Kumvetsa Maboma: Kodi Ndani Ali ndi Thayo la Chiyani?

Democracy yogwira ntchito imadalira pa nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mmene mphamvu imagaŵidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito. Mu United States, kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro m’boma lonse, boma, ndi maboma akumaloko kumasintha zonse kuchokera ku misonkho imene mumalipira kufikira ku chisungiko cha madzi anu akumwa. Nkhani ino imapereka kupenda kwatsatanetsatane kwa mathayo a mlingo uliwonse wa boma, mmene iwo amachitira ndi ena, ndi chifukwa chake nkhanizo ziri ndi moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwakulongosola bwino lomwe bungwe la boma likuchita ntchito zenizeni, mumakhala okonzeka bwino kuvota, kuchirikiza, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Boma laboma limakhala pamwamba pa gulu la akulu, likumasunga mphamvu zoperekedwa kwa ilo ndi Malamulo a U.S. Ilo lisamalira nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse ndipo silingalamuliridwe bwino ndi maboma okha. Ulamuliro wake ngwochuluka koma wochepa m'chiŵerengero cha $maulamuliro a maulamuliro akundandandalikidwa, ndi maulamuliro ena onse osungidwa ku maboma kapena anthu.

Udindo wa Mathayo

  • Kutetezera dziko ndi lamulo lachilendo: Boma la boma limasunga magulu ankhondo, kuchita mapangano, kulowa mapangano, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mitundu yonse. Dipatimenti ya Defense, Department of State, ndi bungwe la luntha limagwira ntchito pamlingo wa boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi kulinganiza: [[FT:1] lamulo la Federal limene lingaloŵe m'dziko, utali wa utali umene iwo amakhala, ndi njira ya ku unzika . University . Unigration Services (USCIS) ndi Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ndi mabungwe a boma.
  • Malamulo a zachuma: Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingakonge ndalama ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake. Federal Reserve imakhazikitsa chiwongola dzanja ndi kulamulira kuperekedwa kwa ndalama kuti ziyang'anizane ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu ndi ntchito.
  • Interstate ndi malonda a mitundu yonse: mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus imalola malamulo a malonda amene amadutsa mizera ya boma kapena malire a dziko.
  • Msonkho wa patali ndi ndalama zowonongedwa: Misonkho yopezedwa, misonkho ya makampani, ndi apolisi amasungitsa maprogramu a Social Security, Medicare, chinjirizo, ndi maprojekiti a zomangamanga zonga misewu ya intertate.
  • Zoyenera ndi chitetezo: malamulo a Federal monga Civil Rights Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, ndi Aamereka Okhala ndi Kupunduka Act (Chilamulo) yokhazikitsa malamulo ochepera kaamba ka kufanana m’maiko onse.

Malo a Boma la Federal

Lamulo la U.S. limakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu zolingana:

  • Ligislati (Chorn): Yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Bungwe ndi Nyumba ya Oimira, Congress imalemba malamulo, imalengeza nkhondo, ndi imayang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu.
  • Executive (Mkulu ndi mabungwe): Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, amalamulira asilikali, ndi kutsogolera madipatimenti ndi mabungwe ambiri (m' lekuatiso, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, EPA, FDA).
  • Judicial (Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti ang'onoang’ono): Makhoti a Gawo amamasulira Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma, kuthetsa mikangano imene imaphatikizapo mafunso a boma kapena zipani za m’maiko osiyanasiyana.

Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumeneku kumatsimikizira mayeso ndi kulinganiza, kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira. Oweruza a Federal amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo wonse kuti asunge ufulu wachiweruzo.

Kupereka Zopereka

Boma la boma limakweza ndalama mwa misonkho ya malipiro a munthu ndi mmodzi (pafupifupi 50% ya ndalama zonse), kukhoma misonkho ya kampani ya Social Security and Medicare, ndi misonkho ya makampani. Imasonkhanitsanso misonkho pa mafuta, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya. Kubwereka kupyolera m'malonda a Treasury boontation kuphimba ngongole. M'chaka cha 2023, kuwonongedwa kwa boma kupitirira $ $.1 miliyoni.

Maboma: Kuyang’anira Nkhani za M’chigawo

Maboma alipo pansi pa Demendment ya khumi, imene imasungidwa ku maboma (kapena anthu) maulamuliro onse amene sagaŵiridwa ku boma la boma. Boma lirilonse liri ndi malamulo ake, kapangidwe kake kake ka zigawo zitatu, ndi kudziimira pa nkhani za mkati mwake. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma liri lalikulu, maboma amasungabe mbali yaikulu m’kulamulira miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya nzika zawo.

Udindo wa Mathayo

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, aphunzitsi a laisensi, ndi kugaŵira ndalama za sukulu za boma za K-12. Iwo amagwiranso ntchito mayunivesite a anthu onse ndi makoleji a chitaganya. Ndalama zambiri zamaphunziro zimachokera ku boma ndi magwero a kumaloko, osati boma la boma.
  • . . . . . . . . . imayang'anira madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, milatho, ndi madoko.
  • Kusamalira ndi thanzi la anthu: Maboma amayang'anira maprogramu a Medicaid (m'gwirizano ndi boma la boma), kuyang'anira zipatala ndi nyumba zosungirako okalamba, ndi kuyendetsa madipatimenti a zaumoyo amene amayang'anira matenda ndi akatemera.
  • Kusungitsa lamulo ndi chiweruzo chaupandu: apolisi a boma olondera misewu ndi kusungitsa malamulo a boma. Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu ndi yachiŵeniŵeni. Mandende ndi madongosolo a kuchotsa milandu ali othamanga m’boma.
  • Zisankho: [[FLT :1] Madziko amakhazikitsa malamulo a voti . kuphatikizapo masiku olembetsera ovota, maola ofunsira, ndi malire a chigawo pomvera malamulo a boma. Amapanga masankho aakulu, masankho, ndi masetila.
  • Kaunda ndi makampani aukatswiri: Makampani a tchata a United States, madokotala a laisensi, maloya, oimira malo, ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe, ndi kuyang'anira inshuwalansi ndi zinthu zina m'malire awo.

Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi nthambi ya kazembe, nthambi ya malamulo (kaŵirikaŵiri ya madameral, kusiyapo Nebraska imene ili namadral), ndi nthambi yachiweruzo yokhala ndi bwalo lalikulu la boma. Bwanamkubwa ali ndi mphamvu pa malamulo a boma, kuyang'anira bajeti ya boma, ndi kuika akulu a mabungwe. Malamulo a boma amapatsira malamulo pa nkhani zimene sizinachotsedwe ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Kupereka Zopereka

Maboma amadalira pa msanganizo wa ndalama: misonkho ya malonda (magwero aakulu koposa a maiko ambiri), misonkho ya malipiro a munthu mwini (mu maboma 41), misonkho ya malipiro a makampani, misonkho ya katundu (ngakhale kuti zimenezi nzofala kwambiri), ndi ndalama za boma (zomwe zili za pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya ndalama za boma). Mosiyana ndi boma lolamulira, maboma ambiri ali ndi zifuno zalamulo kuti alinganize bajeti yawo.

Chitsanzo: California, boma la anthu ochuluka koposa, limagwira ntchito ndi bajeti ya $300 biliyoni . Imayendetsera limodzi la madongosolo a maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse kupyolera mwa ma yunivesite ya California ndi California State University.

Maboma Akomweko: Mautumiki Osamalira Anthu

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndi oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo ali ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Samatchulidwa mu Malamulo a U.S. koma amapangidwa ndi maboma a boma. Maboma amawapatsa malamulo amene amalongosola mphamvu zawo ndi maudindo awo. Pali mitundu itatu yofunika ya boma lakumaloko ku United States: Kuŵerengera, maakasitala (midzi, matauni, midzi), ndi madera apadera (kuphatikizapo madera a sukulu).

Malo oŵerengera

Maboma ndi zida zoyang'anira boma, okhala ndi udindo wa mautumiki amene amadutsa malire a boma. Ntchito za m'chigawochi zimaphatikizapo kupima katundu ndi kusonkhanitsa, kusungitsa malamulo (dipatimenti ya polisi), ndende, makhoti, kusungitsa zolembedwa (anakubala, imfa, maukwati, mapangano a katundu), kukonza msewu wa madera opanda ntchito, ndi zipatala zaumoyo.

Maboma

Mizinda ndi matauni amathandiza kumadera okhala ndi anthu ambiri.

  • Kutetezeka kwa kampani: Madipatimenti a apolisi, madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito: Kusankha chimene chingamangidwe kumene, kupereka zilolezo za nyumba, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a nyumba.
  • Nyumba za malo apafupi: [[FLT :1] misewu, magetsi a m’khwalala, madzi, zinyalala, ndi zinyalala.
  • Mapaki ndi zosangulutsa: mapaki a anthu onse, malo a anthu, maiwe osambira, ndi mabwalo a maseŵera.
  • Malaibulale ndi zigwirizano za chikhalidwe: laibulale yapoyera, mamyuziyamu, ndi maprogramu aluso a kumaloko.

Zigawo za Sukulu ndi Magawo Apadera

Zigawo zasukulu ndi maboma adziko odziimira okha ndi mabungwe awo osankhidwa ndi mphamvu zawo ku msonkho wa katundu. Zipembedzo zapadera zimapereka ntchito imodzi, monga madzi, ukhondo, kuteteza moto, kapena kulamulira udzudzu. Kuli madera apadera oposa 38,000 m'dziko lonselo, kupangitsa iwo kukhala mtundu wa boma wambiri koposa.

Kupereka Zopereka

Maboma a m’maderawo amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu, ndipo amakhoma msonkho wa malonda, misonkho ya ndalama (mizinda ingapo monga New York ndi Philadelphia levy), ndalama zolipirira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, ndalama zogulira madzi, zilolezo za kumanga), ndiponso kusamutsidwa kwa boma kuchokera ku maboma ndi boma.

Chitsanzo: [[FLT :1] Mzinda wa New York uli ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu oposa 8 miliyoni ndi bajeti ya pachaka ya pafupifupi $100 biliyoni . Ndiyo sukulu yaikulu koposa m'dziko, ulamuliro waukulu wa anthu okhala, ndi NYPD , imodzi ya magulu a apolisi aakulu padziko lonse.

Kuloŵererapo ndi Kupitirira Malire

Kumvetsa bwino mfundo imeneyi kumathandiza kuti anthu azimvetsa mmene mfundo za boma zimagwirira ntchito.

Kufuna Kugwirizana ndi Kuyesedwa

Chikalata cha Supremacke cha Malamulo chikutanthauza kuti lamulo la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo otsutsana a boma. Pamene boma la boma lisankha kukhala ndi munda .say, kutetezeka kwa ndege . . Koma madera ambiri ali ogwirizana: maboma a boma ndi a boma angagwire ntchito, monga ngati malamulo a malo. Maboma angakhazikitse miyezo yokhwima kuposa ya boma, monga momwe California imachitira ndi kutulutsa galimoto pansi pa Dieoc Air Act.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene limafuna pa maprogramu ake a mwachindunji. Imagaŵira ndalamazo ku magawo ndi malo kupyolera mwa zipatala. Malo ameneŵa amabwera ndi zinthu ziŵiri zazikulu: Categorical aumboni (kuyakuti zifuno zenizeni, monga kumanga misewu kapena Medicaid) ndi ndalama zoperekera ndalama za madera onse, mofanana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya). Pobwezera, olandira ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma [1] Mwachitsanzo, akuti [FLT] ayenera kuvomereza ndalama zapamsewera pausinkhuna wa 21.

Kutha kwa Malamulo a M’deralo

Monga momwe lamulo la boma lingachotsere lamulo la boma, malongosoledwe angachotsere malamulo akumalo. Ili ndi malo omakula a mavuto. Nyumba zina za malamulo za boma zakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mizinda kukweza malipiro ocheperapo kuposa mlingo wa boma, kuletsa matumba apulasitiki, kapena kulamulira kokulira. Matauni opita patsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri amawombana ndi maboma osasintha pa nkhondo za kumasula zimenezi.

Kuchitira Mathayo Amodzi

Ganizirani zotsatira za tsoka:

  • Boma la kumaloko limapereka mavoti oyamba (mapepala, moto, EMT) ndi kuchititsa maopaleshoni amwadzi.
  • Boma ladziko limatumiza Gulu la National Guard, limagwirizanitsa chuma kupyola m'magawo, ndi kupempha thandizo la boma.
  • Boma la FAMA limapereka chithandizo cha ndalama kudzera m'FAMA, kutumiza chuma cha boma, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a kukonzanso kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kudziŵa amene amachita zimene zimathandiza nzikazo kutsogolera nkhaŵa zawo kwa akuluakulu a boma oyenerera. Ngati mukufuna kuti chiboo chikhale chodzaza m’khwalala lanu, kufikira bungwe lanu la mzinda kapena dipatimenti ya anthu onse nkothandiza kwambiri kuposa kulembera kazembe kapena bungwe la boma. Ngati muli wodera nkhaŵa ndi malamulo a boma, nyumba yanu ya malamulo siingasinthe lamulo la boma, koma chiŵalo chanu cha Congress chingavote pa ngongole. Unziri, unzika umafuna kupenda nkhani zanu pamlingo woyenera.

Mmene Mungapezere Oimira Anu

Gwiritsirani ntchito zinthu za boma zimenezi kudziŵikitsa oimira anu a boma, boma, ndi akumaloko:

Mukhozanso kupita ku misonkhano ya m’holo ya m’tauni, ku misonkhano ya sukulu, ndi ku msonkhano wa m’tauni ndipo anthu amamvetsera misonkhanoyi.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Dongosololi Linayendera

Magawano a masiku ano a maudindo a boma sanayambike mwadzidzidzi. Dongosolo la boma la United States linali kulolerana pakati pa awo amene anafuna boma lalikulu ndi awo amene anaopa ulamuliro wankhanza. Olemba malamulo a bungwelo anandandalika maulamuliro a boma apadera m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, ndipo kenaka anawonjezera Tenth Amendment kutsimikizira maboma. Pazaka mazana aŵiri, mphamvu za boma zawonjezeka mwa kukonzanso malamulo (m’chingamera, Kusintha kwa 16 kovomereza msonkho), kumasulira kwa Supreme Court (mr, malonda), ndi mavuto onga ngati Kupsinjika kwa Kupsinjika Maganizo Kwakutha ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II, zimene zinafuna kuthetsa dziko lonse.

Maboma adakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo ambiri apanyumba . . . . New Deal ndi bungwe la Chivomezi la Chisungiko linasintha maudindo ambiri ku Washington. M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, chikhoterero chasinthako: kusintha kwa kakhalidwe m'ma 1990 chinapatsa malamulo osintha kwambiri, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu zochepa za boma pansi pa Commerce Claus m'mikangano yonga [FL:0] United States v. Lopez [1] (195). Komabe, boma la boma la United States lidakalibe ndi mphamvu yaikulu m'nkhani zapadera.

Mavuto Othetsa Mavuto M’maunansi a Boma

Nkhani zingapo zimene zachitika masiku ano zikusonyeza kucholoŵana kwa dongosolo la boma:

  • [[FLT :0] Kusamalira: [[FLT :1] Afford Care Act adapanga ndalama zoikidwiratu za boma za inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndi kufutukula Medicaid . Mayiko ena anakana kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, kuyambitsa mpata woperekera. Kuphatikiza ndalama za boma ndi kusankha kwa boma kumayambukira mwachindunji mamiliyoni a achikulire olandira pang’ono.
  • Kusintha kwa mapangano: Boma la boma pansi pa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana lapanga njira zosiyanasiyana. Panthaŵi ino, maboma onga California ndi New York apanga zomangira zadyera, ndipo mizinda yatengera malamulo omanga obiriŵira a kumaloko ndi mphamvu zobwezeretsera.
  • Kusungitsa kugaŵikana: Ena “mizinda yachibalo” imachepetsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma a za kusamukira, kuchititsa kumanga milandu ndi kuopsezedwa ndi ndalama kuchokera ku boma la boma.
  • Kuvomereza kuyenera: Khoti Lapamwamba litaswa kakonzedwe kapadera ka Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu mu 2013, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ovota, pamene ena anakhazikitsa kulembetsa kodzisankhira. Boma la boma lili ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri za malamulo ndi zachiweruzo kutsimikizira kuti apeza malo a oonera.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira amene ali ndi thayo la kuchuluka kwa boma la boma, boma, ndi malo akuno nkofunika popangitsa mawu anu kumva ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za boma. Dongosololi limaikidwa m’mbali zonse, ndipo lili ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana. Boma limathandiza kuteteza dziko la dzikolo, malamulo achilendo, kusamuka, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Boma limayang'anira maphunziro, zoyendera, zosamalira zaumoyo, malamulo, ndi masankhoti. Maboma a m’dzikolo amakuthandizani kuyang'anizana ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku / / magetsi ndi magetsi, misewu, madzi, mapaki, ndi mabotikombi.

Mitengo imeneyi imagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse mwa ndalama za boma, kulandidwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maprogramu. Kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino kumatanthauza kuzindikira kuti ndi mlingo uti umene uli ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene mumasamala ndi kudziŵa mmene mungalankhulire ndi oimira oyenerera. Kaya mukuchirikiza sukulu zabwino, madzi oyera, kapena ufulu wosankha wokulirapo, pangano lanu la pamlingo woyenera lingathandize kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene zaperekedwa pamwambapa kuyambitsa kugamula boma lanu. Kugawana ndi ntchito kwamphamvu ndiko maziko a democracy ya democracy.