Kufotokoza Kukangana kwa Makolo

Kulimbana pakati pa chitetezo cha anthu onse ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi njira yosonyezera kulakwa kwamakono. Ndiyo nkhani yaikulu ya pangano la kakhalidwe: kuti munthu ayenera kupempha ufulu wochuluka kuti atetezedwe ndi boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumayesedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi ziwopsezo zomasintha za — kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi uchigaŵenga wa padziko lonse kuukira kwa pa Intaneti ndi miliri. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi ntchito yosatsutsika yotetezera nzika zawo, njira imene amagwiritsira ntchito mosadziŵa ingathetse ufulu umene amalumbira kuti asunge. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumafuna kuzindikira bwino zimene maganizo onse amachititsa ndi chifukwa chake kuukirana kwawo kumayambitsa kusagwirizana.

Ukhondo, m'nkhani ino, umasonya ku chitetezo cha boma, mabungwe ake, ndi anthu ake ku ziwopsezo zakunja ndi zamkati. Ilo limaphatikizapo chitetezo cha dziko, chitetezo cha anthu, kutetezera malire, ndi kuwonjezereka, kutetezera kwa pa Intaneti ndi chidziŵitso. Kuteteza ufulu wa boma , ndizo ufulu waukulu wosungidwa kwa anthu opotomera boma. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimasungidwa m'zikalata zalamulo kapena mapangano a mitundu yonse ndi kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhulana, ufulu wachinsinsi, wa msonkhano, ndi wa kuyenera kwa. Kumenyanako pamene kuli koyenera. Kulimbanako, monga ngati kuyang'anira, kutsendekera, ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa anthu.

Zimene Zinachitika Kale: Ntchito Yopanga Chibalo

Mbiri yakale imasonyeza kuti pali kukhazikika kwa mtendere ndi ufulu ndipo nthaŵi zambiri pamakhala malamulo odalirika amene amasinthasintha.

Nthaŵi ya Nkhondo Inafika Mopitirira Muyeso

United States amapereka zitsanzo zambiri zophunzitsa. [[FLT: 0] Alinani ndi Chikalata Machitidwe a 1798 otsutsa boma la boma, kuswa mwachindunji kwa Coprner, kochitidwa mkati mwa nkhondo ndi France. Pankhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, Pulezidenti Lincol analepa chiwiya cha [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [3] kuswa lamulo la boma, kukanidwa kwachindunji kwa [1] [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [1] Mtsogoleri:], kulola kusungidwa kosalekeza kwachikhalire kwa Confedesition. [10] Mpatso ya nkhondo yosagonjetsedwa kwambiri ya dziko lapansi [10], monga momwe ya kugamu kwa nkhondo yosagwirizana ndi mtsogoleri wankhondo yosanja.]

Mu United Kingdom, [[FLT: 0] Chilango cha Chilamulo cha M’chigawo cha M’chigawo cha Dealm (DOLT ) cha 1914 chinapereka mphamvu zolamulira boma kuti zipereke katundu ndi kuyesa anthu wamba m’makhoti ankhondo. Prevention of Terrorism Acts [I] inapatulidwa poyankha pa nkhondo ya Northern Ireland] chifukwa cha kutsegulidwa kwa anthu osawaganizira kwa masiku asanu ndi aŵiri popanda mlandu, mlingo umene pambuyo pake unapezedwa ndi European Court of Human Rights 5 of European Rights Rights. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza njira yomveka bwino: Kusintha mphamvu, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsimikizira kubwerera kumbuyo kwa nthaŵi yatsoka.

Mapindu a Press 9 / 11

Zigaŵenga zinawononga kwambiri dziko lonse lapansi polimbana ndi zigaŵenga pa September 11, 2001, ndipo zinayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zoyang’anira m'mbiri yamakono. United States inapatula PUSUSIOTT Act [ Patangopita milungu ingapo pambuyo pa kuwukirako, kufutukula kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma wa kuyang'anira, kujambula mabizinesi, ndi kupha makompyuta oyendera. Kulengedwa kwa Department of Homeland Security (DHS) kunakhazikitsa mabungwe 22 a boma kukhala chiwinja chimodzi cha chitetezo chapanyumba.

Moyenerera, George W. Bush analoleza programu yachinsinsi ya kuyang'anira, yovumbulidwa mwa kuulutsa mphero Edward Snowden mu 2013. Snowden ’ kuvumbula ukulu wa National Security Agency ’ (NSA) kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kwa matelefoni pansi pa Gawo 215 la PRITTT Act, programu ya PRISM (imene inasonkhanitsa mwachindunji kuchokera ku makampani aakulu a tekinoloji onga Google ndi Apple), ndi programu ya TEPORA mu UK (ikulutsidwa pansi pa nsinga za nyukiliya). Kulira kotsatira kutsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo chikalata cha anthu onse cha 2015 [FL:] UNIXUSC], zimene zinathetsa kusonkhanitsa makalata aakulu ndi kuulutsa kwa chinsinsi kwa UniverselfFF. Khoti lamphamvulo liyenera kubwezeretsa chichemo chachikulu chapo chachikulu cha chikalata chaku

Mgwirizano wa Zaluso: Umbuli wa Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zolemba zamakono kwachititsa kuti anthu ambiri aziona zinthu zimene mibadwo yapitayo sinaziganizire, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira kuti pali njira zina zimene zingawateteze ndiponso kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi ufulu.

Kuchuluka kwa Kapangidwe ka Zinthu

Boma silikuyang'aniranso kugwiritsa ntchito foni imodzi. Maluso amakono amaphatikizapo zolemba zambiri kuzungulira anthu onse, kugwiritsa ntchito luso la kuzindikira [[FLT: 0] m'malo a anthu, ndi kusanthula za makompyuta a anthu. China anapanga zipangizo zambiri zoyendera boma m'mbiri ya anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito makamera ambirimbiri ogwirizana ndi kudziwika kwa AIP, nzika, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono ( "Hlall Laws" program ya , ndi "Sharp Meso"). Dongolimeli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira anthu, kupondereza ndale zadziko, ndi kulondalonda anthu a mitundu, makamaka Ughurs ku Xinjing.

Maiko a Kumadzulo amagwiritsiranso ntchito ziŵiya zamphamvu zoyendera. London ndi umodzi wa mizinda yolinga kutsogolo kwambiri m'dziko lademokrase, ndi Metropolitan Police akugwiritsa ntchito kamera za Live Facial Stault (LFR) pa zochitika zapoyera, mosasamala kanthu za kusulizidwa ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu ndi UK High Court zimene zinapeza kuti zinalephera ntchito yake yolunjikitsa. Ku United States, mabungwe alamulo amagula nthaŵi zonse kupezeka ndi mathero aakulu a malo osungiramo zinthu zamalonda ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini chosonkhanitsidwa ndi osonkhanitsidwa ndi olembedwa ndi osakhala ndi olembedwa ndi ozemba. [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLD] [F1] .FT.[4]

Kulemba Chida ndi Nkhani Yoyamba

Kukwera kwa kulembedwa kwa mawu olembedwa kumapeto kwa mapulatifomu monga chizindikiro, Whatsapp, ndi iss zapanga malo ankhondo aakulu. Mabungwe a lamulo atsutsa kuti kumasulira kwa physicture “ kupitirizabe kwa mdima kwa ” kulola apandu ndi zigaŵenga kulankhulana popanda kuloledwa, kuyambitsa mpata wa “ kutsutsana ndi mabwalo. Apperquo; Adridentia; Asonkhezera malamulo ofuna makampani a luso la zopanga malo otsegulira zinthu zawo m'zoloŵetsekezera za chitetezo, kupempha kuti luso ndi chitaganya zitsutso zambiri. Zosagwirizana za boma zonse zitetezedwa.

Masainilo: Malo otetezera kapena Matampu a Ruber?

Lamulolo ndilo chida chachikulu chofalitsira nkhani za kusagwirizana pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu, koma malamulo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri m’madera onse ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kuchirikiza luso la zopangapanga.

Kufika kwa Lamulo la United States

Chisankho chachinayi ndicho chitetezo chachikulu choletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda mu US. Kumasulira kwake m'nyengo ya manambala kwakhala kotsutsana. Khoti Lapamwamba’ chigamulo mu [FLT][1] Kattz v. United States[[FLT:] [197] [197] [197] [mantha] [mantha] [mayeso] a pawero a chinsinsi], pamene pambuyo pake [FLT:] [FT:] V.[FFFFFFFF:6] ndi , afuna kufufuzidwa kwa polisi, zachigalamu za dziko lonse. Zotsatira za , zathandiza kugawa kwa . Chochitika chachikulu cha m'dziko. Chochitika chachikulu cha [FFFFUT] [FFF: "NULT].[10]

Chitsanzo cha Ufulu wa Anthu a ku Ulaya

, Mfundo 8, imapereka kuyenera kwa kulemekeza moyo wa munthu ndi wa banja, koma imalola kusokoneza ngati ndi “ kugwirizana ndi lamulo la ” ndi “ yofunikira m'chitaganya cha democracy &quo; kaamba ka chitetezo cha dziko. [[FLT:] Chitetezo cha chinsinsi cha moyo wa munthu ndi banja, koma imalola kuloŵerera ngati ndi “ kugwirizana ndi lamulo la golidi la ” ndi kuchepetsa kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. [FLT:] Chitetezo chachitetezo chachikulu cha [1] [FT.[4] [FLT] [F.5] Chofunika ndi chowonjezera cha chigamu cha Superse . [UT] Chikalata cholamulira cha U. Cholamulira cha U.US. [I.]

Ntchito Yopanga Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Pangano la Internationalopost pa Chiŵeruziro ndi zandale (ICCPR), Mfundo 17, imateteza anthu ku kuloŵerera kwachinsinsi kapena kwa lamulo. UN Special Rapporteur pa Ufulu wa Kukhala Wokha yakhala yothandiza kumasulira kuti maprogramu ambiri ofufuza, makamaka awo ogwira ntchito pansi pa maulamuliro achinsinsi kapena osakhala auyang'anira, amaswa lamulo lapadziko lonse. Schaschia Programme imapereka maziko a ufulu woyenerera kuikidwa moyenerera: ziyenetso zofunikira kuperekedwa ndi lamulo, kulondola zolinga zoyenerera, kukhala zoyenera, ndipo kukhala zoyenerera, ndi mlingo.

Kusintha kwa Maganizo a Anthu

Anthu ambiri akakhala kuti akuona kuti kuopsa kwake n’koopsa, amakhala okonzeka kulolera kulowerera kwapadera.

"Palibe Chobisa" Mkangano

Malingaliro a zigaŵenga ofala kwambiri — kaŵirikaŵiri afupikitsidwa monga “ ngati mulibe chobisa, mulibe chowopa ” — otsutsa kulondola kuukira kwa zigaŵenga kapena upandu waukulu. Zotsatira zochitidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa 9 / 11 zochirikiza mwamphamvu Patriot Act. Mofananamo, kuchirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa ukatswiri pambuyo pa kuwukira ku London, Paris, ndi Brusselses. Kuyankha kwamaganizo kumeneku, kosonkhezeredwa ndi mantha ndi chikhumbo cha chisungiko, kumachititsa malo andale kumene maboma amamva kukhala opatsidwa mphamvu yawo. Chitetezo chimenechi ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya ndale zadziko imene iyenera kutsutsa mwamphamvu.

Kubwezera M’mbuyo Kumbali

Pambuyo pa nyengo ya kutetezeredwa kwa tchuthi chinasintha kwambiri . Mlingo wa zolemba za boma unadabwitsa nzika zambiri, kuchititsa kusintha kwa malamulo (USA Freefusion Act), ndi malonda aakulu a umisiri wotetezera chinsinsi (VNS, kubisa mawu). [[FLT: 0] Cambridge Analytica mu 2018, kumene bungwe landale linasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha ogwiritsa ntchito a Facebook popanda chilo, kupitiriza kudalira boma ndi luso la zopangapanga zinthu zambiri. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyeza kuti anthu onse angafune ndi kukwaniritsa udindo wawo.

Kupeza Luso Logwira Mtima

Kufikira kulinganizika kokhalitsa kumafuna zambiri osati kokha chitetezo chalamulo; kumafuna kudzipereka kwa mwambo kuti munthu adziŵerengere mlandu, aonedwe bwino, ndi kuti akhale woyang’anira. Palibe njira yokhalitsa yothetsera vutolo, koma njira yopitiriza yobwezera.

Kuyang’anira Kodziimira Pawokha ndi Kuona Bwino

Uyang'aniro wa Robust uli kupenda kofunika koposa pa chisungiko chochenjeredwa. Matupi onga Privitacy ndi ufulu wa Chigawo Olamulira Boma (PCLOB) mu US ndi UK’s Investigation Power Polices Commissioner ’ Ofesity (IPCO) iyenera kukhala ndi chuma, kudziimira, ndi ulamuliro wa kusanthula ntchito za luntha. Kutsimikizira malingaliro a ku bwalo lamilandu la FISA ndi kufalitsa malipoti a kuwonekera kwa maboma onse aŵiri ndi makampani achinsinsi kuli kofunika kaamba ka mlandu wapo.

Kutentha Magazi ndi Kupanga Malamulo

Maulamuliro a zadzidzidzi sayenera kukhala achikhalire. Malamulo amene amachepetsa ufulu wa anthu ayenera kuphatikizapo makonzedwe oikidwiratu [[FLT: 1] kufuna kulembedwanso kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Magulu ameneŵa ndi anthu nthaŵi zonse kuti apende ngati njirazo zidakali zofunika ndi zoyenerera, mmalo mwa kuzilola kukhala zokhalira zachikhalire za malo alamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zachinsinsi

Luso la zopangapanga siliri mdani wa zinthu zachinsinsi; liri njira yothekera. Maboma ndi makampani ayenera kuvomereza “ Privigacy ku Design ” malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zonga zachinsinsi, kuphunzira, kusungidwa kwa masamu ambiri, ndi kulembedwa modetsedwa. Zida zimenezi zimalola kusanthula ndi kuyang'anira chidziŵitso chaumwini popanda kuvumbula chidziŵitso chaumwini. EFF imachirikiza mwamphamvu kaamba ka kulembedwa kwa mawu amphamvu monga nyumba yaikulu ya chitaganya chaufulu.

Kulimbikitsa Chiŵeniŵeni

Mabungwe monga American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Electronic Foundation (EFF), ndi Kompyuta International amathandiza kwambiri kuti maboma aimbidwe mlandu mwa kugawana, kutchuka kwa anthu, ndi kupenda malamulo. Demokalase yathanzi imafunikira anthu aumoyo wabwino amene angatokose mphamvu ya kulamulira m’khoti ndi m’bwalo la anthu.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Kosatha

Kulondola chisungiko changwiro kungatsogolere ku nkhalwe yangwiro, pamene kuli kwakuti kumamatira kolimba ku ufulu wotheratu kungasiye anthu ofunitsitsa kuwononga . Kulinganizika pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu wa anthu sikuli vuto lofunikira kulithetsa, koma kupsinjika kofunikira kuyang'anizidwa. Kufunikira kukhala tcheru nthaŵi zonse, nzika yodziŵa bwino, malo alamulo, ndi kudzipereka kosagwedezeka kwa demokrase kumene kuli ndi cholinga cha kutetezera. Pendulum idzazedwa mosapeŵeka, koma chidali chotonzekedwa ndi mabungwe amphamvu ndi manyuzipepala aulere, ingathe kutsimikizira kuti siipirapo mpaka kufika poti ufulu wa kutaya kotheratu. Umoyo wa demokrase umayesedwa ndi kutetezeredwa ndi ufulu wa nzika zake, koma ndi ufulu wake wotetezeka m’chiyang'maso mwa mantha.