Chikalata cha Expand Protection Claus cha 14th Amendment chili chimodzi mwa zipilala zamphamvu ndi zotsutsana ndi lamulo lalamulo la America. Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi chakhala chogwirizana ndi pangano la kulingana kwa anthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, chasintha zosankha za mtundu, za kugonana, ndi kupunduka. Kumvetsetsa mbiri yake, mafotokozedwe ake a chiweruzo, ndi kufunika kwake kopitirizabe nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa maziko alamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe mu United States.

Chikalata ndi Cholinga Choyambirira cha Woteteza Claus Wofanana

Mu 1868, pepala la 1450 Lakutipment linali chivomerezo chachindunji cha chisalungamo cha dongosolo chimene chinapitirizabe pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo. Chigawo 1 cha kukonza chilengezo chinalengeza kuti: "Palibe Boma lililonse... limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Chikalatacho chinakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti Aamereka a mu Afirika omasulidwa chatsopano adzalandira chitetezo chofanana ndi chachiyera. Ngakhale zili choncho, malemba ake ndi autali, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "munthu aliyense" mmalo mwa "mwini aliyense," amene alola makhoti agwiritse ntchito malamulo kwa magulu ambiri kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Opanga mafomu a Geneth Amendment anamvetsetsa kuti kungothetsa ukapolo sikungatsimikizire kufanana. Malamulo akuda opangidwa ku Southernernern Common Ataika ziletso zowopsa pa anthu omasulidwa, kuchepetsa ufulu wawo wakukhala ndi katundu, kuloŵa m'mapangano, ndi kuyenda momasuka. Malamulo a Exmedial Protection Claus , pamodzi ndi Malo Ovomerezeka kapena A Immunonites Claus ndi Servation Claus, anali ndi cholinga cha kupereka ulamuliro kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopanowa. Kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri pa mbiri ya kusungidwa kwa lamulo, onani [[FLT:] National Constitution Center Center's .

Kumasulira Koyambirira Kochepa

Ngakhale kuti linali ndi chinenero chapamwamba, Khoti Lalikulu linamasulira koyamba Supreme Protection Claus m’njira yoletsa kwambiri. Cases-Nyumba [1873], Bwalo linanena kuti chitetezo cha 145 Demendment chinagwira ntchito kokha ku unzika wa boma, osati kukhazikitsa unzika, kuchotsa mokhutiritsa malamulo a fuko. Ndiyeno Pnebles Cases. v. Fergubles[FLT] (11866] [1896], Bwalo linachirikiza mwamwambo wa fuko lokhala pansi pa “chiphunzitso chofanana. Chigamulocho chinalengeza kuti lamulo la kusankha fuko silinasonyeze kuchepa kwa mafuko, monga ngati malo odziwirirana.

Chisinthiko cha Chitetezo Cholingana: Kuchokera ku “Kupatula Koma Kulingana” Kufikira ku Kupenda Kolimba

Kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa Kulinganiza Kotetezera Classia kunayamba kupangidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 6520, kosonkhezeredwa ndi gulu la ufulu wa anthu ndi mpambo wa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba. Kusintha kwakukulu kunali Brown v. Board of Early [[FL:1] [1954], kumene kunasintha mogwirizana [[FLT:] P [[FLT] ndi kulengeza kuti “osalingana" alibe malo m'maphunziro apoyera. Chilungamo chachikulu Earl Harrenton analemba kuti fuko linapanga “kudziona ngati lachabe m'mudzi umene ungayambukire mitima yawo ndi maganizo awo. [FLD:]

Pambuyo pa [[FLT :0] Brown [[FLT :1], khoti linayambitsa njira yopendera kuti aone pamene lamulo lina likuswa chitetezo cholingana ndi cha Claus. Malamulo ameneŵa amadziŵika monga milingo itatu ya kupenda:

  • Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi boma [1] - Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula kozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, kapena kusamukira, ndi malamulo amene amalemetsa ufulu wofunika (monga kuvota kapena ukwati). Pansi pa kusanthula kosamalitsa, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo limakhala lokondweretsa boma ndipo nlokonzeka kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Malamulo ambiri opendedwa mosamalitsa amagwetsedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa m'masamu [[FLT :1] ---'Applications kukhazikitsa lamulo lozikidwa pa kugonana kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi kapena kuyenerera. Boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulolo nlogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondwerero chofunika cha boma. Mlingo umenewu unakhazikitsidwa mu Craig v. Boren [7] [7] "7] kusiyanitsa akazi.
  • maziko a kubwereramo - Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku magawo ena onse (mlongo, msinkhu, kupunduka, malamulo a zachuma). Lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala logwira ntchito, ndipo wotonza ayenera kusonyeza kuti silili logwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma chovomerezeka. M’kulondola, kupenda maziko oyenerera kuli kwapadera ku boma.

Kakonzedwe kokhala ndi mpambo umenewu sikalembedwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo; ndi chigamulo chachiweruzo chimene Khoti lawongolera zaka makumi ambiri. Kaamba ka kusanthula mosamalitsa kwa miyezo yofufuza, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legin Information Institute ikupereka chilozero chabwino koposa.

Kusankhana Makhalidwe Ndiponso Kuthandizana

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya ku America, Chitetezo cha Aumeric sichinagwirizanitsidwa ndi tsankho lachimuna. mu Illinois [1] (1873], Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la boma loletsa akazi kutsatira malamulo, likumati “lamulo, limodzinso ndi chilengedwe, nthaŵi zonse lazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu m'mabungwe ndi m'magawo ndi m'madendensi a munthu ndi mkazi. Kulingalira kumeneku kunapitirizabe kufikira 1970s. [[FLT:] V. [FLT] [FF:] [3]] [7], Khoti linakantha pansi lamulo la Idaho amene amuna anapereka kwa mabwalo, kuzindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba kutetezera kwa Clast Claususss, koma mosavomerezedwa ndi kutsimikizira. [FF]

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Kugonana ndi Kufutukuka Kwamakono

Mwinamwake palibe malo amene aona kusintha kofulumira kwambiri pansi pa Kutetezera Klassia kuposa ufulu wa LGBTQ+ munthu mmodzi. Romar v. Evans (1996], Bwalo Lamilandu linagonjetsa Colorado communformation yomwe inaletsa lamulo la kumaloko lotetezera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi akazi okhaokha kusankhidwa, poona kuti kukonza zinthu kulibe unansi wabwino ndi chiwongola dzanja la boma. Ndiyeno Lawnce v. Texas [FLT: 3] (2003]), Khoti linagwetsa lamulo la Texas pansi pa Claus, koma chosankhacho chinalinso ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Nthaŵi yotha kutha kwa madzi inafika Obergefell v. Hodges . (2015) (2015), pamene Khoti linanena kuti maukwati ofananawo ali ndi ufulu waukulu wokwatirana pansi pa Century Programme ndi Filimite Clauss. Woweruza wina wambiri anagogomezera kuti “kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi kuyenera kwa munthu, ndipo pansi pa Komiti Yaikulu ndi Chitetezo cha Claus wa Mabanja a 145 Classionac angachotsedwe ufulu umenewo ndi ufulu. [FLT:] OFLD]

Zotsatira za Nthaŵi Ino ndi Nkhani Zosathetsedwa

Masiku ano, pa nkhani zikuluzikulu zimene anthu amatsutsa, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti zimenezi n’zoona, amavota, ndiponso amasankhana kuti akhale olumala.

Kachitidwe Kotsimikiza ndi Fuko Limene Limalamulira Atsogoleri Achipembedzo

Chiyambire ma 1970, Bwalo Lapamwamba lalimbana ndi kuvomereza kwa mtundu [1] maprogramu a maphunziro apamwamba akuswa Chitetezo cha Akulinganisa Claus. Mu Regents za University of California v. Bakke, Bwalo linagonjetsa zigawo za mafuko koma linalola kulingaliridwa kwa magawo a fuko monga chimodzi pakati pa ambiri m'kuvomera. Kulolerako kunachitidwanso mu ndi. Bollinger [2003] [1] [maganinthwe], pamene Bwalo linavomereza kuti Yunivesi ya Masukulu a Michikole a Michi adagwiritsira ntchito mosalekeza chifukwa cha kupambana kwa mafuko chifukwa cha kupindula ndi kupezera mwaŵi kwa gulu la anthu ena. Komabe, maprogramungwe opanganso mapangano omveka bwino a bwalo lamilandu la chisankhomo. [4]

Kusintha Ufulu ndi Kumenyana kwa Fuko

Kutetezera kwa Aphale a Claus kulinso chida chachikulu pa zitokoso za kusanthula malamulo amene amayambukira mokulira anthu ochepa. Khotilo lanena kuti, kujambula mizera yafuko ndi cholinga kapena chiyambukiro cha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota yaing'ono. Mu Shhaw v. Reno[FL:1] [1993] [1993], Khoti linagamula kuti madera amene anapangidwa mwa mtundu wina anapangidwa kukhazikitsa kusankhidwa kwa anthu ochepa angatsutsidwe monga ngati kusankhidwa kwa fuko la Grinders. Posachedwapa, mu [FLT:] County . County . [FFFFLT:] [3] [3] [20], Khotilo linatsutsa kuukira kwa chifungulo cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha mu 1965, kutsutsana ndi kuukira malamulo otsutsa kuukira malamulo audindo otsutsa kutsutsa kuletsa kugawa, ndipo tsopano, koma osagwirizana ndi chigawawawa chamwayi, tsopano akutsogolera ku chigawo.

Kulephera ndi Kulimba kwa Malo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malamulo amene amasankha anthu opunduka ndi oyenera kupendedwa. Zotsatirazi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri opunduka amasungidwa pokhapo ngati ali olephera. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa malamulo ena monga anthu a ku America okhala ndi chilema (ADA) ndi Ofese Oona za Ulemu (IA) Act (IA) . Kuteteza Claus.

Maphunziro ndi Lonjezo la Kutetezedwa Kofanana

Palibe bungwe limene layambukiridwa kwambiri ndi bungwe la Kutetezera Claus kuposa maphunziro a anthu. Kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Brown kumka mtsogolo, makhoti alimbana ndi chinjirizo lolingana kwa ophunzira a mafuko osiyanasiyana, chikhalidwe cha kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi maluso.

Kusankhana Sukulu ndi Malire Ake

Pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] , Khoti linafuna kuti magawo a sukulu ayambe kulengeza kuti kugamula kulibe ufulu wa boma ndi kulamula kuti asiye kukonza machiritso. County County Board . (1968]), Khoti likufuna kuti magawo a sukulu a “kuchita chilichonse chofunika kuti atembenukire ku dongosolo la mayunifomu. Mumene tsankho la fuko lidzachotsedwa mu muzu ndi nthambi. Komabe, maloto a masukulu onse ogwirizana ndi mapanganowo sanazindikidwe mokwanira. Monga mmene kulembedwa kwa Khoti lasintha, lachepetsa zida zofunikira kukwaniritsa. Mu [FL:] Vn. Brank [5]

Kusankhana Makhalidwe ndi “Kusiyana Koma Kofanana” Mavuto a Zachuma

Nkhani ina yosatha ndiyo kusiyana kwakukulu m'makampani ochirikiza ndalama zapasukulu zachuma ndi zaumphaŵi. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu . San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] [773], imavomereza kuti kusiyanitsa kwa ndalama za sukulu zozikidwa pa misonkho ya katundu ya m'dzikolo sikunaswe kutetezera Claus kolingana kwa boma, chifukwa chakuti maphunziro si chinthu chofunika pamanja pansi pa malamulo, ndipo chuma sicho kukayikira. Chigamulochocho chinasiya sukulu ku khoti lovomerezeka ku mabwalo a milandu ndi nyumba zomanga malamulo. Chiyambire, makhoti ambiri akugwira ntchito zawo za boma pansi pa malamulo otetezera, koma malo a boma a pansi panthambi za malamulo a boma.

Mtsogolo mwa Chitetezo Chofanana

Pamene chitaganya cha ku Amereka chikhala chosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa malamulo, Aumetic Protection Claus idzakhala malo apakati omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mafunso angapo akufunsa kuti:

  • Tsankho la kuwonjezera: Pamene luntha lopanga kapena chigamulo cha kampani ikupanga ziyambukiro zotsutsana ndi fuko, kodi zimenezo zimawononga chitetezo chofanana? Makhoti ayamba kuyang'anizana ndi nkhani imeneyi.
  • Tsankho la zachuma: Kodi umphaŵi uyenera kuonedwa ngati gawo lokayikiridwa?
  • Kutenga mbali: Kodi makhoti ayenera kuchita motani ndi mawu amene amaphatikiza mikhalidwe yambiri yotetezeredwa, monga fuko ndi kugonana? Njira yamakono yotsalira ma 76scritine sigwirizana bwino m’zonena zoterozo.
  • Tsankho: The Expand Protection Claus imagwira ntchito kokha ku ntchito ya boma. Koma monga oseŵera aumwini . Monga ngati makampani aakulu ndi mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti [1] Wield nthaŵi zonse . Kukula kwa mkangano wakuti kaya mawuwo ayenera kufutukulidwa mwa malamulo kapena kumasuliranso.

Kwa oŵerenga amene akufuna kupenda mikangano imeneyi, Project ya zotetezera zofanana imapereka malo adoko, zigomeko, ndi malingaliro a khoti lalikulu lililonse. Kuwonjezerapo, Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice imakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ndi kupereka chitsogozo pa mfundo zofunika za bungwe lamakono.

Kulimbikitsa Claus mwa Kum’patsa Malamulo ndi Kutsogolera

Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti akumasulira Auncial Protection Claus, Congress ali ndi mphamvu pansi pa Gawo 5 la 14th Amendment kusungitsa makonzedwe ake kupyolera mu “lamulo loyenerera.” Mphamvu imeneyi inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukwaniritsa Chikalata cha Chigawo cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Zoyenera za ufulu wa anthu cha 1965. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira m'malamulo monga [FLT: 0] m'dera la Boerne v. Chitetezero cha mtsogolo chofanana chingadalire pa kachitidwe kachiweruzo. ndi [FLT:] Shelby County , ikulamula kuti lamulo la boma likhale “lo logwirizana ndi logwirizana ndi lopalamula lamulo.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha Unigne Device Claus si chinthu cha mbiri yakale chabe. Ndi lamulo lamoyo, lopuma kuti boma lililonse / ndipo, kuwonjezera pa, mlingo uliwonse wa boma . "ayenera kuchitira anthu onse ulemu wofanana ndi ulemu. Kuyambira ku South mpaka kutsutsana koopsa konena za kuvomereza, ukwati wofanana, ndi ufulu wosankha, mawu onse aŵiriwa akhala chitetezero cha magulu osoŵa chitetezo ndi gwero la mkangano waukulu. Kuzindikira kupendedwa kwake, kupendedwa kwake, ndi kufunsira kwake kogwirizana nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuchita moyenerera ndi nkhani zazikulu koposa za nthaŵi yathu. Monga momwe America akupitirizirabe kulimbana ndi kusalingana kwa anthu, lonjezo la kutetezedwa ndi chisungiko chachikhalire. Ndilo limene liyenera kuthandiza mbadwo uliwonse kukwaniritsa.