Chiyambi: Chiyambi cha Kulingana kwa Malamulo

Chigawo 1 cha Development , chomwe chili m'chigawo chimodzi cha 144th Amendment, chili chimodzi cha malamulo amphamvu kwambiri ndi otsutsana ndi lamulo la America. Chikuvomerezedwa mu 1868 pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, lamulo lake losavuta . Chiletsocho nchakuti palibe boma limene “lidzalamulira munthu aliyense pakati pa mphamvu zake kutetezeredwa kwa malamulo a [1] ndipo tsopano ndi maziko alamulo a ufulu wa anthu onse wokulirapo ku United States. Ndi injini ya malamulo imene yathetsa kusankhana mitundu, kuchotsa tsankho lachimuna, ndi kuwonjezera kulingana kwa ukwati kwa okwatirana apakati pawo. Ngakhale kuti ndi kufupika kwake, chiganizitsa chipani chachikulu cha bungwe la Supreme Coustrist Revidence, ndi kumasulira kwake kotsutsana pa ufulu wosankha ufulu, kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kulanda, kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kuthamangitsa. Kuzindikira kwa mbiri yakale kumafuna kutsimikizira kwake, ngakhale kuti kutsimikizira mfundo zake, kutsutsa kwake kwa milandu, kutsutsa kwake kwa nthaŵi yake, kutsutsa kwake kwa nthaŵi yake, kutsutsa kwake kwa milandu.

Mbiri Yakale: Kukonzanso ndi Lonjezo la Kulingana

Komiti Yoteteza Akuda inabadwa pa kulephera kwa dzikolo kuyesa kuweruza mtundu wa anthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni. Kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo kudzera ku Harth Amendment (1865) kunasiya malo opanda lamulo: Kale Conferate anakhazikitsa “Malamulo Aadakaya ” amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa Akuda a Africa omwe anali atangomasulidwa kumene. Poyankha, Reconstan Congress inakhazikitsa Demendment yolimbana ndi boma la 1450, imene inavomerezedwa mu 1868. Makipendime otchuka a mapulani onga John Bingham ndi Sator Jacob Howardey . adakhazikitsa lamulo la Kuteteza Claus kwa Claus kwa Crity ku Covial Act of 18666 ndi kupereka chitsimikizomera chotsutsa boma chosankha.

  • Mapangano a Nkhondo ya Mapikicha: Mawuwo analinganizidwa kunyalanyaza chigamulo cha mbiri yoipa cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu .Dred Scott v. Sandford [1] (1857), imene inakhulupirira kuti anthu akuda sanali nzika.
  • Kugonjetsa Malamulo Akuda: Ilo linalunjikitsa kuletsa maboma kuwona akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano monga nzika zachiŵiri.
  • Kulengeza unzika wa dziko: Chiganizo chinagwira ntchito m'kaundula ndi Suntunike Clause kulongosola ufulu wa ufulu ndi kutsimikizira kuchitiridwa mofanana.
  • Lonjezo lolakwika: [[FLT :1] Mosasamala kanthu za chinenero chake chokwezeka, mawuwo anatha kwenikweni kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi ndi kuŵerenga kochepa kwa Khoti Lalikulu m'nkhani zonga Nyumba za kuseka (1873]) ndi [FLT :4] Pnect v. Ferguson (18666]), zimene zinasunga gulu la fuko pansi pa “maphunziro olingana.

Chiganizocho chinakhalabe chopanda ntchito kufikira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pamene gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mpambo wa zigamulo za Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu zinadzutsanso chifuno chake choyambirira.

Chikalata Choteteza Claus Wofanana: Lamulo Losavuta Kulikhulupirira

Chinenero chenicheni cha mawuwo nchakuti: “Palibe Boma limene lidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena kuchinjiriza nzika za United States; ndiponso Boma lirilonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo; kapena kukana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kuchinjiriza kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawu omalizira "“ kutetezera malamulo kuŵirikiza kwa lamulo. [] ndi maziko a Chitetezo cha Claus. Chimagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma la dzikolo, ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba pambuyo pake linaphatikizapo “kutetezera kofanana ndi boma la boma kupyo Klauslaus ku KGenea. [F:]

Kodi “Pentekosite” Ndani?

Chiganizochi chimateteza “munthu aliyense,” osati nzika zokha. Chinenero chachikulu chimenechi chamasuliridwa kukhala chosakhala chachikale, makampani, ndipo, m'nkhani zina, ngakhale ana osabadwa (ngakhale kuti Khoti silinawonjezere kuchuluka kwa anthu osabadwa). Kuphatikizidwa kwa makampani kwakhala kogwirizana kwambiri, monga momwe mabungwe a zamalonda agwiritsira ntchito chigamulocho kutsutsa malamulo a upandu.

Kodi “Chitetezo Chachikulu ” Chimatanthauzanji?

Chiganizocho sichimafuna kuti malamulo onse achitire munthu aliyense mofanana; chimaletsa tsankho lodzifunira kapena losayenerera. Funso lalikulu nlakuti kaya kusankha kochitidwa ndi lamulo kuli kolungamitsidwa ndi chifuno cha boma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lalikulu lapanga maziko ambiri oyankhira funsolo.

Mafotokozedwe Aakulu: Nkhani Zosonyeza Malo Amene Anasonkhezera Claus

Nkhani ya mbiri ya bungwe la Expandel Protection Claus ndi yonena za kuchuluka kwa zinthu koma yasintha kwambiri.

Tsankho la Ufuko

  • [FLT .[FLT .Brown . Board of Education (1954): mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wotetezera. Khoti linzake linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m’sukulu za anthu onse kunaswa lamulo, kugwetsa Pnegny v. Ferguson . . Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warrents analemba kuti “makolo ambiri sagwirizana.
  • [1] Kutseguka ndi . Virginia [1] (1967): [FLT :] Kuswa malamulo a boma oletsa kukwatirana kwa mafuko osiyanasiyana. Khoti linasanthula mosamalitsa ndipo silinapeze chifuno chenicheni cha ziletso zoterozo, kuwatcha “odetsedwa ndi anthu aufulu amene mabungwe awo amakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha kulingana.
  • [FLT] Palmore v. Sidoti [1] (19984): [[FLT :3] Khoti silikana kulera mwana mayi chifukwa chakuti anakwatiranso mwamuna wa fuko lina; tsankho la fuko la anthu achitatu sili maziko ovomerezeka a kachitidwe ka boma.
  • [FLT :1] Ziphunzitso za Fair Adgicts . Harvard (2023): mlandu waukulu wa mpikisano waposachedwapa. Bwalo lamilandu linakhulupirira kuti maprogramu ovomereza ufuko ku Harvard ndi University of North Carolina anaswa chitetezo cha Classia, ndipo mokhutiritsa anatha kuvomereza mchitidwe wa maphunziro apamwamba.

Tsankho

  • . Id v. Ret [FLT :1] Nkhani yoyamba imene Khoti Lalikulu linaswa lamulo pa zifukwa za tsankho la amuna pansi pa Chitetezo cha Claus . Linachotseratu lamulo losonyeza amuna kuti akazi adzifunira monga oyang’anira malo.
  • [[FLT :1] Craig v. Boren [1] [[FLT :] Yokhazikitsa muyezo wapakati wa kusanthula akazi. Khoti linagamula lamulo la Oklahoma limene linalola akazi kugula moŵa waung'ono pausinkhu wazaka 18 koma likufuna amuna kukhala ndi zaka 21.
  • United States v. Virginia [1] (1996): Khoti linavomereza kuti kuvomereza kwa Virginia Military Institute kwa amuna okha kunaswa lamulo la Kutetezera Claus. Woweruza Ginsburg analemba kuti boma liyenera kupereka “kulungamitsa kokopa kwa amuna ndi akazi.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): pamene kuli kwakuti anasankha kwambiri pansi pa Cend Claus Claus, Bwalo lamilandu linakhalanso ndi maziko otetezera ofanana, kutsimikizira okwatirana a mtundu umodzimodziwo kukhala ndi ufulu wa kukwatirana.

Kusamukira ku madera ena

  • Plyler v. Doe[FLT :'2] Khoti linatsutsa kuti siingakane maphunziro aunyinji kwa ana osalembedwa. Chigamulocho chinakhudza kupenda kwapakati ndipo chinagogomezera kuvulaza kwa ana ndi chikondwerero cha dziko kwa anthu ophunzira.
  • Graham v. Richardson [FLT :1] : Malamulo a boma oletsedwa amene amakana mapindu a moyo kwa nzika zalamulo. Khotilo linanena kuti masinthidwe achilendo ayenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa.

Mitundu Ina Yotetezeredwa

  • Doroba la Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center [1] (1985): [[FLT: 3] Kupenda koyenera [1] Kuchotsa lamulo losiyanitsa nyumba za magulu a anthu opunduka maganizo, kupeza aimus mmalo mwa chifuno choyenerera.
  • [[FLT .1] Romer v. Evans (1996): [FLT ] adachotsa lamulo la Colorado loletsa chitetezo chilichonse chozikidwa pa kugonana. Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito maziko anzeru koma linapeza lamulolo likusonkhezeredwa ndi aimus.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): chitetezo chofanana kwa okwatirana a muukwati.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo: Zomangamanga Zomangika

The Supreme Court has developed three levels of scrutiny to determineKuti lamulo likhale logwirizana ndi lamulo loti anthu onse azikhala m’malo osiyanasiyana, liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulowo komanso ufulu umene lamulolo limagwiritsa ntchito.

Kupenda Kolimba

Kupatula lamulo posatsata anthu potsatira “kusankha kwapadera” (fuko, chiyambi cha dziko, kusamuka m'madera ena) kapena kulemetsa“ kumanja kwachikhalidwe” (kuyendetsa, ukwati, kuyendayenda, kupezeka ku makhoti). Kuti apulumuke kuyang’anitsitsa, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulo limathandiza kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chokakamiza ndipo nlokonzeka kupeza chikondwererocho. M’kutsatira malamulo oyenera kuyang’aniridwa mokhwima nthaŵi zonse. Zitsanzo: [[FLT: Brown v.] Boma la Maphunziro [FLT:], [FLT:], v [FLT] Virginia .FFFF: [FF:]

Kupenda Kogwirizanitsa

Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankho a amuna ndi akazi ndipo, m’zochitika zina, kulephera kugamulapo (ana apabanja). Borteg [Ana okwatira] . Borten . [[FLT]] United States v. Virginia . ]

Kupendanso Maziko a Kudziikira Pangano

Muyezo wopanda malire wa magawo onse . ageo, kupunduka, malamulo a zachuma, milandu ya kugonana yochuluka (kufikira ] Obergefell [1] . Lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala lalamulo, ndi wotsutsa ayenera kusonyeza kuti kusankhidwa sikugwirizana ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri kwa nyumba ya malamulo; pafupifupi malamulo onse akhalapo. Komabe, Khotilo lagwiritsira ntchito maziko omveka bwino ndi “malamulo osonkhezeredwa ndi a m'malamulo, monga mu . Cliburnian Living Center . [FL:3] ndi [FL:][FFF]]

Kusintha kwa Njira Yolembera

Khotilo nthaŵi zina lasonyeza masankho atsopano okayikira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Obergefell , ziweruzo zingapo zinapereka lingaliro lakuti kachitidwe ka kugonana kangafunikire kupendedwa mowonjezereka, koma Bwalo lamilandu silinafutukule mkhalidwewo mosadalira pa ukazi ndi fuko. Nyengo ndi kupunduka zidakalipo pa maziko omveka, ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yapereka chitetezo cha malamulo kupyola Ageult in Act ndi Act ya ku Amereka ndi Chilema.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Patatha zaka zoposa 150 kuchokera pamene anagunditsa, bungwe la Exmement Protection Claus lidakali maziko a mikangano ya ndale ndi ya zamalamulo ku America.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Chikalatachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kutokosa malamulo a kuvota amene amayambukira mokulira ovota ochepa. Shelby County v. Homer . (2013), Khoti linagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Court Rights Act, koma malamulo a boma osankha, kuchotsa zosankha zotsekera, ndi zolinga zosintha zikupitirizabe kutsutsidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations Protection Clause. Khoti la 20's 2019 mu [FLT:] Rucro v. Chifuno chachizonse [FLT]] ndi chiganizo chakuti opanga lamulo landale si mlandu wa boma, koma fuko la fuko la fuko la anthu likupitirizabe kuyang'aniratutsatapo.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira

Chigamulo cha 2023 mu Ophunzira Fair Adgicts . Harvard motsimikizirika] inatha kuvomereza kwa liŵiro mosazindikira m'maphunziro apamwamba. Khoti linatsutsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kulikonse kwa fuko kuyenera kukhutiritsa kuyang'anitsitsa kosamalitsa, ndi kuti maprogramu a ku Harvard ndi UNC analephera kuyesako. Chigamulo chimenechi chachititsa kale kutsutsa kwa machitidwe a mabwana a m'malemba apadera ndipo chakhala ndi mikangano yakuti kaya Chitetezero cha Ex Claine chiletsa ntchito zonse za fuko, ngakhale pamene chikhala ndi cholinga cha kuwongolera kusankhana. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti chiganiza kuti chikhale “khungu, pamene ena amavomereza kuti kulingana kwa mafuko kwa anthu.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] , Khoti lomasulira kuti Ditukshoni VII likhale lofanana ndi kulingana kwa ukwati, mawu otetezera ofananawo akupitirizabe kukhala apakati pa nkhondo za ufulu wosinthasintha. Bostock v. Clayton County [[[FL:]] [20]] [2020], Khoti lomasulira kuti Amutu VII aletse tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chinsinsi cha kugonana pantchito, koma chitetezero chofanana chingapereke chitetezo chokulira. Malamulo ambiri aletsa kutumiza a mpikisano wa sukulu kapena kuletsa kugonana kwa ana aang'ono; malamulo ameneŵa amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofanana, ndi makhoti a kuyang'aniridwa kosiyana. Khoti lalikulu laposachedwapa likuvomereza [Flkme] [4]

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina Ndiponso Kukhala Nzika

Chigamulochi chimateteza “munthu aliyense,” amene akuphatikizapo anthu osamukira kudziko. Plyler v. Doe, khoti linaletsa maboma kukana maphunziro a ana osalembedwa, koma chigamulocho chingakhale chosavuta kuti alamulire anthu otchuka amene akufunikira kulamulidwa. Pulezidenti Trump anayang'ana kutsekedwa ndi trump v. Hawaii , 2018) anapulumuka pa maziko oyenera, koma malamulo amtsogolo operekedwa ku mizinda yopatulika kapena kuchepetsa ukulu wa anthu angayang'anitsidwe kwambiri. Ngati lamulolo limafuna kuyang'anira anthu ololedwa ndi ogwira ntchito.

Kupeza Njira Zosamalira Thanzi

Act ya Affordble Care Act ya Medicaid ndi kuperekedwa kwa mikhalidwe yokhalapo kwatopetsedwa pa maziko otetezera ofanana, ngakhale kuti ambiri alephera. Posachedwapa, kugawidwa kwa chiŵerengero cha imfa za amayi pakati pa akazi a Black kwachititsa kuweruza kuti maprogramu a zaumoyo ndi a zaumoyo a boma awonongetsetsetse chinjirizo lofanana mwa kulephera kulongosola ufuko wa dongosolo. Makhoti amatsutsanso kaya kukana kwa maboma ena kufutukula Mdid pansi pa ACAI amapanga mtundu wa tsankho lotsutsa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, ngakhale kuti Khoti kaŵirikaŵiri limalingalira kuti maprogramungwe a chuma amatsutsa kuyang'aniridwa kokha ndi maziko omveka bwino.

Mapeto: Umboni Wamoyo

Chikalata cha Expand Protection Claus si lamulo lachilendo koma chitsimikizo cha moyo chimene tanthauzo lake lakhala lodabwitsa kuyambira mu 1868. Kodi chinayamba kukhala lonjezo kwa akapolo ongomasulidwa kumene, osamukira, ana osakhala m'banja, anthu olumala, ndi LGBTQ. Makonzedwe atatu opendedwa a kuyang'anitsitsa /, pakati, ndi maziko ogwirizana a moyo, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Khoti kumasonyeza chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Mtsogolo mwa Luso la Khoti Lapamwamba lidzakonzedwa ndi mmene limayankhira mafunso ofunika: Kodi Malamulo ndi khungu lakhungu? Kodi amafunikiradi zotsatira zake kapena kungolandira chithandizo chofanana? Boma likhoza kutchula za fuko kapena kusiyanitsa kwa anthu?

Pamene magulu atsopano a kakhalidwe ayamba ndipo kusiyana kwakale, Actal Protection Claus idzakhalabe malo ankhondo a lamulo kumene Aamereka amatsutsa tanthauzo la kufanana. kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kumvetsetsa mbiri yake, chiphunzitso chake, ndi zifunsiro zake zamakono nzofunika kuti munthu atengemo mbali m'mikangano imeneyo. Mawu osavuta a Chingelezi . Chitetezero chosiyana cha malamulocho chimakhala champhamvu ndi chotsutsana lerolino monga momwe chinaliri mu 1868.

[[FLT:] Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 1] Chikalata cholembedwa , Project yokhudza ntchito ya Supreme Court , ndi malamulo openda nkhani zotetezera. Zochitika zazikulu: [FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education (Jultia) [[FT:6]], [FLT:] United States. Windss v (Oyez) [1] [FLT:], ndi [FLT]