Malamulo Oyang’anira Mwalamulo

Malamulo a maulamuliro opatukana, oikidwa m'Malamulo a U.S. ndi madongosolo ena a democracy, amakhazikitsa njira yoyendera ndi kulinganiza pakati pa makampani a boma, akuluakulu, ndi nthambi za khomo. Pamalamulo ameneŵa, kuyang'anira kwa mabungwe a boma si kungokhala kugamula koma ndi lamulo lalamulo. Mabungwe otsogolera zinthu. Nthaŵi zambiri amakhala m'nthambi yapamwamba koma kugwira ntchito ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a ufulu, ndipo amayesa ulamuliro wodalirika pa malo otetezera chilengedwe, misika ya zachuma, zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi zantchito. Popanda kuyang'anira kolimba, mabungwewa angatengedwe ndi makampani, angalamulire, kapena kulephera kuzoloŵera kuyendera zinthu zauyang'aniro, ntchito, ndi zovuta zamakono, zofunikira kukonza zaumoyo wa zandale.

Ntchito ya Malamulo: Cholinga ndi Kukula kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe a boma amapangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku United States mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatumiza mphamvu zenizeni zolamulira, zosungitsa, ndi zoloza. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasamalira nkhani zovuta za maluso kapena zachuma omwe amafuna luso lapadera kuposa la bungwe la malamulo. Magulu akuluakulu a bungwe la boma la Recurication ku United States anatulukira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi bungwe la Interstate Commission (1879), ndipo kenako bungwe la Féderal Trade Commission (14), ndipo pambuyo pake mabungwe a New Auganda monga Security ndi Exchange Commistion (11934) ndi National Labotion Relation Board (1935). Mabungwewawawawawa anakonzedwa kuti athandize kukonzanso ntchito zina kuyambira tsiku la ndale zoyendera zandale.

Mabungwe a boma angasankhidwe kukhala mitundu iŵiri: mabungwe akuluakulu, amene amalamulidwa mwachindunji ndi Pulezidenti (m’chitsanzo, Environmental Protection Agency), ndi mabungwe odziimira okha, omwe amatsogozedwa ndi mabungwe a bipartisan okhala ndi mawu otsimikizirika (m’chitsanzo, Federal Communications Commission). Mabungwe osiyanitsa oyang'anira ntchito za boma anapangidwa dala kuti atsutse mphamvu ya pulezidenti, kuika mtolo waukulu pa Congress kutsimikizira kuti adziimbidwa mlandu. Mabungwe a bungwe la boma la boma la boma la boma la United States amaphatikizapo:

  • Kupanga : Kulemba malamulo ogwirizana amene amamasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.
  • Kukakamiza : Kuswa malamulo, kupereka faindi, ndi kuchitapo kanthu m’makhoti.
  • Kutsutsa [1]: Kumvetsera mikangano ndi kupereka chilango kupyolera m'zochitika zauyang’aniro.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza : Kupereka ukatswiri ku Congress, bwana, ndi anthu.

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito yoyendetsa imeneyi n’kokulira. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, mabungwe a boma ku United States akutulutsa malamulo omalizira oposa 3,000 pachaka, amene ambiri a iwo ali ndi ziyambukiro zachuma zoposa $100 miliyoni. Ulamuliro umenewu, kuphatikizapo kupenda kwachindunji lamulo la boma ndi kucholoŵana kwa malamulo, zimapanga kuyang’anira kowopsa kwa boma pa kuukira kapena kupunduka kwa zikhoterero.

Kulephera Kuyang’anira Malamulo: Kuŵerengera, Kuonetsana, ndi Kukhulupirirana

Kuyang’anira malamulo kumagwira ntchito monga njira yaikulu imene Nyumba ya Malamulo imakwaniritsira ntchito yake ya lamulo kutsimikizira kuti malamulo aperekedwa mokhulupirika (Article II, Chigawo 3). Kuwonjezera pa malamulo alamulo, uyang’aniro ngwofunika pazifukwa zingapo zogwirizana.

Kuletsa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu Molakwa ndi Kugwidwa Monkitsa

Popanda kusamala, mabungwe a boma angatengedwe ndi makampani omwe akufunikira kuwayang'anira. Pamene akuluakulu a ntchito kapena oikidwa pa zandale ayamba kugwirizana kwambiri ndi mabungwe oyendetsedwa bwino, malamulo angaloze ku maindasitale pa kuwonongeka kwa moyo wa anthu. Mabungwe ozungulira khomo . Pamene antchito a gulu ayamba ntchito zachinsinsi m'makampani oyang'anira makampani . Kumva bwino, kupenda, ndi kufufuza kungavumbule mikangano ya chikondwerero, kuletsa kusoŵa kwa makampani, ndi kuwongolera lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa bungwe la Mineralral Management Service mu 2000 kuvumbula kuyanjana kwabwino ndi makampani a mafuta, kutsogolera kukonza zinthu pa kumbuyo kwa kuyendetsa kwa chigawo cha Deeaters.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kuona Malo Oyera ndi Odalirika

Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amamvetsera kwambiri, ndipo amapatsa akuluakulu a boma malo operekerapo malangizo awo, akatswiri okonzanso zochita zawo, ndi anthu okhudzidwa kuti afotokoze nkhaŵa zawo. Kuonekera kumeneku n’kofunika kuti asungebe ulamuliro wa demokalase. Pamene anthu azindikira mmene mabungwe akupangira zosankha. . Ndiponso amaona kuti Nyumba za Mabungwe zikuwayang'anira kwambiri m'mabungwe a boma angachirikizidwe ngakhale pamavuto. Komabe, kulephera kwa oyang’anira, monga kuchedwa kwa mliri wa opioid ndi Drug Enforcement Administration ndi Food ndi Drug Ad Administration , kuipitsa chidaliro kwa anthu onse ndi kosonkhezera kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka

Kuwongolera Ntchito ya Agency ndi Kugwira Bwino Ntchito

Kulamulira sikuli kokha kubwezera; kukhozanso kukhala kothandiza. Mwa kupenda programu, kupenda kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa, ndi kupenda ntchito (zomwe kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitidwa ndi maofesi a mlandu a boma monga ngati Office ya Boma la United States), Congress angaone insicien, malamulo akale, kapena malamulo otsutsana. Kutsatira malamulo ameneŵa kumathandiza kukonza malamulo, kugaŵira bwino zinthu, ndi kuchepetsa katundu woperekedwa ndi boma pamene kuli koyenera.

Makina a Kuyang’anira Malamulo: Zida za Malonda

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tidziwe ngati uyang’aniro umathandizadi.

Kumva ndi Kufufuza

Kuzenga milandu kwa anthu ndi njira yoonekera kwambiri. Makomiti angaitanitse akuluakulu a mabungwe, zikalata zapansi, ndi kukakamiza umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma amakono ndi akale. Pamene kuli kwakuti mayeso angakhale opeputsa kapena seŵero, iwo amatumikira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo yachitetezo yachisungiko pa Kufufuza ili ndi mbiri yaitali ya kuvumbula zolephera za lamulo, kuyambira ku kugwa kwa Enron mpaka ku kugwa kwa mabanki a dziko lonse.

Kuletsa Ndalama

Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kukakamiza mabungwe kusintha zinthu zofunika kapena kuchotsa ntchito zosayenera. Komabe, mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachiphamaso. Kuwononga bajeti kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake cha boma.

Kupenda Mafano ndi Kuloŵa Kwadzuŵa

Malamulo ena amafuna kuti mabungwe azilungamitsa kukhalapo kwawo kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza (odziŵika monga makonzedwe a kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa). Lamulo la Regatorial Flexibility ndi Lamulo la Mandates Reformation Act losatsutsidwa zimafuna mabungwe kusanthula chiyambukiro cha malamulo awo pa mabungwe aang’ono ndi boma lakwawo, limodzi ndi limodzi, kupanga maziko a kubwerera m’mbuyo kumene Nyumba za Ufumu zingagwiritsire ntchito kudziŵira malamulo achikale.

Ofesi Yoŵerengera Umboni ya Boma (GAO) ndi Asodzi Olamulira Olamulira (IG)

Mabungwe ofufuza zinthu a kampani monga GAO ndi bungwe la IGs akupereka Nyumba ya Malamulo zolinga, kusafufuza makampani. Malipoti awo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mfundo zachindunji zimene zimakhala maziko a kumvetsera malamulo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. “GO .S. . . imatchula maprogramu a boma omwe angayambitse chinyengo, kutayitsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa, kupatsa Congress poyambira ntchito yokonzekera yoyang’anira.

Kutsimikizira ndi Mapangano

Uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi ntchito yovomereza akulu a bungwe (kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a mabungwe odziimira okha) ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang’anira. Potsimikizira, oyang’anira angakaikire kuti asintha maganizo awo, zochita zawo zakale, ndi mapulani awo a bungwelo, ndipo angaletse kukakamiza kusintha kwa malamulo.

Mavuto a Uyang’aniro Wolamulira Mwalamulo: Zigaŵenga za Mabungwe ndi Zandale

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwa uyang’aniro, iwo amayang’anizana ndi zopinga zosatha zimene zingafooketse kugwira kwake ntchito.

Kusintha Malo ndi Magetsi

Kuwonjezereka kwa kugamula kwa magulu andale kwachititsa kuti milandu yambiri ikhale mabwalo a zandale mmalo mopeza zenizeni. Mipando ya Komiti ingagwiritsire ntchito mapolona kuvutitsa akuluakulu a mabungwe kuti apeze phindu la gulu, pamene kuli kwakuti ziŵalo za anthu ochepa zingatetezere mabungwe amene akugwirizana ndi zolinga zawo. Mphamvu imeneyi ingathe kulepheretsa kuyang'anira kwamphamvu kwa zigawo, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kofunika kukakamiza kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira mabungwe a zachuma pambuyo pa mavuto a 2008 anaona mgwirizano wamphamvu wa bipartisan, koma zaka zotsatirapo anaona kuti kuyang'anira kwa devo kugawiridwa kwa ma Dodd-Frank Act.

Kuchepa kwa Chuma ndi Kudziŵa Zinthu

Makomiti a Congress kaŵirikaŵiri alibe ukatswiri ndi chuma chapadera kuchititsa kufufuza kozama m'malo ovuta kwambiri monga ngati mankhwala ovomerezeka kapena chitetezo cha nyukiliya. Makomiti a ntchito ali ndi zikwi za akatswiri; makomiti oyang'anira ali ndi antchito ang'onoang'ono aukatswiri. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimalola makampani kubisa chidziŵitso chosathandiza kapena kupereka chidziŵitso chochuluka chosathandiza kubisa mavuto.

Ntchito Zopanga Zocholoŵana Zopanga Malamulo

Malamulo amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa ndi zikalata za malamulo osiyanasiyana, zigamulo za khoti, ndi zigamulo za bungwe zimene zimapanga zaka makumi ambiri. Kumvetsa zotsatira zowonjezera za malamulo ameneŵa kumafuna chidziŵitso cha malamulo otsatizana chimene sichipezeka pakati pa onse aŵiri opanga malamulo ndi antchito awo. Monga chotulukapo chake, uyang'aniro ungasumike pa zophonya zapamwamba pamene mukunyalanyaza nkhani za dongosolo la zinthu monga kugawidwa kwa zidutswa kapena zidutswa zachikale.

Kugwira Agency ndi Khomo Lozungulira

Ngakhale pamene Nyumba za Malamulo zitsogolera, mafakitale oyendetsedwa bwino angayambitse njira za malamulo. Ndawala zolimbikitsa anthu kuti asinthe zinthu kapena kuchepetsa zinthu zina zophiphiritsa. Komanso, khomo lozunguliralo ndi lomwe limagwira ntchito m'mafakitale oyendetsedwa bwino.

Kufufuza za Makhoti m’Kuyang’anira Malamulo: Maphunziro Kuchokera ku Munda

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Dongosolo la Mphamvu Yabwino

Imodzi ya nyengo zovuta kwambiri za uyang'aniro wa boma inachitika pa Obama Clean Power Plan, imene cholinga chake chinali kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa carbon kuchokera ku zomera za mphamvu pansi pa Deseare Act . Makomiti a Congregation adakhala ndi kukayikira kochulukira kokhala ndi ulamuliro wa EPA walamulo, chiyambukiro cha zachuma, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwa department ya Democrates kugwiritsa ntchito Developt 111 (d). Virginia . . . . . . . Republicans adaimbana adaimba mlandu EPA of Ecoversed , pamene Democrates anatetezera maziko a sayansi ya sayansi. M'patuko kutsimikizira kuti kuyankha kulikonse kwa lamulo, koma uyang'yang’anira kutsimikizira mlandu wa Suppo. Ngati sikungasinthenso mlandu wa zandale, ngakhale kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'anira kwa lamulo.

Vuto la FDA ndi la Opioid

Food and Drug Administration inayang'anizana ndi kufufuzidwa kwa bungwe la Food pambuyo pa kuvumbula kuti kuvomereza kwake ma opioid atsopano, limodzi ndi kuyang'anira kwa pambuyo pa mapepala, kunathandizira mliri wa kumwerekera ndi imfa zochulukitsitsa. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi House Oversight Committee ndi Boma Loonalensis Office kuvumbula kuti FDA adavomereza ma opioid ambiri apamwamba popanda kupempha maphunziro okwanira a kukhoza kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Kumva kunatsogolera ku Substance Use-Disorder Device Device yomwe imachirikiza Opiod Recuption ndi Treatment (SPORT), Act ya 2018, imene inapatsa mphamvu yatsopano kuti ifune kufufuza kwa mafaelo ndi kusintha komiti yake. Nkhaniyi ikulukulu la kuyang'komiti ya kuyang'azetsa ntchito yaikulu ya kukonza.

Kuyendetsa Ndalama Pambuyo pa Maguwa a Ma 1990

Pambuyo pa mavuto a zachuma a 2008, bungwe la Financial Crisis Inquionry Commission (bungwe la kanthaŵi la bungwe loyang'anira) ndi makomiti ambiri oulula kulephera kwakukulu pa Securesties ndi Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Reserve , ndi Office of Thrift Super Freederation . Uyang'aniro unavumbula kuti SEC inalephera kuwona chinyengo chachikulu ku Bernie Madoff, ngakhale kuti machenjezo ake obwerezabwerezabwerezabwerezabwereza, ndi kuti Federal Device sanagwiritsire ntchito bwino mphamvu zake zangozi. Zomwe zinapanga mwachindunji Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ndi Consurection Active ya 2010, zimene zinayambitsa mavuto atsopano pa zotetezera za bungwe la zachuma, ndalama, ndi makampani opereka ngongole. Komabe, oyang'a ntchito za Repablicration adatsutsa kwambiri ndi kuteteza kuti awale.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Kulimbitsa Malamulo Oyang’anira Nyengo Yatsopano

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha malamulo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndale zadziko, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kusintha njira zake zoyang’anira.

Luso la Umisiri ndi Kupenda Zinthu Zonunkhiza

Makomiti a Congress ndi gaO angagwiritsire ntchito mfundo zapamwamba zodziŵira njira za bungwe losagwirizana, zosagwirizana, kapena zochedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza zinenero kungafufuze zikalata za zikalata za bungwe kuti zikhale zolakwika kapena zizindikiro za kugwidwa. Kutsatira kwa nthawi yotsatira malamulo kungasinthe kwambiri. Bungwe la Congregational Data Task Force ndi production AIL kungasinthe uyang’aniro.

Kulimbikitsa Malo Ozungulira Okhala ndi Malo

Kuti achepetse kusagwira ntchito kwa anthu, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingalimbitse ntchito ya mabungwe osapereka chithandizo monga GO, Congregational Bacter Office, ndi Office of Congregational Ethics (tsopano yosatha koma ikhoza kudzutsidwanso). Kupanga makomiti achikhalire ndi antchito odzipereka, opanda mapartistan (otsatiridwa pa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Nthambi ya Nthambi ya Masinthidwe) kukhoza kupereka kupitiriza ndi luso. Bipartisan “sankhani makomiti” pa nkhani zina zapadera (m., malamulo a zasayansi, malamulo a zanyengo, kuyang'anira kwa madera)

Kulimbikitsa Kudziloŵetsa m’Chigwirizano Chapoyera ndi Kuonetsana Malo

Maplatifomu a manaiform angachititse kuti kuyang'anira kukhale kosavuta. Kumvetsera zonse ndi marekodi ofufuzidwa, kupanga mabodi a gulu amene amatsata zivomerezo za GAO, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kupempha nzika kuti zimve za nzika. Webusaiti ya demokalase ikhoza kulimbikitsa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. [[FLT: 0] GAO imapereka kale chidziŵitso chochuluka pa zivomerezo zapo, koma pangano limakhala lotsika.

Kuloŵa m’Magazini Kuti Akhale ndi Malamulo

Mabungwe opanga malamulo angatenge makonzedwe a kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa kwa dongosolo la ponse paŵiri ndi malamulo aakulu, ofuna kulembedwanso kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zoterozo zalingaliridwa (m’ lekuatiso, malamulo ochokera ku Bungwe la Kufunikira kwa Scrutiny (REINS), iwo amayang'anizana ndi zopinga za lamulo ndi zothandiza. Komabe, kupenda kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa kaamba ka malamulo apamwamba a kalembedwe ka ka kanthaŵi kangachepetse ndandanda ya malamulo achikale.

Kumaliza: Kuyang’anira Mosatha

Mabungwe otsogolera a boma amathandiza kwambiri kuti mabungwe akwane bwino. Popanda zimenezi, mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo atha kukhala olephera kusiyanitsa anthu. Nkhani ya malo okhala, thanzi, ndi malamulo a zachuma zimasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira bwino kungaletse mavuto, kukhazikitsanso anthu, ndi kubwezeretsa chidaliro chawo. Komabe mavuto a kuchepetsa chuma, zomangira, ndi kukonzanso zinthu n’zoopsa. Kuti ateteze mphamvu za boma, Nyumba zamakono ziyenera kuyang'anira ziwiya zake, kuvomereza mgwirizano wa ma bipartarian, ndi kuthandizira anthu monga ogwirizana. Monga momwe mphamvu zothandizira kukonzanso zinthu za anthu, monga kudalirana, kudalirana, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zachinsinsi, za m'dziko, sikunachitikeponso.