Chiyambi: Ndalama Zochuluka Kwambiri

Malo amagawidwa mokulira m'magulu aŵiri: Pa Cs, zimene zimayendera limodzi ndi makampani, makampani, ndi makampani, ndi ma komiti andale omwe sagwirizana ndi makampani. Pacs akhala njira yaikulu yoperekera ndalama m'makampani. Ma PC amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana m'magulu awiri: Zogwirizanitsa PC, zimene zimayendera pamodzi ndi makampani, makampani, kapena makampani a zamalonda, ndi ma PC, amene sagwirizana ndi mabungwe ena. Ma PCC amene amayendera paokhapaake paokha. Ogwirizana ndi anthu a m'mabungwe apamwamba a boma, makamaka kuwonjezera luso lawo la kukweza ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsa bwino kayendetsedwe kawo, malamulo, ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kupanga masankhotidwe amakono.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Ma PAC ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko olembetsedwa ndi Federal Envotion Commission (FEC) omwe sagwirizana ndi bungwe lililonse, bungwe la antchito, gulu la anthu, mayanjano a malonda, kapena gulu lina logwirizana. Mosiyana ndi kampani ya PC . Ili yolandira ndalama ndi akuluakulu a kampani ndi oyendetsa kampani. . .Imagwira ntchito pa zopereka za anthu kapena za APAC, ndipo ingathe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa andale, zipani za ndale, ndi nkhani.

Ma PAC kaŵirikaŵiri ali malingaliro a chilengedwe, opangidwa ndi mpambo wa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino, nkhani imodzi (m., malamulo a malo okhala, ufulu wa mfuti, kuchotsa mimba), kapena nthanthi yandale zadziko yochuluka . Iwo angapangenso utsogoleri wa munthu wina kapena gulu la ochirikiza ufulu. Chifukwa chakuti iwo sagwirizana ndi gulu limodzi kapena mgwirizano, ma PC angakhale osavuta kwambiri kugula ndi kutumiza mauthenga, koma amayang'anizananso ndi malamulo okhwima kuposa gulu la Super PaCs kapena 501 (c).

Kusiyana Kofunika: Kogwirizana ndi v. vs Osagwirizana. Mtsogoleri

N’zothandiza kudziwa malire a makomiti akuluakulu andale:

  • Ogwirizanitsidwa: Ovomerezedwa ndi bungwe, bungwe la antchito, kapena bungwe la malonda. Iwo angapemphe zopereka kokha kuchokera ku kalasi yoletsedwa ya woperekayo (m’m., mabwana, ogaŵa, kapena ziŵalo za bungwe). Malire a kugawana amagwira ntchito kwa onse aŵiri opereka ndi APC ndalama zawo za ofunsira.
  • Makomiti ogwirizanitsa Non : Independent komiti popanda wochirikiza kampani kapena bungwe. Iwo angapemphe zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu onse, koma zopereka za munthu aliyense zimaperekedwa pa $5,000 pachaka. Iwo angapange zopereka zachindunji kwa oyembekezera (kufikira $5,000 pa chisankho) ndi zowonongedwa zaumwini zosamalizidwa.
  • PUSER :[[FLT :1] movomerezedwa kudziŵika monga makomiti a kudziimira okha (IEOC). Iwo angatukulitse ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati, koma sangapereke mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi ndawala. PaCs adatulukira pambuyo pa 2010 Citazens United[[FFT:3] chigamulo ndi malamulo a pansi otsatirapo.

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amakhala pakati pa ma PAC ndi ma PC Opambana mogwirizana ndi ziletso za lamulo. Ayenera kumamatira ku malire a zopereka ndi zofunika zoulula, komabe iwo amasangalala ndi ufulu wa kutaya ndalama zosamalitsa pa kudalira pa ufulu wa kudziimira pawekha.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

P. C. Pazaka zonsezi, Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti ochepera anayamba kufotokoza malamulo okhudza ndalama zimene anthu amafunikira. Nthaŵi ziŵiri zofunika ndi 1976 [FOMATIOMENT Active Act (FECA)) ndi kupangidwa kwa FEC. FECA inakhazikitsa malire ndi kuvumbula malamulo a makomiti andale. Pazaka zimenezi, Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti otsika anamasulira malamulo okhudza ndalama zimene anthu amafunikira paokha. Nthaŵi ziwiri zofunika ndi 1976 Buckley v. Valeo, zimene zinakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti zisonkhetsere masankho ndi kuti zodziimira sizingachepetsedwe, ndi zina zaposachedwapa [FLD:2]. CP. . . . .[5FFFFF.

Mosasamala kanthu za kufutukuka kwa ma PPAC, ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa amakhala oyenerera chifukwa chakuti iwo amapereka njira yosiyana: onse aŵiri angapereke mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera (kuphatikizapo FEC) ndi kupanga ndalama zodziimira. Kuthekera kumeneku kumawapangitsa iwo kukhala okongola kwa opereka omwe akufuna kuchirikiza oyembekezerawo pamene akuchirikizanso ndawala zautali. FEC imakakamiza kupereka zofunika zatsatanetsatane pa ma PAC onse, ndi PC amene sagwirizana ndi mafaelo amene ayenera kuvumbula malipoti, zowonongedwa, ndi chifuno cha kuwonekera kwa aliyense. Kuwonetsera kumeneku kuli mbali yaikulu, ngakhale kuti osuliza kuti mipata ya kuvumbula iripo kaamba ka mitundu ina ya makampani akuda.

Mmene Mapeto Osagwirizanitsidwa Alili

Ma PAC ambiri osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa amakweza ndalama makamaka mwa makalata, mkupiti wa ma email, kusatsa malonda kwa manambala, ndi zochitika. Chifukwa chakuti iwo angapemphere anthu onse, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga mpambo wa ndalama wa anthu ofanana. Ma PAC ambiri oterowo amalinganizidwa pa chochititsa chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, National Rifle Association’s Political Victory Fund (Chigawo cha NRA ndi gulu la anthu, PC yake njachigwirizano; nyumba zofananazo zimagwira ntchito ku magulu ambiri). MapaC oyera ambiri ogwirizana ndi gulu longa EMILY’s ndandanda (imene imachirikiza pro - democratic Fund ya Democratic Fund (imene imagwirizana ndi Kukula kwa anthu otchuka).

Ndalama zikangoperekedwa, APAC osalumikizidwa amazipereka m’njira ziwiri zazikulu:

  • Zopereka: Awa amapita kumakomiti ofunsira kapena ku zipani, ogonjera ku malire a FEC. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wosalumikizidwa angapereke $5,000 kwa wosankha Nyumba pa chisankho (chisankho ndi chigawo chonse).
  • Zowonongedwa zodalirana: Zimenezi zimawonongedwa pa kusatsa malonda, kuvota, kuvota, ndi ntchito zina zimene zimachirikiza kwenikweni chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wobatizidwa. PAC sayenera kugwirizana ndi ndawala ya wobatizidwa aliyense. Zowonongedwa zaumwini sizimachotsedwa, chotero PC wosalumikizidwa bwino angatsanule mamiliyoni ambiri m'liŵiro limodzi.

A PAC ambiri osalumikizidwa amaloŵanso m'nkhani ya kufalitsa kugwiritsa ntchito makampani . Magawo abwinja amene amachirikiza kaimidwe kapadera ka kachitidwe popanda kuitana chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wofunsira. Mauthenga a mafunso samalingaliridwa kukhala olengeza mawu ena a matsenga ngati iwo apeŵa mawu ena (ngati “ndandanda ya” kapena“ deat”). Malo abwibwi amalola PCs kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu popanda kuyambitsa kuulula ndi kusimba zofunika za kulongosola kwa chinsinsi.

Mavuto a Ndalama ndi Ntchito Zothandiza

Chifukwa chakuti ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa samadalira pa maziko operekera opatulidwa monga kampani ya PC, iwo ayenera kumanga ndi kusungitsa ndandanda yoperekera zinthu. Opereka ma shelufu ang'onoang'ono angakopedwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mpambo wa maiyi ndi a za mayanjano, koma zopereka zazikulu (kufikira $5,000 pachaka) kaŵirikaŵiri zimachokera ku maziko opatulidwa a anthu olemera. Ena amene sanagwirizanitsene ndi ma projekiti a PCs nawonso amalandira ntchito kuchokera ku makomiti ena ogwirizana. Ndalama zotumizira ndalama . Ndalama zolembedwa ndi makampani a ma , kutsatsatsatsa malonda, ndi zochitika zapamwamba, ndi antchito ogwirizana . . . . . . .

Chisonkhezero pa Zosankha ndi Lamulo

Ma PAC ali ndi chiyambukiro chotsimikizirika pa chisankho cha Amereka. Mwakuwononga mamiliyoni ambiri pa zowonongedwa zaumwini, angafotokoze chithunzi cha wofuna kuloŵa, otsutsa, ndi kusintha nkhani yake m'makani ampikisano. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Center for Responsive Politics ndi maphunziro a zamaphunziro kwasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama paokha kwa kunja kwa mavoti, makamaka m'mafuko apamwamba a manyuzi kapena m'mipikisano yaikulu kumene kugawa sikuli chifukwa chosiyana.

Ma PAC ali osonkhezera kwambiri m'masankho apadera . Chifukwa chakuti ma Primes kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo ofanana alamulo, kuvomereza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zapansi kwa ma PC kungapereke kulinganiza. Club for Growth, mwachitsanzo, yathera ndalama zambiri kubwezera zitokoso zopikitsiratu zotsutsana ndi kudula. Mofananamo, Mndandanda wa EMILY umapereka ndalama zoyambirira ndi za gulu la akazi a Democratic Daice , kuwathandiza kugonjetsa ndalama zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anizana ndi ofufuza oyamba.

Pa masankho ambiri, ma PAC amene sagwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira ntchito za mkupiti wa kufunsira ndi ma PACI . Iwo angasumike pa nkhani za malo enieni . Monga lamulo la mphamvu kapena ufulu wachiŵiri wa Amereka . ndi kutsatsa malonda kuti apangenso ovota amene amasamalira nkhani zimenezo. Chifukwa chakuti samakakamizidwa ndi malamulo a mgwirizano (mwakuti amakhala odziimira okha), iwo angakhale achiwawa kwambiri polankhula ndi pochita zinthu zawozo kuposa ndawala ya wofunsirayo.

Zitsanzo za Mabuku Osagwirizanitsidwa Osadziŵika

Kuti mumvetse mmene mapulogalamu a pa CC amagwirira ntchito, ganizirani zitsanzo zingapo za anthu otchuka:

  • Club ya Kukula PAC: [[FLT :1] A PAC yosagwirizanitsidwa amene amachirikiza ndandanda yaulere, ofunsira boma opereŵera. Imakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa opereka ndi kupanga zonse ziŵiri zopereka zachindunji ndi zowonongedwa zaumwini. M'mibadwo yaposachedwapa, yakhala woseŵera wamkulu mu Republican primearies.
  • SELY ndandanda: Mu 1985, Mndandanda wa EMILY ndi PACIOOONTS GALAMULIRA pa kusankhira akazi a democratic amene amachirikiza zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba. Imakuta zopereka kuchokera kwa ziŵalo zake ndi kupanga zowonongedwa zaumwini. Yathandiza kusankha mazana a akazi kufikira ku boma ndi ofesi ya boma.
  • Ufulu wa Dziko ku Moyo PAC: [[FLT :1] A PAC (Ngakhale kuti ndi Ufulu wa Dziko Lonse ku Komiti ya Moyo) amene amaloŵetsamo zopereka zachindunji ndi zowonongedwa zaumwini kutsutsa zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba. Imagwira ntchito monga PC yodziimira, yosagwirizana ndi bungwe kapena bungwe.
  • Senate Majority PAC (SMP): [[FLT ] [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa monga PC yosagwirizanitsidwa, SMP imapanga ndalama zaumwini zopitira kwa oloŵa Nyumba ya Democratic. Imagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi magulu ena koma imapangidwa monga komiti yodziimira payokha pansi pa malamulo a FEC.

Magulu ameneŵa amasonyeza zochita zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu osawagwiritsa ntchito angayambe.

Olamulira

Mapale osalumikizidwa ayenera kugwira ntchito m'dongosolo loyendetsedwa ndi FEC. Malamulo ofunika azikhala:

  • Malire operekera: Anthu angapereke $5,000 pachaka ku PAC yosagwirizanitsidwa. Ma PAC angalandirenso $5,000 pachaka kuchokera ku ma PAC (kugonjera ku malire onse). Palibe malire pa chiŵerengero cha anthu amene angapereke, chotero PC angatungire ndalama kuchokera ku chipinda chachikulu.
  • Malamulo opereka chopereka kwa oyembekezera: PAC yosagwirizanitsidwa ingapereke $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse ku komiti yosankha. Kungaperekenso $15,000 pachaka ku komiti ya chipani cha dzikolo ndipo mpaka $5,000 pachaka ku komiti ya boma kapena ya zipani za kumaloko.
  • Modalira ndalama zowonongedwa: Palibe malire a ndalama zimene PC yosagwirizana ingawononge pa zowonongedwa zaumwini. Komabe, PAC ayenera kupereka lipoti la ndalama zonse zowonongedwa ku FEC ndi kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera pa kutumizana mawu kuzindikiritsa PC monga wolipitsa.
  • Kuletsa kugwirizanitsa: Ma PAC sayenera kugwirizanitsa ndalama zawo zaumwini kwa oyembekezera kapena mkupiti wawo. FEC ili ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane olongosola kagwirizaniro, kuphatikizapo kulankhulana ndi wofunsira, kugwiritsira ntchito wamalonda wamba, kapena kugawana chidziŵitso cha dongosolo.
  • Zofunika zoulutsira: [[FLT :1] Ma PAC ayenera kujambula malipoti okhazikika (kapena mwezi ndi mwezi m’zochitika zina) opereka ondandandalika amene amapereka ndalama zoposa $200, zotayidwa, ndi chifuno cha zowonongedwa zirizonse. Malipoti ameneŵa ali opezeka poyera ndi pa webusaiti ya FEC.

Malamulo ameneŵa amalinganiza zokonda kulankhula ndi kuonekera bwino ndi kuletsa ziphuphu. Zochita zake, kusungitsa anthu kungakhale kosagwirizana, ndipo otsutsa ena amanena kuti khosi la FEC kaŵirikaŵiri limalepheretsa uyang’aniro wamphamvu. Komabe, ma PC osagwirizana amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo omveka bwino kuposa, kunena kuti, 501(c) mabungwe othandiza anthu, amene angaloŵetse m'ntchito zandale popanda opereka mapepala.

Zovuta za Ndalama

Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC sagwirizana ndi owonekera kwambiri, magulu ena agwiritsira ntchito mipata yalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, PC yosagwirizanitsidwa angalandire zopereka kuchokera kwa 501(c)(4) kapena (c) gulu, limene silifunikira kuvumbula opereka ake. Zimenezi zalola ndalama kuchokera ku magwero osadziŵika kutsogolera zinthu zowonongedwa paokha. Kuwonjezerapo, PCs angagwiritsire ntchito njira zalamulo zonga “ndandanda yosinthanitsira ndalama” kapena“ makomiti othandizira kubisa ndalama. Ochirikiza kusintha achititsa zinthu kutsendekera kaamba ka zifukwa zofunikira zowonetsa zopimira ku zizembekezo zimenezi, koma zopanga malamulo asintha m'malamulo.

Kukwera kwa ma PPAC patapita 2010 kunachepetsa kufunika kwa ma PAC monga galimoto yaikulu yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Komabe, ma PAC omwe alibe olankhula ndi anthu ndi amene angathandize anthu oyembekezera kulowa m'dzikolo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo paokha.

Mmene Nkhani zandale Zimakhudzira Anthu

Kufalikira kwa ma PAC kwasintha mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko m’njira zingapo. Choyamba, kuli ndi ndawala yolembedwa bwino. Mmalo mwa ndawala ndi zipani zolamulira nkhanizo, magulu odziimira angadzitopetse okha, otumiza makalata, ndi zolembedwa za foni. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malo osokoneza kwambiri a chidziŵitso, komanso ku mitundu yambiri ya mawu amene akumvedwa.

Chachiŵiri, ma PAC amene sakugwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatsa malonda osakondweretsa. Chifukwa chakuti sagwirizana mwachindunji ndi wobatizidwayo, angadzimve kukhala omasuka kwambiri kuukira adani . “chikuto cha mphepo” chimalola oyembekezera kutchuka pamene ogwirizana awo akuyendetsa malonda otsatsa malonda mwamphamvu. Komabe, angasokonezenso otola, amene sakudziŵa amene akuyambitsa kuukira kapena zimene akukonda.

Chachitatu, ma PAC amene salumikizidwa angathandize oyembekezera amene alibe maziko a mwambo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wofuna kugula udzu wodziŵika bwino angapindule ndi kuvomereza koyamba kwa PC ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake, zimene zingasonyeze kudalira kwa opereka ena ndi oulutsa nkhani. Pansi, ndalama za PC zingasonkhetserenso anthu aang'ono ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha opereka, monga momwe machekesi aakulu a anthu angapo angaperekere kutsatsa malonda.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yokhalitsa ya Mapale Opanda Anthu

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa akhala mbali yokhazikika ya ndawala ya Amereka kwa zaka makumi ambiri, akumapanga mpata pakati pa ma PAC ndi ma PC ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Holy Can . Kukhoza kwawo kuthandizira mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito modziimira kwa iwo okha kumapangitsa ziŵiya zosiyanasiyana kuti zikhale zothandizira pandale. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo amayang'anizana ndi malire ndi zofunika zoulutsira, iwo atsimikizira kukhala akatswiri okweza ndalama kuchokera kwa osonkhetsa ndi kuikhazikitsa mpangidwe wa masankho ndi malamulo a anthu onse.

Kuzindikira makampani ameneŵa sikuli kokha kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro. Kwa osankha, kuzindikira kuti ndani amene amapereka ndalama za PACI yosagwirizana ndi zolinga zake ndi zimene zingadziŵitse mmene amasulirira kutsatsa malonda ndi kuvomereza kwa ofunsira. Kwa opanga malamulo, malamulo a PCs, amakhalabe nkhani ya kutsutsana ? Kodi kuulula kuyenera kukhala kwenikweni nthaŵi? Monga momwe dongosolo la zachuma la zamalonda la PACIC lidzakhalira ndi mbali yaikulu m'kulimbana kwa mphamvu zandale. Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina amaphimbidwa ndi gulu la PACIC ndi ndalama za mdima, siliyenera kunyozedwa.

Kuti muŵerengenso, funsani Komiti ya Chisankho ya Chisankho [[FLT: 1] kaamba ka malamulo ndi chidziŵitso. [[FLT :2] Suppect database imapereka tsatanetsatane wa PACIPUP ndi ndalama zawo. Pankhani za mbiri yalamulo, onani [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [5] v. Valeookt [ [[FLT:]] malingaliro ndi [FLT:] [FLT:] [zipata zowonjezereka] [zipatapatala ] [zikuwonjezera chigamu chakufufuza]. [FLT:]