Chiyambi: Kukula kwa Ulamuliro Wolamulira

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kuli lamulo lamaziko m'madongosolo ambiri a democracy, olinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro pa nthambi imodzi iriyonse ya boma. Komabe, m’zowona, malirewo samakhala otheratu nthaŵi zonse. Pamene mphamvu zamphamvu ziloŵa pamodzi, zimapanga mphamvu yocholoŵana yomwe imasonkhezera ponse paŵiri kutsutsana ndi kugwirizana pakati pa nduna, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa ndandanda imeneyi nkofunika kuti mumvetsetse mmene boma likugwira ntchito pansi pa chitsenderezo, mmene malamulo amalinganizidwira, ndi mmene liyenera kuyang'anira.

Mphamvu zoomba m’manja kwambiri si vuto m'dongosololi; mmalo mwake, ndi mbali yadala. Opanga malamulo a U.S., amapanga maudindo otsatizana kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingachite popanda kupenda. Mphamvu zimenezi zikhoza kukambirana, kulolera, ndi kugamula bwino. Komabe, zingayambitsenso kutseguka, mavuto a lamulo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu. Nkhaniyi imatsutsa mphamvu za nthambi za boma pamene mphamvu zawo zikugwirizana, kupereka tsatanetsatane wa kuyang'ana za njira, zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko, ndi mbali ya malingaliro a anthu.

Nthambi Zitatu: Kusanthula Kozama Kokulirapo

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Enigher ndi Mkonzi Watsopano

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti kapena nduna yaikulu, ili ndi thayo lalikulu la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Nthambi imeneyi imaphatikizapo osati kokha mkulu wa boma komanso maulamuliro aakulu(mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe amene amatsogolera boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito yaikulu ya mkuluyo ndi kupha, imasonkhezera kwambiri lamulo kudzera m'malamulo, kutsegulira malamulo, ndi kupanga maulamuliro.

Malamulo a akuluakulu amalola pulezidenti kutsogolera ntchito za boma la boma popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Malamulo ameneŵa agwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa lamulo la kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Komabe, iwo ali oyenera kupendedwa ndi kugwetsedwa mwa lamulo ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zisankha kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt’s Education 9066 pankhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko lonse anatsogolera ku kugwirizanitsa kwa Ajapani a Amereka [1] chigamulo pambuyo pake chosulizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa ndi ntchito zalamulo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene mphamvu yapamwamba ingatalikire m'madera osungidwira msonkhano wosungidwa kaamba ka msonkhano, wopititsa m'ka wa malamulo.

Mphamvu ina yaikulu ndiyo kuikidwa kwa oweruza a boma ndi mamembala a bungwe, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ikupereka “chigwirizano ndi chivomerezo.” Mphamvu yoika munthu imapangitsa manthambi a akuluakulu ndi oweruza kulumikizana, kuumba makhoti kwa mibadwomibadwo.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Mawu a Anthu

Nthambi ya malamulo . .C.Correr ku United States, Nyumba ya Malamulo m'madongosolo ena . ndi ntchito yopanga malamulo, kuimira zigawo, ndi kulamulira zikalata. Mphamvu yake ya msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi kulengeza nkhondo imaipatsa mphamvu yaikulu. Koma bungwe la malamulo lilinso ndi ntchito zoyang’anira: kuweruza, kufufuza, ndi kusonkhezera ntchito za nthambi za akuluakulu.

Nyumba ya Oimira Malamulo imakhala itapitirira pamene bungwe la akulu a boma liyesa kuweruza makampani a maulamuliro a anthu wamba kudzera m'lamulo kapena pamene ligwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zochotsa akuluakulu a boma. Kufufuza, ngakhale kuti sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, kuimira kuyang'ana komaliza pa khalidwe loipa la akuluakulu a boma. Nyumba ya Oimira a desitala ingaperekenso kwa pulezidenti, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ikupereka mlandu. Njira imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapresidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump, nthaŵi iliyonse imene imayambitsa nkhondo zazikulu zandale zimene zinatha kuloŵa m'bwalo la anthu onse. Nyumba ya malamuloyo ikhoza kugonjetsa pulezidenti ndi anthu aŵiri chigawo cha makampani aŵiri m’nyumba aŵiri onse ndi njira inanso imene imachititsa nduna za boma kuti agwirizane ndi Congress.

Ndiponso, Congress angapereke malamulo amene amakakamiza anthu kuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo, monga ngati a War Powers Resolution ya 1973, amene amaletsa pulezidenti kukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa chigwirizano.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Arbiter ndi Guardian

judia imamasulira malamulo, kupenda malamulo awo alamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Mwa mphamvu ya kupendanso chiweruzo . Kumakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka Marbury v. Madison (1803) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Makhoti amakula kwambiri pamene amafunsidwa kumasulira malamulo ovuta kapena kulonjeza mikangano pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi zalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2018, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza chiletso cha boma la Trump, lamulo limene linachokera ku lamulo la mkulu ndipo linatokosa ndi magulu a andale. Chigamulo cha Khotilo chinathetsadi kulimbana kwa mphamvu mwa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma m'mipatuko ina. Mofananamo, milandu yonga United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [12]) anakakamiza prezidenti kuti agwirizane ndi mapolotepi, kuchirikiza ntchito ya judia poyang'anira mphamvu yaukulu.

Oweruza a boma amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo, kuwachititsa kukhala osagonjera kwambiri ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko komanso osulizidwa pamene zigamulo zawo zigwetsa lamulo lofala.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito: Si Chiphunzitso Chachikulu

Macheke ndi maadiresi amatsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zina pa ina. Pamene kuli kwakuti zitsanzo zotchuka . "veto, kupambana, kupenda zembe , kudziŵika bwino, kuwonadi ndi kowonjezereka. Nazi njira zinanso zimene nthambi zimagwirira ntchito:

  • [[FLT: 0] Thregislate : Malamulo ena amalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kuchita ntchito zaudindo zopanda pake ndi chigamulo chosavuta (pambuyo pake cholamulira mosagwirizana ndi lamulo mu S v. Chadaha, 1983]). Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene Nyumba za Malamulo zinayesera kusunga uyang'aniro pambuyo pogaŵira ulamuliro.
  • Mwayi wogwira ntchito: Pulezidenti angakanize chidziŵitso ku Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena makhoti kutetezera chinsinsi, koma mwaŵi umenewu suli wotheratu ndipo waikidwa nthaŵi zambiri.
  • Kutsegulira: Mapresidenti nthaŵi zina amakana kuwonongera ndalama zoyenerera zoperekedwa ndi Congress, kuchititsa mikangano yonga imene inathera mu Lamulo la Kulamulira la mu 1974.
  • Chivomerezo cha chinsinsi: Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano, koma iwo amafunikira chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo yachitatu, (imodzi ya mphamvu yotsagana bwino lomwe imene ingaletse mapangano a mitundu yonse.

Njira zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri poteteza anthu kuti asamaponderezedwe, koma nthambi zikhozanso kuyambitsa matenda. Pamene zipani zosiyanasiyana zandale zilamulira, n’zofala, ndipo malamulo aakulu angasiye.

Kumenya Mopambanitsa Mphamvu: Kugwirizana ndi Kusamvana

Kuwomba m’manja kwambiri kumachitika pamene ntchito za nthambi za m’mabungwe zigwirizana, zimene zimachititsa kuti pakhale mpata wothandizana ndi woyambitsa mavuto.

Malamulo ndi Kuvomereza kwa Malamulo

Pulezidenti Trump akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maonjezo a akuluakulu oyendetsa zinthu kuti asiye bungwe loletsa kupha ana. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoodals (DACA) anakhazikitsa pulogalamu yonse mwa zochita za akuluakulu a boma. Pamene Pulezidenti Trump anayesa kuichotsa, kuweruza kotsatira, ndipo pomalizira pake khoti Lapamwamba linagamula za kutha kwa lamulo. Maulamulirowa ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu zake zimasonyeza mmene angayambire kachitidwe, zochita, ndi kuweruza.

Kutsutsa Uyang’aniro ndi Kulamulira kwa Gulu

Congress iri ndi mphamvu yofufuza ntchito za nthambi yapamwamba, koma pulezidenti angatsutse mwa kuvomereza mwaŵi waudindo wapamwamba kapena kupempha chiphunzitso cha bungwe la akulu, chimene chimatsutsa ulamuliro wamphamvu wa pulezidenti pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Kulimbana kwapamwamba kumaphatikizapo kufufuza kwa Nyumba kwa pulezidenti Nixon’s Watergate ndi mafunso aposachedwapa a za mayanjano a Pulezidenti Trump ndi Ukraine. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimathera m'khoti, kumene jaji yapamwamba iyenera kusankha kuti ndi nthambi iti imene ili ndi mfundo yalamulo yamphamvu kwambiri.

Kupenda Zochita za Malamulo

Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse limagwetsa mbali za lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress. Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho chigamulo cha Khoti la National of Independent Business . Sebelius (202), imene inachirikiza lamulo la Affordcable Care Act la lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho koma inawononga lamulo limene limakakamiza kufutukula Medicaid . Lamulo limeneli linasonyeza mmene judicaary ingabwezere malamulo aakulu a kakhalidwe, ngakhale pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi nduna (m'nkhani ino, Pulezidenti Obama) inachirikiza lamulolo. Kunoko kuli kowonekera bwino: malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi ma judiary, ndi ma judiary (paldiaryss) nthaŵi zina.

Mphamvu ya Malingaliro a Anthu ndi Mipando Yandale

Akuluakulu osonyezedwa akudziŵa bwino lomwe kuti zochita zawo zingafupidwe kapena kulangidwa pa mapendedwe. Pamene anthu achirikiza kapena kutsutsa lamulo lina, lingasunthe kulinganiza kwake pakati pa nthambi:

  • Anthu ambiri amachirikiza kwambiri kuletsa mfuti pambuyo pa kuwomberana mfuti kwa anthu ambirimbiri, ndipo kukakamiza Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo, ngakhale ngati mkuluyo akuzengereza.
  • Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mkwiyo wa anthu onse pa zigamulo za chiweruzo za kutaya mimba kapena za ukwati wa kugonana zingasonkhezere Bungwe kupenda kusintha kwa malamulo kapena kukonzanso milandu.
  • Kaŵirikaŵiri mapresidenti amagwiritsira ntchito “tchalitchi chauchikulire” kuchirikiza anthu pa zimene akambirana, akumagwiritsira ntchito chitsenderezo chosadziŵika pa Congress ndi makhoti.

Zipani za ndale zadziko zimawonjezera kusokoneza mphamvu. Pamene chipani chimodzimodzicho chilamulira zonse ziŵiri White House ndi Congress, mphamvu zolamulira zikhoza kugwira bwino ntchito . Koma chitsutsocho chingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake m'malamulo kutsutsa lamulo. Boma logawikana, panthaŵi ino, limatsogolera kufufuzidwa kwakukulu, pamene nthambi iliyonse ikuyesayesa kuchepetsa kufikira ena. Malamulo a Supreme Court akhala ogwirizana kwambiri, ndi gulu lililonse likufunafuna kutsekera m'chiphunzitso cha chiweruzo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Pamene Mphamvu Zikutha

Kusefukira kwa Madzi: Mphamvu Zochepa

Chisewero chamwadzidzidzi cha Watergate ndi chitsanzo cha maulamuliro otsatizana otsogolera ku mavuto a lamulo. Mu 1972, ogwira ntchito kwa Pulezidenti Richard Nixon wosankhanso anapatuka pa likulu la Democratic National Committee . Chikuto chotsatiracho chinatsogolera ku mkangano pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo. Nyumba ya malamulo inakhazikitsa komiti yapadera yofufuza, pamene Komiti ya Nyumba ya Jeudiary inayambitsa nkhani za kugamula. Nixon ananena kuti udindo wa akuluakulu wa kuletsa kujambula nyimbo za tepi, ndipo anasinthana mlandu wina Nix, kuti Khoti Lapamwamba linakana [[FL:0] ku United States v. Nixton ".1]. Chigamu cha khoti la Boma la Boma lina linalamula kuti asiye kuyendetsa matepiti ake. Anatsutsa nkhani zina za kutsutsa nkhani ya kumbuyo kwa chigamu.

Lamulo la Kusamalira Losatha: Lamulo ndi Chiweruzo

Kudutsa ndi kutetezera kwa Affordal Care Act (ACA) pansi pa Pulezidenti Oma kunaloŵetsamo nthambi zonse zitatu. Lamulo linaperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Democratic-democratic mu 2010, yosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Obama, ndipo mwamsanga inakayikiridwa m’bwalo. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti lamulo la chilolezo cha bungwe la zamalonda loposa mphamvu za bungwelo. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu [FL: 0] NFIB v. Sebelius , anachirikiza lamulo lachiganizo koma lokhala ndi malire a Médic. Pa zaka khumi zotsatira, Republicss m'Courages inayesa mobwerezabwereza kubwezeretsa ACCA, pamene Pulezidentia akupereka malangizo kuti lifooke. judiary mu [Fltion:] Folia [2]

Zotsatira za Mabishopu Clinton ndi Trump

Malamulo a Prezidenti ndi chisonyezero chachikulu cha mphamvu yalamulo pa bwanamkubwa. Mu 1998, Pulezidenti Bill Clinton anadzutsidwa ndi Nyumba kaamba ka kuvutitsa ndi kutsekereza chilungamo zogwirizana ndi mlandu wa kugonana. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo, inamumasula, kupereŵera pa magawo aŵiri atatu ofunika. Njira yosonyeza magaŵano aakulu ndi kugogomezera mmene mphamvu ya kusamvera ingagwiritsidwire ntchito monga chida chandale. Momwemonso, Prezidenti Donald Trump ananyongedwa kaŵiri kaŵiri . Mwakuti, 2019 m'chaka cha 2019 chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kutseka kwa Congress ponena za Ukraine, ndipo kachiŵirinso 201 chifukwa cha kusonkhezera chigaŵenga chalamulo cha boma pambuyo pa January 6 Capitol. Nthaŵi ziŵiri ziŵirizo, amachotsapo chivoti pamodzi ndi mbali zambiri za gulu. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti, pamene lamulo la lamulo laukulukulu la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, likuchititsa kusonkhezera kutsutsa kwa anthu ambiri, kuchotsa kwa anthu.

Kumaliza: Kulandira Ulesi Wopambanitsa

Kuloŵana kwa maulamuliro a boma sikuli chilombo kapena chizindikiro cha kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa demokrase. Kulimbana pakati pa nthambi kumatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi amene angalamulire, komanso kumafuna kukambirana ndi kulolerana kosalekeza. Monga nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi kumatipatsa mphamvu ya kuchita zinthu zandale, kuchititsa oimira athu kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha zinthu kumene kumalimbitsa popanda kuchititsa kupunduka.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, mavuto atsopano monga akuluakulu opambana pa chitetezo cha dziko, ntchito ya boma la boma, ndi kuikidwa kwa malamulo kupitiriza kuyesa malire a mphamvu zotsatizana. Umoyo wa democracy umadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi iliyonse kulemekeza mabungwe ena ovomerezeka pamene akulimbana ndi opotoka. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuphunzira zimenezi sikuli kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro chabe, kuli maziko a ntchito, unzika wodziŵa bwino. Kuti mudziŵe zambiri, mungafufuze [[[FL:] U.S. Constitution [FLT:], mbiri ya [FLT:] ndi kulinganiza kwake [FLD]