Maziko a Makhoti Amakono

Malamulo a boma monga momwe timadziwira lerolino sanatuluke mwadzidzidzi. Maziko ake anayambira ku zikhalidwe zakale monga Mesopotamiya, kumene Lamulo la Hammurabi linakhazikitsa malamulo olembedwa ndi miyezo ya ziŵeruzo. Greece wakale anayambitsa lingaliro la majuli a nzika, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la Roma linayambitsa malamulo alamulo ocholoŵana ndi oweruza aluso. Dongosolo la malamulo la Achingelezi, ndi kudalira kwake pa zochitika ndi kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli, linakhala maziko a malamulo ambiri amakono, kuphatikizapo United States, Canada, Australia, ndi India. Kumvetsetsa nkhani za mbiri yakale imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti makhoti sali zigwirizano zopanda malire koma chiyambukiro cha zaka mazana ambiri cha kuyesayesa kukwaniritsa chilungamo ndi kuweruza kolungama.

Makhoti amakono asintha kuti athetse mavuto a anthu amakono. Amagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo, kutanthauza kuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo . Ngakhale akuluakulu a boma. Lamulo limeneli limateteza nzika ku mphamvu zongodzisankhira ndi kutsimikizira kuti mikangano imathetsedwa mwa njira zokhazikitsidwa mmalo mwa chisonkhezero cha munthu mwini. Kwa awo amene ali ndi chidwi ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri, Encyclopædia Britannica yoloŵa m'makhoti [ amapereka kusanthula kokwanira.

Makoma a Khoti

Khoti lililonse la achikulire nlolinganizidwa motsatira malamulo. Mndandanda umenewu umathandiza kuti milandu imveke bwino pamene ikukonza njira yowongolera zolakwa. Masitepe atatu oyambirira ndi makhoti, makhoti a milandu, ndi khoti lapamwamba kwambiri (kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa khoti lalikulu kapena khoti lolamulira). Mtengo uliwonse umakwaniritsa cholinga chosiyana poyang’anira chiweruzo.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Kumene Malamulo Amapezeka

Makhoti a milandu ndiwo amaletsa milandu yonse. M’makhoti ameneŵa, zigamulo zimapereka umboni, kutchula mboni, ndi kutsutsana ndi malo awo pamaso pa woweruza . Woweruza amatsimikizira kuti malamulo atsatidwe, pamene khoti loweruza (kapena woweruza mlandu wapampando) limatsimikizira kuti milandu ichitika. Makhoti a milandu aweruza milandu ndi milandu ya anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu ungakhale wokhudza kuba kapena kuukira milandu, pamene mlandu wa boma ungapereke chikalata cha pangano kapena mlandu wa mlandu. M'boma la U.S. Makhoti amilandu achigawo ambiri amatchedwa kuti makhoti a milandu a Superst Court kapena Courts. Khoti lalikululo limapereka mlandu: kuzenga mlanduwo mlanduwo.

Makhoti Okalipira: Kufufuza Zolakwa

Ngati chipani chikhulupirira kuti khoti linapanga cholakwa cha lamulo, mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza umboni wosayenera kapena kumasulira molakwa lamulo . Makhoti a apilo sayesanso mfundozo. M’malo mwake, amapenda mbiri yozenga mlandu kuti aone ngati lamulo linagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Makhoti ameneŵa amamva milandu m'mabungwe a oweruza atatu ndipo amalemba malingaliro awo ofotokoza malingaliro awo. M'makhoti apakati ndi U.S. Makhoti ambiri aperekanso dzina lakuti khoti lamilandu, kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa Bwalo la Chifuniro kapena Bwalo la Zilamo. Applate angasinthe, kuchirikiza, kapena kulamula kwatsopano.

Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu: Ulamuliro Womalizira

Khoti lapamwamba kwambiri loyang’anira malamulo lili ndi mawu omalizira pa nkhani za lamulo. Ku United States, lomwe ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, limene limamva ziweruzo zambiri chaka chilichonse. Kaŵirikaŵiri zija zokhudza mafunso ofunika a lamulo kapena mikangano pakati pa makhoti aang'ono. Zigamulo zake zimakhala chitsanzo cha makhoti ena onse. Maiko ambiri amasunga mabungwe ofanana, monga ngati Bwalo Lapamwamba la United Kingdom kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba la Australia. Nkhani imodzi imene imafika pa mlingo umenewu ingasinthe malamulo a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Milandulo ndi malamulo amakono, imaona Bwalo lamilandu ya boma [[FL:] la United States.

Ogwira Ntchito m’Khoti Lalikulu ndi Ntchito Zawo

Kumvetsa bwino anthu amene akuwachititsa kuti achotse ufulu wawo woweruza milandu ndipo kungathandize nzika kukhala zomasuka ngati zikufuna kuchita nawo zinthuzo.

Oweruza

Oweruza amayang'anira milandu, amalamulira pa zochitika za m’makhoti, amapereka malangizo kwa ajuli, ndi / pozenga mlandu , ndi / / pa benchi. Ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho ndi odziŵa za lamulo. M'zigawo zambiri, oweruza amaikidwa ndi nthambi yaikulu, amasankhidwa ndi anthu, kapena amasankhidwa ndi ntchito yolemekezeka. Ntchito yawo ndiyo kumasulira lamulo ndi kuligwiritsira ntchito pa mfundo zenizeni, osati kukondera mbali ina.

Juries

Malamulo ndi magulu a nzika wamba ochitidwa ndi kugamula mfundo za mlandu. M'milandu, oweruza ayenera kupeza woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mlandu wosakayikitsa; m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, muyezo kaŵirikaŵiri uli kuyang’anitsitsa umboni. Kutumikira pa juli kuli imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri zimene nzika zimagwirira ntchito m’khoti. Ili ntchito yabwino ndi ya boma.

Malowera (Attorney)

Oweruza amaimira zipani . . Olemba milandu ndi oimbidwa mlandu. Amakonza zikalata zalamulo, kufufuza mboni, ndi kutsutsana ndi maloto awo. Ku U.S., maloya ayenera kupambana mayeso a mapulatifomu ndi kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Nzika zimene sizingapereke loya pamlandu ziyenera kupatsidwa wotetezera anthu onse.

Ateki ndi Akuba a Khoti

Makampani a khoti amayang'anira ntchito za boma: kukonza zikalata, kukonza mayeso, ndi kukonza zoweruza. Oyang’anira milandu amasunga bata ndi chisungiko m'khoti, oimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuthandiza woweruza.

Atolankhani a Mlandu

Mabuku ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu aimbe mlandu, chifukwa chakuti khoti limadalira zimene mlanduwo umanena kuti mlanduwo ukhale wokhudzana ndi milandu.

Mlandu wa Mlandu ndi Bwalo Lamilandu

Makhoti amakonza zoti athetse mikangano yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mabungwe ambiri ndi aupandu ndi a boma, koma madongosolo ambiri amaphatikizapo makhoti apadera a banja, ozembetsa, oyendetsa galimoto, olephera kubweza ngongole, ndi oyang’anira milandu.

Milandu ya Apandu

Milandu yaupandu imabuka pamene munthu aimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa lamulo limene limaletsa khalidwe lina monga kuba, kuukira, kapena chinyengo. Boma (wozunza) libweretsa mlandu kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Makonsi angaphatikizepo kulipiritsidwa, kusungidwa, kapena kuikidwa m’ndende. Mtolo wa umboni ngwaukulu: woweruzayo ayenera kutsimikizira kukhala ndi liwongo mosakaikira kwenikweni.

Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imaphatikizapo mikangano pakati pa anthu a zipani zaumwini . Zingaphatikizepo mapangano, katundu, kuvulala, kapena nkhani za banja. Woimbidwa mlanduyo amamzenga mlandu wofuna malipiro kapena lamulo la khoti. Mtolo wa umboni ngwaung'ono: Kuyang'anitsitsa umboni (mwachidziŵikire osati kusakhala).

Makhoti Apadera

Makhoti ambiri ali ndi malamulo amene amakhudza mbali zina.

  • Khoti la banja: limachita chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kulera ana, ndi chiwawa chapanyumba.
  • [[MMWINO:0] Khoti lolamulira: [[FULT:1] limagwira zikalata, malo, ndi zotetezera.
  • khoti la Traffic: limachita ndi kuswa kwapang'ono kwa mayendedwe.
  • Khoti la Bankrupt:[[FL:1] imachita ndi chiwongola dzanja cha ngongole ndi kulinganizanso.
  • Makhoti auyang'aniro: akumva mikangano yokhudza mabungwe a boma.

Boma la Jurisdition (Malingaliro a U.S.)

Mu United States, makhoti alipo ponse paŵiri m’milingo ya boma ndi ya boma. Makhoti a Federal amasamalira milandu imene imaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, Konsichushoni, kapena mikangano pakati pa zigaŵenga zosiyanasiyana. Makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku . Makhoti, malamulo a banja, magalimoto, ndi milandu pansi pa lamulo la boma. Dongosolo la aŵirili lingasokoneze anthu, koma likutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri adzalankhulana ndi makhoti. Kulongosola komvekera bwino, Website ya .S.

Mfundo Zili Pafupi: Mmene Mlandu Umayendera M’khoti

Kumvetsa zimene zimachitikira mlandu kungachotse ziwopsezo zambiri zimene makhoti amachitira munthu.

Kudandaula Kapena Kulipira

M’nkhani ya boma, woweruza milanduyo amalemba chidandaulo ndi khoti ndi kuipereka kwa woimbidwa mlandu.

2. Njira Zopangira Maziko

Magulu onse aŵiri amakambirana chidziŵitso mwa kutulukira, kutsata mafaelo, ndipo angayese kuthetsa. Milandu yambiri imathetsa mkati mwa mbali imeneyi. Ngati palibe kugaŵidwa, khoti lipanga msonkhano wa asanaweruze kuti likhazikitse tsiku la kuzenga mlandu.

3. Kuzenga Mlandu

M’mbali zonse ziwirizi, munthu wina waweruza milandu, wina amene wapereka umboni wotsegulira milanduyo, wina amene alipopo, wina wa Mboni za Yehova, wina wa arestamine, ndipo wina anakanena kuti apherere.

4. Chiweruzo ndi Chilango

Ngati mlandu wa munthu woweruza milandu wa mlandu wa boma, khoti limalamula kuti mlanduwo ukhale ndi chilango kapena kuti ukhale wopatsa mpumulo.

5.

Ngati mbali iliyonse ikhulupirira kuti kulakwa kwa lamulo kunachitika, ikhoza kuperekedwa ku khoti lapamwamba. Kupereka chilango kungatenge miyezi kapena zaka ndipo kungatulukepo kusinthidwa, kuzenga mlandu kwatsopano, kapena lamulo la kusintha chiganizocho.

Mawu Ofunika a Malamulo A nzika Zonse Ziyenera Kuwadziŵa

Mawu alamulo angakhale ovuta kwambiri, koma mawu ofunika kwambiri ochepa ndi ofunika kwa aliyense woyenda panjira.

  • [[FULT:0] Plaintiff: Munthu amene ayambitsa mlandu.
  • [[ML:0] Defanti: [ Munthu akuimbidwa mlandu.
  • Dict: Chigamulo cha juli kapena choweruza pa nsonga.
  • Appal : Pempho kaamba ka khoti lapamwamba kupenda chigamulo cha khoti laling'ono.
  • Juridiction: Udindo wa khoti wa kuweruza mlandu.
  • Umboni: Udindo wa kutsimikizira mlandu wa munthu (kuposa kukayikira koyenera kwa upandu; kuyang’anira m'boma).
  • Kuzindikira zopereŵera: Nthaŵi yokwanira kubweretsa mlandu.
  • Kufufuza: Kusintha kwa mabwalo kumene amasinthana umboni.
  • [[FULT:0] Motion: Pempho kaamba ka khoti kupanga chigamulo chachindunji.
  • Subpoena: Lamulo la khoti lofuna munthu kupereka umboni kapena kupanga zikalata.
  • Ismossal : Lamulo la khoti kumaliza mlanduwo popanda kuzenga mlandu wonse.
  • Project se: kudziimira mwini popanda loya.

Kwa dikishonale ya zamalamulo yochuluka, fufuzani ku [[FLT: 0] Wex Legal Dictionary kuchokera ku Cornell Law School.

Mmene Nzika Zingagwirizanirane ndi Khoti

Anthu ambiri amakumana ndi khoti m’njira imodzi mwa njira zitatu: monga juror, monga chipani (wonenezedwa kapena woimbidwa mlandu), kapena monga wopenyerera.

Monga Wosunga

Ntchito ya Jury ndi thayo la boma. Ngati iitanidwa, mudzakhala mbali ya gulu la oweruza oyenera kufunsa mafunso ndi oweruza ndi maloya kuti atsimikizire kupanda tsankho. Ngati musankhidwa, muyenera kumvetsera mosamalitsa ku umboni ndi kutsatira malangizo a woweruza pa lamulo. Mbali yanu ndiyo kugamula zenizeni zozikidwa pa zimene zikuperekedwa m’khoti. Malamulo ambiri amapereka ziŵiya zothandizira oweruza ndi kulipirira ndalama.

Monga Gulu (Litigant)

Ngati mwazengedwa mlandu kapena kugamula kuti mupereke mlandu, muli ndi ufulu wodziimira nokha (pro se), koma mukuvomerezedwa kwambiri kulembedwa ntchito. Muyenera kutsatira malamulo a khoti onena za kukonza nthaŵi zoikidwiratu, mapepala, ndi kutumiza mapepala kumbali ina. Makhoti ambiri ali ndi malo odzithandizira okha kapena zipatala zalamulo zimene zingapereke mafomu ndi chitsogozo. Kusonyeza panthaŵi yake ndi kukonzekera nkosuliza.

Monga Wopenyerera

Mukhoza kuphunzira za malamulo, kuona mmene oweruza ndi maloya amachitira zinthu, ndiponso kumvetsa mphamvu ya chilungamo.

Ntchito ya Khotili Pochirikiza Chilungamo

Makhoti amachita zambiri osati kungothetsa mikangano. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa ndi kukhulupirira malamulo a khoti, zimateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma. Lamulo la kudziimira paokha limatsimikizira kuti oweruza angapange zosankha popanda kuopa kubwezera. Makhoti amapanganso malamulo a boma kudzera m'nkhani zochepetsa ufulu wa anthu, kulankhula, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa ndi kukhulupirira dongosolo la khoti, iwo amakhala othekera kwambiri kugwirizana ndi lamulo ndi kutenga mbali m’zochita za demokrase. Komabe, palibe dongosolo limene lili langwiro. Makhoti amayang'anizana ndi zitsutso ngati zochepetsa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulephera kusiyanitsa zinthu. Zoyesayesa zowongolera kuti apezere bwino njira za khoti, kukonza makompyuta, ndi njira zosavuta kusungitsa chidaliro kwa anthu.

Kaamba ka kufufuza kozama kwa mmene makhoti amathandizira ku kulamulira kwa demokrase, American Bar Association's projekiti ya maphunziro a anthu onse [[FLT: 1] iri poyambira pabwino.

Kumaliza: Kukhala Wodziŵa Zinthu

Khoti ndi umboni wa kudzipereka kwa chitaganya ku lamulo. Ngakhale kuti kakonzedwe kake kangaoneke kukhala kovuta, nzika iliyonse ingapindule ndi chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito cha mfundo zazikulu zosonyezedwa pano: atsogoleri a makhoti, ntchito za antchito aakulu, mitundu ya milandu, ndi njira yachisawawa. Ngati mutumikira pa juli, mulowetsemo mlandu, kapena kungotsatira nkhani zokhudza nkhani zofunika, kumvetsetsa jaji kukuthandizani kugwiritsa ntchito zoyenera zanu ndi kukwaniritsa mathayo anu. Mwa kukhalabe ndi ntchito yaudindo, mumathandizira ku dongosolo la chiweruzo lolungama, looneka bwino, ndi lodziwitsa mlandu kwa aliyense.