Nkhaniyi yakhala nkhani yosatha m’mbiri yonse, yokhudza magulu osiyanasiyana ozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, chipembedzo, ndi mikhalidwe ina. The Aumeal Protection Claus of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri posamalira kupanda chilungamo kumeneku. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mozama nkhani za mbiri yake, milandu yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu, mitundu ya tsankho limene limakambirana, ndi zovuta zimene zimakhalapo pogwiritsira ntchito lamulo la maziko limeneli.

Chitetezo Chofanana: Chidutswa Chaching’ono

The Umeal Protection Claus, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1868 kukhala mbali ya Jeneth Amendment, imati: “Palibe boma limene... lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo." Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi chimapanga lamulo la ku America loletsa kuphwanya malamulo. Chimagwira ntchito ku boma lonse ndi maboma akomwe, kuwauza kuti achitire anthu okhala m’mikhalidwe yofanana. Chikalatachi chinali chimodzi cha malamulo owonjezera malamulo, olinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wa anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo ndi kutsutsa malamulo a Black Coumetic Crination okhazikitsidwa ku Southernern.

Mfundo ya kutetezeredwa mofanana si yokwanira . makhoti amazindikira kuti maboma angagawane anthu pazifukwa zomveka, monga zaka zoyendetsera galimoto kapena ndalama zopezera mabuleki a msonkho. Komabe, pamene magawo a anthu akulimbana ndi ufulu wofunika kapena magulu monga fuko kapena chipembedzo, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kowonjezereka. Makhoti a The Ecult Protection Claus athandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo otsutsa amene amayambitsa kusiyana kodzifunira kapena kopanda pake, kupangitsa kusintha kwa mayanjano kuchoka pa sukulu ku kulingana ndi ukwati.

Pa nkhani yonse ndi mbiri ya kuwonjezera pa [Gamendment ya 14, liloze ku Cornell Legin Information Institute [[FLT: 1]

Mbiri ya Kuteteza Claus Wofanana

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Southern palamenti mu 1865 ndi 1866, ufulu wa anthu akuda a ku Africa omwe anamasulidwa ku ukapolo, kuloŵa m'pangano, ndi kusamuka. Poyankha, Congress Commonds anaparrement Act ya Civilic ya 18666 ndi kukhazikitsa Convement ya 1450, yomwe inaphatikizapo Commotement Claus monga chitsimikizo choletsa boma ndi tsankho.

Mosasamala kanthu za lonjezo limeneli, mawuwo anafotokozedwa mofupikitsa ndi Khoti Lalikulu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Cases shaughter-Nyumba (1873) , Bwalo linachepetsa ufulu wa chigamulo cha ufulu wa mtundu wokhawo, kuchotsapo kufikira kwake. Ndiyeno [[FLT:] Plesby v. Ferguson [1896], Khoti linasunga mwamwambo kusankhidwa kwa mafuko pansi pa “ofanana koma chiphunzitso, kuletsa kuti chitetezo cha Clausleas , sichinaletse kulekana kwa mtundu kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga momwe malo analili. Chigamu chimenechi cha Jerrow, chosiyana ndi cha South Africanfchi, kugaŵana ndi ku South Africa.

Munali kufikira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, mkati mwa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, pamene Kutetezera kwa Chikhalidwe kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) kukanidwa Plessy, ndipo zochitika zotsatira zinawonjezera chikalatacho kutetezera ku tsankho la akazi, kupunduka, ndi tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana. Mbiri ya Chigawocho imasonyeza kutembenuzidwa kwamphamvu kwapang'onopang'ono koma kwapansi, kwa fuko ku chiwonetso chakufikira pa masomphenya aakulu a kufanana.

Kaamba ka ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 ndi kumasulira koyambirira, onani [[FLT: 0] National Archives .

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Mlandu uliwonse unathandiza kudziwa malire a kulingana kwa anthu ndi malamulo amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza malamulo a mlandu wa anthu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wotetezera, Brown v. Board of Education inalengeza kuti tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse linali losalingana mwachibadwa. Khoti, lotsogozedwa ndi Mfumu Justice Earl Warren, linagwetsa pamodzi “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso cha Plesty v. Ferguson. Lingalirolo linanena kuti“ malo a maphunziro osiyana ndi osalingana, chifukwa chakuti anapangitsa ana a Black kudziona ngati otsika omwe ana awo anasintha maganizo awo. Chigamulo chimenechi sichinali chongochotsa sukulu za sukulu zokhala ndi ufulu wa anthu koma chinatumikira monga chigamulo cha bungwe la ufulu wa anthu.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu yoimbidwa mlandu wa kukwatira kunja kwa boma. Virginia Virginia , khoti linatsutsa malamulo a boma oletsa kusiyanitsa mafuko. Mlanduwo unakhudza Richard Loving (mzungu) ndi Mildred Jeter (mkazi wakuda ndi wa Eni America), amene anaimbidwa mlandu wa kukwatira kunja kwa boma. Khoti linatsutsa kuti malamulo oletsa kuteteza anthu a mitundu yonse ameneŵa ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la Classionace. Chiweruzocho chinatsimikizira kuti ukwati ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri ndi kuti mitundu iyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa kwambiri, ndipo ikumathetsadi malamulo aukwati ogwirizana ndi mafuko oletsedwa m'dziko lonse.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Mlanduwu unazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba pamene Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Aumelt Protection Clause kukhazikitsa lamulo lozikidwa pa tsankho lachimuna. Reed v. Reed inaloŵetsamo lamulo la Idaho lomwe linkapatsa atate chikondi pa amayi popereka malo a mwana wakufa. Khoti linalamula kuti kusankhana kodzifunira kwa amuna kapena akazi kopanda chitetezo chofanana, kukhazikitsa kuti malamulo ozikidwa pa kugonana ayenera kuthandiza boma. Zimenezi zinayala njira ya kulingana kwamakono kwa kugonana.

United States v. Windsor (2013) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Milandu iŵiriyi inasintha malo alamulo a LGBTQ+ zoyenera. United States v. Windsor, Bwalo lamilandu linagamula Gawo 3 la Defense of Marriance Act (DOMA), limene linalongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi pa zifuno za boma. Khoti linanena kuti DoMA inaswa Chitetezo cha Exal Claus mwa kupanga magulu osiyanasiyana a mabanja popanda cholinga chenicheni. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FLT: 2] Obergegweb v. Hods , khoti linkaona kuti okwatirana amodzimodziwo ali ndi lamulo lofunika kwambiri la kukwatirana pansi pa zonse ziŵiri za Kayendedwe ndi kutetezera. Zigamu za Claus Claus zimenezi n’zosagwirizana ndi mfundo yoyenerera.

Milandu Ina Yosadziŵika

  • Bush v. Gore (000) . " . Mlandu uwu unagwiritsa ntchito Sucrection Clause kuimitsa chigawo cha Florida m'chisankho cha 2000 pulezidenti, kusumika maganizo pa miyezo yosintha ya kuŵerengera mavoti.
  • Utsi wa mawu v. Bollinger (2003) : Khoti linachirikiza kachitidwe ka kuvomereza m'masukulu alamulo, likumati gulu la ophunzira osiyanasiyana ndilo chikondwerero chosonkhezera ndi kuti malamulo ovomereza fuko angapitirebe kusanthula kosamalitsa ngati akonzedwa bwino.
  • Fisher v. University of Texas (2016 : Anatsimikizira dongosolo la Grautter koma anafuna kuti makhoti agwiritsire ntchito mosamalitsa kuvomereza mapulani a fuko, kutsimikizira kuti ndi njira zochepetsera zopezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Pankhani chidule ndi malingaliro, pitani ku Project Oyez .

Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Claus Anapereka Makalata Oteteza Tsankho

Bungwe la Supreme Protection Claus limagwira ntchito pa ndandanda zosiyanasiyana za kusankha, koma mlingo wa kufufuza kwachiweruzo ukusiyana malinga ndi kuikidwa kwa mbali. Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga mpambo wotsatira: kusanthula kosamalitsa kaamba ka magulu onyumwiridwa (mtundu, chiyambi cha dziko, chipembedzo), kufufuza kwapakati kaamba ka makalasi a quasi auspect (gener, recontext), ndi maziko omveka kaamba ka mitundu ina yonse (magawo, kupunduka, malo achuma).

Tsankho la Ufuko

Malo a fuko amapendedwa kwambiri, muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri. Boma limakhala ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti lamulo kapena lamulo limatumikira chikondwerero cha boma ndipo nlokonzeka bwino lomwe kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu ukupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuchirikiza malamulo amene amasankhana pa fuko. Nkhani zazikulu zimaphatikizapo Brown v. Board of Education (kulera kwa sukulu) ndi Long v. Virginia (Ukwati wa pakati pa makolo). Maprogramu a kulimba amayang'aniridwa motsimikizirika, monga momwe amawonera mu Grimeator ndi Fisher, koma angapulumuke ngati akwaniritsa zofunika zopeka zosokezera.

Tsankho

Malo oikidwa ndi Gender amayesedwa pang'onopang'ono, zimene zimafuna boma kusonyeza kuti kuikidwa kwa gululo kumatumikira chikondwerero chofunika cha boma ndipo kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu unakhazikitsidwa mu Craig v. Boren (1976 [1] . Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo [[FLT:] United States] v. Virginia (1996) , imene inasokoneza lamulo la amuna ndi [FLT:] v. [FLT:], imene imakonda kugonana m'dziko. Muyezowu uli wosapendeka kwambiri.

Tsankho Likhoza Kutheka

Chitetezo cha Umphang Classia chimateteza anthu ndi kulumala, koma makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito maziko abwino pokhapo ngati kusankhidwako kukuphatikizapo kuyenera kwapadera. Komabe, malamulo a boma onga a America ndi Alcumex Act (ADA) ya 1990 amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa malamulo a Konsichushoni yokha. Mlandu waukulu ndi Doloty of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985) , kumene Khoti linagamula lamulo loletsa anthu opunduka, kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso kuyang'ana ndi kupenda koyenera pamene asonyeza tsankhulo losayenera.

Tsankho la Zaka Zathu

Malo a nyengo amalandira kokha maziko oyenera, muyezo waulemu kwambiri. Massachusetts Board of depressive v. Murgia (1976], khoti lidalitsira zaka zokakamiza za kupuma pantchito za apolisi 50 kwa apolisi, kuziona kuti n’zogwirizana bwino ndi kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino. Komabe, chitetezo cha malamulo monga Age Tribacture in Obster Act (AA) chimapereka mankhwala amphamvu kuntchito, ngakhale kuti iwo satchula zigawenga za nyengo zonse zogwirizana ndi zaka zozikidwa.

Mitundu Ina: Chiyambi cha Dziko, Chipembedzo, ndi Kugonana

Chiyambi cha dziko ndi chipembedzo zimaonedwa monga magulu onyumwiridwa, opendedwa mozama, ofanana ndi fuko. Kukonda kugonana, kutsatira ofell v. Hodges ndi [FLT:] Romar v. Evans (1996] (1969) [[FL:3]], tsopano amalingaliridwa kukhala quaesi-uspect, ngakhale kuti Khoti silinakhazikitse muyezo. [[FLT:]] Lomar [FLT: 4.] [FLT:] adagwetsa pansi pa zikole za Colorado . Zoyenera za kuyang'anira za LBT-dictiffictive +xmaptionstionssss progreement proftions profred .

Mbali ya Boma ndi Makhoti

Boma . "federal, boma, ndi malo akwawo" amaudindo kugwirizana ndi Ault Protection Claus . Congress yakhazikitsa lamulo lokwanira kukakamiza chiganizochi, makamaka Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 , chimene chimaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko m'ntchito, malo ogona, ndi maprogramu ogwirizana ndi boma. Chikalata cha Kuyenera kwa ufulu wa mu 1965 ndi [FLT:] Fairbair Act [[FLD]] Act [FLT:]

Makhoti ndiwo ofufuza kwambiri a Umeal Protection. Amasankha mlingo wa kusanthula umene umagwira ntchito ndi kaya ngati lamulo lokayikiridwa likugwirizana ndi muyezo umenewo. Kampani yopendedwayo [1] , pakati, maziko oyenera, osuliza. Kusanthula kwamphamvu kuli “kufufuza kwa nthanthi, koma kwakupha kwenikweni” (mawu ochokera ku Justice Thur Good Marshall), ngakhale kuti kulibe kuwona ngati kuvomereza. Kupenda kwa k'katswiri wa media kuli kochepa, ndipo maziko oyenerera kuli kwa kumamatira kwambiri, kuchirikiza malamulo malinga ngati pali chikondweretso choyenera chilichonse.

Mtolo wa maumboni umasintha malinga ndi kusankhana. Magulu okayikira, boma liyenera kulungamitsa tsankho. Kwa ena, wofufuza ayenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo lilibe maziko oyenera. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya tsankho imalandira mayeso otsekera achiweruzo ovuta kwambiri, pamene malamulo wamba a zachuma amasiyidwa ku dongosolo la demokrase.

Kaamba ka kufupikitsidwa kwa milingo ya kuyang’anira komiti, onani National Constitution Center .

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, bungwe la Aumelt Protection Claus lidakali pa maziko a mikangano ya zamalamulo ndi yandale.

Kachitidwe Kotsimikiza ndi Atsogoleri Aufuko

Tsogolo la kuvomereza maphunziro apamwamba nlosatsimikizirika. Pambuyo pa Feser v. Yunivesite ya Texas , Bwalo Lamilandu linachirikiza kuvomereza kwa fuko kosazindikira koma linafunikira kusanthula mosamalitsa. Mu 2023, Bwalo linagamula Zotsatira za Fair Adgicts v. Yunivesite ya North Carolina , imene ingaletse kapena kuletsa ntchito yovomereza. Otsutsa kuti malamulo auchinduna a fuko amatsutsana ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi Claus mwa kuyang'anira anthu osiyana mtundu, pamene ochirikiza amagwirizana ndi oyenerera kuchiritsa tsankhulo ndi kukwaniritsa.

Kusintha Ufulu ndi Kumenyana kwa Fuko

Chitetezo cha Act Claus kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zitokoso kuti apeze malamulo a ovota, zigawo zoyendetsedwa ndi mafuko, ndi ziletso pa kuvota koyambirira. Mu Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) , Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Voting Rights Act , kufooketsa uyang'aniro wa boma. Kuyambira pamenepo, maboma ambiri apereka malamulo amene amakhudza kwambiri osankhidwa ndi ochepera. Makhoti akupitiriza kumva mfundo za Sucture , koma zotsatira zake zimasiyana malinga ndi umboni wa cholinga cha kuphatikana kapena zotsatirapo.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu

Pamene kulingana kwa ukwati kwathetsedwa, nkhani zina zikutsala. Mayiko akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa anthu kulowa m’zimbudzi, kuchita nawo masewera, ndi kusamala zaumoyo. Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) adanena kuti Distion VII imaletsa tsankho la ntchito chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha kugonana kapena chiwerewere, koma anadalira pa kumasulira kwa mfundo zalamulo, osati kuteteza Classione Claus. Makhoti apamwamba amagawidwa pa kaya Chitetezo chotetezera chimaletsa tsankho lopatula anthu, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lingafunikire kufotokoza bwino.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kuponderezedwa kwa Makhalidwe Abwino

Black Live Matter yasonyeza kusiyana kwa dongosolo m'mapolisi, chilungamo, ndi kumangidwa. Chitetezero cholingana ndi madipatimenti a apolisi a machitachita okondera mtundu chimayang'anizana ndi zipinga zazikulu chifukwa chakuti ofufuzawo ayenera kutsimikizira kukondera mwadala, osati kungowononga chabe (monga momwe zakhazikitsidwa mu Shyington v. Davis (1976) ) . Muyezo umenewu umavuta kutsutsa malamulo amene ali ndi zotsatira zosayenera zaufuko koma sizili zaudani pankhope yawo.

Tsankho la zachuma

Kutetezera kwa Act Claus sikumatetezera ku magawo ozikidwa pa umphaŵi monga onyumwiridwa. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1973], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kusiyanitsa chuma m’ndalama za sukulu sikunaswe mawu otsatiridwa, popeza kuti maphunziro sali maziko enieni pansi pa Malamulo. Kusiyana kwa zachuma kwakukulukulukulukulukulukulu kuposa kufikira, malire amene amapitirizabe kusuliza.

Kumaliza

Chipangizo cha Unigne Protection Claus ndi chipangizo chamoyo chimene chafutukula tanthauzo la kufanana ku America. Kuchokera ku kugawidwa kwa lamulo ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa ukwati kwa okwatirana osiyana, kwakhala mphamvu yamphamvu ya chilungamo. Komabe, kuthekera kwake sikumakwaniritsidwa kotheratu. Nkhondo zolimbana ndi kuvomereza, kuvota, kutetezera kwa trander, ndi ufuko wa dongosolo zimasonyeza kuti mawuwo akhalabe chiwongolero cha nkhondo ya kulingana. Kumvetsetsa mbiri yake, milandu ya masinthidwe ndi kumasulira kwake nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuloŵa m’lamulo lachikhalidwe.

Pamene chitaganya chikusintha, Aumeal Protection Claus idzatanthauzidwa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku nkhani zatsopano. Choloŵa chake sichimaikidwa koma chimadalira pa kukhala maso kwa nzika, ochirikiza, ndi makhoti operekedwa ku chinthu chimene palibe boma lidzakana munthu aliyense kuchinjirizidwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi anthu onse, kuphunzira mawu ameneŵa kumapatsa pulogalamu ya zonse ziŵiri zipambano ndi ntchito yosamalizidwa ya demokrase ya ku Amereka.

Kaamba ka milandu yamakono ndi kusanthula kwa lamulo pa nkhani za Chitetezo Cholingana, funsani [[FLT: 0] Chikhululukiro cha Chiŵeni cha Americane Union .