Maziko a Utumiki wa Jury

Kuyenera kwa kuweruza mlandu kwa ajuli kumaikidwa mu Fijijinth ya U.S. Constitution, imene imatsimikizira kuti apandu amazengedwa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wapoyera ndi ajuli a boma ndi m'chigawo kumene upandu unachitika. Figration [FLT] imafuna kuti likulu kapena mlandu wambiri litsutso liidwe kokha pambuyo pa nkhani za mlandu waukulu wa ajuli yaikulu. Zikalata ziŵiri zimenezi zimakhazikitsa mbali ziŵiri za ntchito za boma ndi mayeso, iliyonse yothandiza pa chiweruzo cha ku America. [FLT.] Oweruzawo) [FFF] kapena oweruza milandu, ngakhale pambuyo pake] Oweruza oweruza milandu achitapo mlanduwo.

Ntchito ya Jury ili ponse paŵiri kuyenera ndi thayo. U.S. ntchito yaujuli ya boma ikufotokoza kuti nzika iliyonse yaikulu ingaitanidwe kutumikira. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa pakati pa ajuli aakulu ndi oweruza a juritsi sikumangothandiza anthu kukonzekera utumiki komanso kumalimbitsa kuonekera ndi chilungamo cha dongosolo lalamulo. Pansipa tipenda mtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo mbiri yawo, ntchito, ndi zokumana nazo zawo zothandiza.

Kodi Khoti Lalikulu N’chiyani?

Oweruza aakulu ndi gulu la nzika zosonkhana kupenda mkhalidwe wothekera wa upandu ndi kugamula ngati pali chochititsa cholakwika kuweruza mlandu walamulo . Mosiyana ndi ajuli ozenga mlandu, ajuli aakulu samagamula mlandu kapena kukhala wopanda liwongo. Ntchito yake iri kokha kutsimikizira ngati umboni wa wozengayo uli wokwanira kupitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Grand juries amagwira ntchito makamaka pa mlingo wa boma ndi m'maiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso otserera otsegulira milandu mmalo mwa milandu yaikulu ya mlandu wa julon.

Kukula kwa Mbali ya Ukulu ndi Kuika Malo

Majuli aakulu kwambiri amapangidwa ndi 16 mpaka 23 a juzi , ndipo pafupifupi 12 afunikira kugwirizana m'chiweruzo. Ukulu umenewu umasonyeza mkhalidwe wa kufufuza wa thupi: ziwalo zambiri zimalola kuona zinthu mokulira pamene zikupenda umboni wochuluka ndi zolemba. M'mayiko ena, majuwero aakulu ndi aang'ono koma aakulu kuposabe juit jues.

Kupita Patsogolo N’kobisika

Malamulo aakulu a ajuli amachitidwa m'chinsinsi chachinsinsi . Palibe woweruza amene alipo; woweruza wamkulu yekha, ajuli, mtolankhani wa khoti, ndi mboni amaloledwa. Wonenezedwa ndi loya wawo wotetezera sapezeka. Chinsinsi chimatumikira zifuno zingapo: Chimalimbikitsa mboni kulankhula mwaufulu, kuteteza mbiri ya okayikira amene saimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuletsa mikole kuthaŵa kapena kusokoneza umboni. Oimba mlandu amalumbira kukhala obisika kwa moyo. Federal Judge Center imapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a [[FLT:] jini ndi kachitidwe kazembekezera kolamulira.

Ntchito ya Woweruza

Mosiyana ndi oweruza ozenga mlandu, amene akumva mlandu ndi mlandu womwe, ajuli aakulu akumva kokha umboni wa woweruza. Woweruzayo akupereka zikalata, umboni, ndi umboni wa kuthupi. Oweruza akuluakulu angafunse mafunso ndi kupempha umboni wowonjezereka. Ngati akhulupirira kuti pali umboni wokwanira wa mlandu, iwo amabweza “lamulo la choonadi”; koma, iwo sabwereranso. Woweruzayo ali ndi ufulu wa kusankha milandu imene ingayambitse ndi boma.

Utali wa Utumiki

Utumiki wa ajuli waukulu ngwautali kuposa ntchito yaujuli yaupo. Majuli aakulu angatumikire kufikira miyezi 18, kukumana kamodzi kapena kaŵiri pa mlungu kapena kwa masiku. Majuli aakulu a Boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira mawu afupi, monga ngati mwezi umodzi. Chifukwa cha kudzipereka kowonjezereka, oweruza aakulu amaloledwa ku ntchito zina za boma mkati mwa nyengo yawo.

Kodi Chikole Chotchedwa Petit Nchiyani?

Bungwe la ajuli oweruza milandu, lomwe limatchedwanso kuti ajuli oweruza milandu, ndi gulu la anthu amene amamva umboni ndi mikangano m’khoti kuti apereke chigamulo / / kaya kulakwa kapena kulakwa m'milandu, kapena kulakwa kapena kusalakwa m’nkhani ya boma. Makhoti a milandu ndi “mabodza a amsinkhu wanu" osonyezedwa m’maphwando a khoti.

Kukula kwa Mbali ya Ukulu ndi Kuika Malo

M'mayeso a boma, majusi a chiŵembu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi majaji 6 mpaka 12 aujuli . Malamulo aupandu amagwiritsira ntchito jurss [12], ngakhale kuti maboma ena amalola kuchepera. Zigamulo zachiŵeniŵeni zimapangitsa kuti munthu aliyense ayesetse ndi kulimbikitsa kuti atenge nawo mbali. Mlanduwo uyenera kuyendera limodzi (ngati boma lalola kuti asapereke zigamuweruzo, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba langongo langongongongongoyamba kumene). Zigamu za anthu siziyenera kuyendera limodzi m'malo ena.

Kulalikira kwa Onse

Mosiyana ndi magawo aakulu a ajuli, milandu ya ajuli ndi yokhudza anthu onse. Aliyense . . . kuphatikizapo atolankhani, a m’banja, ndi anthu onse. Kuonekera kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti anthu ayankha mlandu ndipo kumapangitsa kuti aone kuti chilungamo chachitika. Mlanduwo umayang'aniridwa ndi woweruza, amene amaweruza milandu ndi kulangiza oweruza milandu.

Kudya Nsomba Zokongola ndi Kusankha Zochita

Oweruza oweruza amasankhidwa kupyolera m'njira yotchedwa mowopsa, pamene woweruza ndi loya amafunsa oweruza othekera kuvumbula kukondera kapena mikangano ya chiwongola dzanja. Mbali iriyonse ingakantha chiŵerengero chochepa cha ajuli kaamba ka choyambitsa (ngati tsankho lakhazikitsidwa) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zitokoso zopinga kuletsa jurser popanda kupereka chifukwa (m’chigwirizano ndi malamulo otsutsa kugaŵa). Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi kusankha kwa ajuli aakulu, kumene kuopsa kuli kochepa kapena kopandapo chifukwa chakuti oweruza aakulu salamulira pa liwongo la woimba mlandu.

Utali wa Utumiki

Utumiki wa ajuli wa petit kaŵirikaŵiri ngwaufupi kuposa utumiki waukulu wa ajuli, kuyambira pa tsiku limodzi (ngati si wosankhidwa) mpaka pa nthaŵi ya mlandu. Mayesero angakhale kuyambira tsiku limodzi mpaka miyezi ingapo m’milandu yovuta. Makhoti ambiri amatsatira “tsiku limodzi kapena khoti limodzi", kutanthauza kuti woweruza akaweruzidwa, amachitidwa pokhapokha ataitanidwanso pambuyo pake.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Oyendetsa Matumbo ndi Odyetsera

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira chifukwa chake zingaitanidwe ku ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaujuli ndiponso zimene ntchito iliyonse ikufuna.

Feature Grand Jury Petit Jury
Purpose Determine probable cause for indictment Determine guilt, innocence, or liability at trial
Number of Jurors 16–23 federal; varies by state 6–12 (typically 12 in criminal)
Presence of Judge No judge; prosecutor leads Judge presides over trial
Presence of Defense No defense present Defense and prosecution both present
Secrecy Secret proceedings Public trial (with exceptions for closed hearings)
Verdict Requirement At least 12 concur for indictment Unanimous in criminal (mostly); civil may vary
Term of Service Up to 18 months (federal); meets intermittently Duration of one trial (days to months)
Decision Format Indictment (true bill) or no bill Verdict (guilty/not guilty, liable/not liable)

Njira Yosankha Jury Mwatsatanetsatane

Ulendo wopita ku kupatsidwa maina okhalira pansi monga woweruza umaphatikizapo masitepe angapo.

Mapempho a Jury

Oweruza oyembekezera kudzakhala osankhidwa mwapadera pa mindandanda yonga ngati kulembetsa kwa voti, zolembedwa za laisensi ya dalaivala, ndi mapepala a msonkho. Makalata a dalaivala amatumizidwa, kufuna kuti wowalandira aonekere ku khoti pa deti lake. Kulephera kuyankha kungatulutse faindi kapena kunyozedwa kwa khoti. Makhoti ambiri tsopano amalola pa Intaneti kufufuza ndi kupempha zinthu. U.S khoti limalongosola za mafomu ndi njira yoyenerera.

Kuyenera ndi Kuwatsutsa

Si onse amene amayenerera kutumikira. Ziyeneretso zazikulu zimaphatikizapo unzika wa United States, msinkhu (kaŵirikaŵiri 18 kapena kuposerapo), kukhala m’chigawo chachiweruzo, ndi kukhoza kumva Chingelezi. Anthu amene ali ndi zigamulo zolakwika (kupanda kubwezeredwanso ufulu wa apolisi) kapena awo amene satha kukhoza kwamaganizo kapena thupi angakhale osayeneretsedwa. Makhoti amapatsanso zitsulo za mavuto (m’magazi, nkhani zamankhwala, ntchito yosamalira). M'madera ambiri, akatswiri ena (ausilikali, nduna zapolisi, oimira apolisi) amaloledwa ku utumiki waukulu wa ajuli koma amatumikirabe pa makhoti aumboni audindo aumboni.

Kusekerera Nyama za Patit

M'kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli, oweruza ndi maloya amafunsidwa mochititsa mantha m’khoti lapoyera. Woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa mafunso okonzekeretsedwa kuvumbula tsankho . Mwachitsanzo, “Kodi mumadziŵa woimbidwa mlandu?” “Kodi mwapanga lingaliro lonena za mlanduwu?” Oweruza angaikidwe chifukwa ngati akuvomereza kulakwa kapena mikhalidwe yochititsa manyazi. Mbali iliyonse imalandiranso unyinji wa mavuto otsutsidwa (konse kwa 3 m'milandu ya boma; 10 m'milandu yachiŵembu ya boma). Zitokosozo zimenezi zingalole maloyawo kuchotsa jurr popanda kunena chifukwa, malinga ngati chifukwa sichizikidwa pa fuko kapena chisembwere. Chonulira. Cholinga chake chiri cholungama ndi chopanda tsankho ndi komiti yoweruza yoweruza.

Kusankha Kwabwino Koposa

Kusankha ajuli kwaukulu sikuli kokulira. Oweruza oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amafunsidwa monga gulu. Woweruzayo amafunsa kwenikweni ponena za ziyeneretso zazikulu ndi chidziŵitso chilichonse cha milandu imene ingabwere pamaso pa oweruza. Chifukwa chakuti majuli aakulu amatumikira mawu ambiri ndi kumva milandu yambiri yosiyana (kuphatikizapo aja amene sanadziŵidwe), sikuli kotheka kujambula zatsankho lokhudzana ndi oimbidwa mlandu. Komabe, ngati mkulu wa ajuli amadziŵa za munthu kapena mkhole, angaloledwe kukakhala ndi nkhani inayake. Khotilo limagwirizanitsa ndi ofesi ya U.S.

Kutumikira Monga Mlamu Wabwino: Zimene Tikuyembekezera

Ngati mwasankhidwa monga woweruza wamkulu, muyenera kukonzekera ntchito yanthaŵi yaikulu. Majuli a ajuli akukumana tsiku limodzi kapena aŵiri mlungu uliwonse kwa miyezi 18. Majuli aakulu a boma angakhale ndi mawu achidule koma ofunikirabe kupezeka nthaŵi zonse. Mudzamva umboni kuchokera kwa aloya ndi mboni. Woweruzayo adzalongosola lamulo, ndipo mudzakambitsirana mfundozo pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kulikonse. Mukhoza kuvota pa milandu yambiri mkati mwa chigamulo chanu.

Mbali imodzi yapadera njakuti oweruza aakulu angafunse mafunso mwachindunji kwa mboni . Chinthu china chimene chingatithandize kugamula mlandu sichingachitidwe. Mukhozanso kupempha umboni wowonjezereka. Mpweya suuyenera kuikidwa m’malo mwa mlandu, koma zigamulozo nzovuta. Kuweruza sikuli chigamulo, koma kumayambitsa upandu. Chiyeneretso chachinsinsi chimaletsani kukambitsirana nkhanizo ndi aliyense (kusiyapo akuluakulu ena a judge pofufuza). Ngakhale pambuyo pa kutha kwa mlanduwo, simuyenera kuvumbula zimene zinachitika m’chipinda chachikulu cha ajuli.

Kugwirizana kwa ajuli aakulu kumasiyana. Oweruza aakulu a junja amalandira $50 patsiku kaamba ka utumiki uliwonse (pafupifupi 2025), kuphatikizapo malipiro a ulendo. Mayiko ena amalipira ndalama zochepera, pamene ena amalipira zambiri. Wolemba ntchito wanu safunikira kukulipirani, koma ambiri amayenera kuyang'anira ntchito yaujuli. Ngati muyang'anizana ndi vuto la zachuma, mungapemphe kupempha kukhululukidwa.

Kutumikira Monga M’bale Woyang’anira Zinthu Zoipa: Zimene Tikuyembekezera

Oweruza a majuli amayang'anizana ndi njira yonse yozenga mlandu. Pambuyo pa kusankhidwa, mumalumbira ndi kulangizidwa ndi woweruza. Chiweruzocho chimayamba ndi mawu oyamba, kutsatiridwa ndi umboni: mboni, ziwonetsero, ndipo nthaŵi zina umboni waluso. Mbali zonse ziŵiri zili ndi mwaŵi wa kuwoloka imeline . Pambuyo pa umboni, woweruzayo amapereka malangizo a aujuli.

Pokambirana, simungathe kulankhula ndi munthu wina aliyense amene si wa m’bungwe la oweruza . Nthawi iliyonse, popanda kufufuza pa Intaneti, popanda kukambirana ndi banja. Cholinga n’chakuti mupeze chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa m’khoti. Ngati simungathe kukwaniritsa chigamulo chimodzi (m’milandu ya apandu), woweruza anganene kuti mlanduwo walakwika, ndipo mlanduwo ungabwezedwe. Mlandu wa boma, maboma ena amalola chigamulo cha anthu ambiri. Oyang’anira jutri ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho ndi otseguka maganizo, omvetsera malingaliro onse asanavote.

Chokumana nachocho chingakhale chopweteka kwambiri, makamaka m’maweruziro oloŵetsamo milandu yaikulu. Khoti limapereka makhefu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limapereka chithandizo ngati chikufunika. Makhoti ambiri oweruza akakhala otsika amangoikidwa m’milandu yapamwamba; kaŵirikaŵiri, mumabwerera kunyumba tsiku lililonse.

Kupereka chilolezo kuli kofanana ndi malipiro aakulu a ajuli koma kungakhale kochepera patsiku chifukwa chakuti nthaŵiyo njaifupi. Olemba ntchito ena amawonjezera malipiro ochepa a khoti.

Kufunika kwa Kusakondera ndi Kubisa Chinsinsi

Kaya mukhale wotumikira monga woweruza wamkulu kapena woweruza wathanzi, mumachita lumbiro la kukhala wosakondera ndi kutsatira lamulo. Kusakondera kumatanthauza kuika pambali malingaliro aumwini, tsankhu, kapena chifundo. Kumafunikira kumvetsera umboni popanda kukhazikitsa. Kunsinsi kwa abusa aakulu ndi kwa moyo wonse. Olamulira a judget, amakhala ndi chinsinsi kufikira chigamulo chikalengezedwa (ndipo nthaŵi zina chikakhalapobe ngati woweruzayo akulamulira). Koma ngakhale atanena kuti chigamulocho, oweruzawo sunga milandu safunikira kukambirana nkhani zawo popanda kusankha. Makhoti ambiri amalimbikitsa oweruza kuti alankhule kwa oulutsa nkhani kapena ofufuza nkhani, koma palibe amene angawakakamize.

Kusunga kupanda tsankho kungakhale kovuta m'nyengo ya mawailesi ndi mawailesi akanema ndi nkhani za maola 24. Oweruza ayenera kupeŵa chidziŵitso cha kunja ponena za mlanduwo. Woweruza adzakulangizani kusaŵerenga nkhani za m'nyuzi, malipoti a TV, kapena kufufuza pa intaneti. Kuswa malangizo ameneŵa kungatsogolere ku maweruzi ndi kunyozedwa kwa khoti. Kwa abusa, lamulo lachinsinsi limatanthauzanso kuti simungauze aliyense(kuphatikizapo mabwenzi kapena banja kapena umboni umene wamva.

Malingaliro Olakwika Ofala pa Ntchito Yaunyama

M’munsimu tikumveketsa bwino kusamvana kofala kochitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri:

  • “ Nthaŵi zonse ajuli a agogo amaimba mlandu.” Pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kowona kuti ajuli oweruza amavomereza unyinji wa machiweruzo (chifukwa chakuti oweruza amene alipo ndiwo milandu yaikulu imene amakhulupirira), majuli aakulu nthaŵi zina amabwerera “siikhoma. [1] Iwo sali kokha zidindo za shata: iwo ali ndi mphamvu ya kukana umboni wochepa.
  • “ Oweruza a jupit amagamula chigamulo. [1] M'zigawo zambiri, woweruza amasankha chigamulo. Oweruza amasankha mlandu kapena mlandu. M'milandu ina ya imfa, majaji angavomereze chigamulo, koma chimenecho nchosiyana.
  • “Mungachoke ku ntchito yaujuli mwa kupempha mavuto. Zikhululukiro zovutitsa ziripo, koma ziyenera kukhala zenizeni, mwachitsanzo, kutaya ndalama zimene sizingachepetsedwe, mikhalidwe ya zamankhwala, kapena kukhala wosamala yekha wa wachibale wachikulire. Makhoti savomereza zifukwa zopanda pake.
  • [[FLT: 0]“ Malamulo a Agogo ali kokha a milandu ya boma. [1] Maboma ambiri amagwiritsiranso ntchito majuli aakulu pa maukwati aakulu, ngakhale kuti ena amadalira pa kumvetsera koyamba. Amasiyana ndi lamulo la boma. Onani njira ya boma yanu.
  • . Mutatumikira, sungatchedwenso. [1] Mukhoza kuitanidwanso, ngakhale kuti maulamuliro ambiri ali ndi nyengo yabwino, nthaŵi zambiri zaka chimodzi kapena ziŵiri, pambuyo pake. Malamulo a Federal amalola kuti mutchedwe zaka ziŵiri zirizonse.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya Jury ndi imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri zimene nzika zimachitamo m'kuyang'anira chiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za ajuli aakulu ndi oweruza oweruza othandiza kuvomereza malumbiro ndi kukupatsani mphamvu kuti mutumikire bwino. Ngati mwasankhidwa kupenda ndi kuweruza monga woweruza wamkulu kapena kupenda umboni monga woyang'anira juger, utumiki wanu umachirikiza malamulo a chilungamo, kuonekera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Nthaŵi yotsatira imene mulandira mameseti a a a ajuli, mudzakhala ndi chidziŵitso cha kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ntchito zazikulu ziŵiri za boma zimenezi.

Kaamba ka ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri pa utumiki wa ajuli, chezerani [[FLT: 0] U.S. tsamba la utumiki wa ajuli kapena funsani Cornell Legin Information Institute ya juli ya juli yapamwamba.