopsezedwa. Luntha la oyambitsawo linali kulenga dongosolo limene kulibe nthambi iliyonse imene ingalamulire, kumene kuli kofunika, ndi kumene anthu potsirizira pake ali ndi mphamvu yowongolera kuchepa kwa masankhoti ndi kuwongolera.

Kwa ophunzira a boma, masinthidwe a atate okhazikitsidwa ndi magwero opindulitsa. Zofunika zapadera zonga National Archives' Constitution yokwanira , Founders Online database [ ya mapepala a makampani, ndi [[FLT] Constitution Center ya National Constitution] yogwirizana ndi malamulo imapatsa kumira kwambiri m'nkhani zimenezi. Boma lolinganizika silinapatsidwa — ndi ntchito yosalekeza kufunitsa anthu odziŵa, mabungwe odziimira, ndi kudzipereka ku lamulo. Monga mmene atate okhazikitsawo, mtengo wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu.