Kupangidwa kwa Mphamvu ya Boma: Chitsogozo Chochititsa Chidwi

M'demokrase iliyonse yopita patsogolo, kugaŵira maulamuliro a boma ndiko maziko a kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa zimene zimachita zimene m'boma lawo zili zokonzeka bwinopo kuchititsa atsogoleri kuŵerengera, kuchirikiza masinthidwe, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Chitsogozo chowonjezerekachi chimaswa kulekanitsa maulamuliro apadera . . Chomwe chimaletsa nthambi iliyonse kuyang'anira ena.

Lingaliro la kulekanitsa maulamuliro a boma linafotokozedwa motchuka ndi wanthanthi Wachifalansa Montesquieu m'ntchito yake 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo . Malingaliro ake anasonkhezera kwambiri opanga maulansi a U.S. Constitution, amene anaopa kuika mphamvu pa chinthu chimodzi. Anamanga boma la nthambi zosiyanasiyana, limodzi ndi ntchito yake yaikulu, ndipo kenaka anapereka nthambi iliyonse kuti itsutse zidane ndi zina. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amakhalabe chitsanzo cha ma democracy , ngakhale kuti ntchito yake imasiyana ndi dziko.

Chifukwa Chake Ntchito Yapamtunda Yotereyi Ili Yofunika kwa Nzika za Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kumvetsa kamangidwe kameneka si ntchito yamaphunziro okha. Ngati lamulo latsopano laperekedwa, liyenera kukakamiza (kutsutsa). Lamulo lake lingatsutsidwenso m'khoti (loweruza). Ndipo ndalama zake ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi opanga malamulo (otchuka). Kudziŵa nthambi kapena deti limene limasamalira zimene zikukuthandizani kusanthula, kuvomereza kwanu, kapena kudandaula kwanu mwalamulo ku malo oyenera. Kumapangitsanso kuti mukhale ndi phande laumoyo wodziŵa bwino kwambiri m'nkhani zapoyera, wokhoza kuona ndi mawu amene amatsogolera anthu ovuta.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma: Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Madongosolo a democracy ochuluka amagawa boma la boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana, iriyonse yokhala ndi mathayo osiyana ndi kukhoza kuyang’anira ena. chigawochi chimasanthula iriyonse mozama, kuchokera ku mutu wa boma kufikira ku mabungwe ndi mabwalo amilandu ochirikiza.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kutsogolera Mtunduwo

Nthambi yaudindo ili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kuperekedwa ndi bungwe la boma, komanso kuyang'anira ntchito za boma tsiku ndi tsiku. Makonzedwe ake amadalira kaya dziko ligwiritsire ntchito dongosolo la pulezidenti (monga ku United States) kapena dongosolo la palamente (monga mu United Kingdom kapena Canada). M'dongosolo la pulezidenti, pulezidenti wamkulu . [“Prezidenti [“(asankhidwa ndi))) ndi kutumikira pambali imodzi. M'dongosolo la pa la palamente, ndunakuluyo amatengedwa kuchokera ku bungwe la malamulo ndipo sangachotsedwe ndi voti.

  • Head of State ndi Boma: pulezidenti kapena nduna yaikulu amakhazikitsa mapulani a malamulo, kuimira dziko lakunja, ndipo amatumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo.
  • Kabinati: Gulu la akuluakulu a boma (malonda kapena atumiki) amene amayang'anira madipatimenti aakulu monga chitetezo, maphunziro, thanzi, ndi zopereka. Amaikidwa ndi mkulu wamkulu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chivomerezo cha malamulo.
  • Upo wothandiza ndi Bureaucracy: Zikwi za antchito a boma ndi mabungwe [1] monga Environmental Protection Agency kapena Dipatimenti ya Transportation , kuyambira kutumiza mapasipoti mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo a chisungiko cha ntchito.
  • Mphamvu ndi Zipangizo: Mkulu angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu (malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo), kukambirana mapangano (pansi pa kuvomerezedwa kwa malamulo), ndi kukhululukira kapena kupenyedwanso. Mphamvu yaveto ndi yovuta: bwana angakanize lamulo loperekedwa ndi bungwe, kukakamiza mapangano amphamvu kwambiri kuti alichotse.
  • Mchitidwe wa Chigwirizano ndi Chitetezo cha National Defense: Kulamulira kwa maulamuliro, zizindikiro za mapangano apadziko lonse, ndi kutsogolera ntchito zankhondo. Kuperekedwa kwa mphamvu kumeneku kumafuna uyang'aniro wa boma mosamalitsa, makamaka ponena za maulamuliro ankhondo ndi ndalama.

Kaamba ka kuyang'ana kwa tsatanetsatane pa nthambi yaudindo ya U.S., chezerani [[FLT: 0] tsamba lalamulo la White House [[FLT: 1].

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kupanga Malamulo ndi Kuimira Anthu

Nthambi ya malamulo . Nthaŵi zambiri imatchedwa Conrer kapena . [1] . imalamulira kupanga, antend, ndi apeyal malamulo. Ndi mawu a osankhira, monga momwe amasankhidwira mwachindunji. Nyumba zambiri za malamulo ndi bimear (zipinda ziŵiri), monga U.S. Commission ndi Nyumba yake ya Malo ndi Nyumba yake ya Oimira. Maiko ena, monga New Zealand ndi Sweden, gwiritsira ntchito njira ya Unigameral ndi chipinda chimodzi.

  • Kujambula ndi kuimira: [[FL:1] M'madongosolo a bimameral, chipinda chimodzi (kaŵirikaŵiri chotchedwa nyumba yaing'ono) chimaimira chiŵerengero cha anthu, pamene chinzake (nyumba yapamwamba) imaimira madera kapena maboma mofanana. Zimenezi zimapanga kupenda kuŵiri pa malamulo.
  • Programu: Mabili amayambitsidwa m'zipinda zonse, kenaka nkukhala ndi mkangano, kukonzanso, ndi kuvota. Ngati zipinda zonse ziŵirizo zidutsa matembenuzidwe ofanana, ndalama zimapita kwa bwana kuti zivomereze. Njirayo imachedwa kulola kuganiziridwa kosamalitsa ndi mfundo zapoyera.
  • [[FLT: 0] Throught ndi Tchalo: Mphamvu yaikulu ya bungwe la malamulo ndiyo mphamvu ya chikwama cha ndalama(imavomereza ndalama zonse zimene boma limawononga ndi kuika misonkho. Zimenezi zimachipatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa zinthu zofunika za dziko.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza: Malamulo amayang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu kupyolera mwa makutu, mapope, ndi mapikica. Iwo angafufuze zophophonya, kutayidwa, kapena kulephera kwa malamulo ndi kukakamiza umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Maulamuliro a kampani: Nyumba ya malamulo imatsimikizira mapangano apamwamba ndi achiweruzo (m'madongosolo ambiri), kugwirizanitsa mapangano, ndipo kungachotse prezidenti kapena oweruza kaamba ka kusamvera.

Kufufuza kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi ya malamulo a boma, onani Conrer.gov

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Kusunga Konsichushoni

Nthambi yachiweruzo ili ndi makhoti amene amamasulira malamulo, kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo amaperekedwa mosakondera. Ufulu wake kuchokera ku nthambi zina uli wofunika kwambiri pa lamulo. Khoti lalikulu koposalo (kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa khoti lalikulu kapena lolamulira) ndi liwu lomalizira pa tanthauzo la malamulo.

  • Kampani ya Chitetezo: Madongosolo ambiri ali ndi makhoti ozenga mlandu (pamene milandu iyamba), makhoti a appensi (amene amapenda zigamulo), ndi khoti lalikulu (imene imamva kokha zifuno zazikulu). Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola zolakwa kuwongolera ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino kumveketsedwa.
  • [[FLT : 0] Judicial Review:[[FLT :1] Ili ndi mphamvu yosanthula malamulo ndi machitidwe audindo ndi kuwamenya ngati aswa malamulo. Icho chinachokera ku United States ndi chombo chosonyeza Marbury v. Madison . Lerolino, democracy zambiri zimapatsa makhoti awo ulamuliro wofanana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Count and Tenure : [[FLT :1] Oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa (osati osankhidwa) kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Iwo angatumikire moyo (monga m'dongosolo la boma la U.S.) kapena kufikira zaka za kupuma pantchito. Kusintha kwanthaŵi yaitaliku kumachirikiza chosankha chaumwini.
  • Makhoti m'Chilamulo cha Chiŵeruziro ndi Chipanduko: amathetsa mikangano yachinsinsi (mabungwe, katundu, lamulo la banja) ndi milandu yaupandu yololeza kumene boma limaweruza anthu chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo. Amamvanso milandu yokhudza mabungwe a boma (lamulo lolamulira).
  • Zikhoterero pa Chigawo: Chiweruzo sichimaletsedwa. Mkulu wa bungweyo amakakamiza malamulo a khoti, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo angasinthe malamulo a malamulo (ngakhale kuti si malamulo alamulo popanda kukonzedwa), ndipo oweruza amalangidwa chifukwa cha kusadziletsa.

Kafufuzeni [[MLT: 0] U.S. malo alamulo a Khoti Lalikulu la United States kaamba ka milandu yamakono ndi malingaliro.

Malo a Boma: Federal, Boma, ndi Malo Okha

M'madongosolo a boma onga United States, India, Germany, ndi Australia, maulamuliro a boma amagawidwanso modekha pakati pa boma lapakati (dziko) ndi maboma achigawo (chigawo kapena chigawo). Magawo ameneŵa, odziŵika monga , amalola kusiyana kwa chigawo pamene akusunga umodzi wa dziko. Pansi pake, maboma a m'deralo amasamalira zosoŵa za tauni.

Boma la Federal (Mtundu)

Boma la boma la boma limakhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira [1] . Zija zoperekedwa ndi malamulo. Izi zikukhudza nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse ndipo sizingayende bwino m'dzikolo.

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro wokha wa kulengeza nkhondo, kusunga nkhondo, kukambirana mapangano, ndi kuimira dziko lakunja.
  • Imalamulira malonda ndi Economy : kugulitsa kumene kumadutsa malire a boma, kuyang'anira ndalama ya dziko (kupereka ndalama, ndalama zokongola), ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka ndi kukonza chilengedwe.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Khonsatimoni Zitsimikiziro: Imakakamiza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu m'maiko onse, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa makhoti a boma ndi mabungwe onga Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo.

Boma laboma lasunganso mphamvu m’mbali zina koma limagaŵana mphamvu zapanthaŵi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, misonkho, malamulo a malo okhala) ndi maboma, malinga ngati lamulo la boma silikuwombana.

Boma

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zosungidwa pansi pa Demendment of the Tenth Constitution mu U.S. [1] mphamvu zosagawiridwa ku boma la boma kapena zoletsedwa ku maboma. Ndizo maulamuliro aakulu a tsiku 761 a moyo m’malire awo.

  • Maphunziro: United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, masukulu a boma ndi mayunivesite, ndi aphunzitsi a laisensi. Magawo ambiri a sukulu a m'dzikolo amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Public Safety and Health: Madziko amayang'anira apolisi, mautumiki a moto, ndi kuyankha kwadzidzidzi m’gawo lawo. Amayang'anira zipatala, kugaŵira laisensi ya zachipatala, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu onse.
  • Kusintha ndi masiteshoni: [[FL:1] Madziko amasunga misewu, milatho, ndi madoko (kusiyapo aja odziŵika monga a m'chigawo cha dziko kapena boma). Iwo amayang'aniranso kulembetsa galimoto ndi kutumiza dalaivala.
  • Lamulo la Mabanja ndi Chuma: [ Ukwati, chisudzulo, choloŵa, mapangano, ndi malo enieni amalamulidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma ndi makhoti.
  • Police Powers: Maboma angapereke malamulo kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa onse wa nzika zawo] (imeneyi ndiyo maziko a ulamuliro wa boma.

Boma lililonse lilinso ndi bwana wake (Governor), nyumba yomanga nyumba ya malamulo (kaŵirikaŵiri kangapo ya kamangidwe, kusiyapo Nebraska), ndi judiary, yosonyeza dongosolo la boma.

Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma akwawo . .Ouniverse, matauni, matauni, zigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera . ndizo maluŵa a boma. Amagwiritsira ntchito kokha maulamuliro amene boma limapereka kwa iwo. Cholinga chawo ndicho mautumiki a chitaganya 76 MPhindu amene amakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa nzika.

  • Ntchito za magetsi ndi University : maboma akumayang'anira madzi, mankhwala ochotsa zonyansa, zopereka zotayidwa, magetsi a m’khwalala, ndi madongosolo a zoyendera za anthu.
  • Mapark ndi Zosangulutsa: Amasunga mapaki a onse, malo oseŵera, malo a chitaganya, ndi malo a zamaseŵera. Malamulo osankha kugwiritsira ntchito malo (osatsalira, amalonda, maindasitale) amasungidwa kumaloko.
  • Lamulo la kumaloko: Madipatimenti a polisi a Mpatuko, akuluakulu a boma, ndi madipatimenti a moto ali kwenikweni mathayo a kumaloko, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe a boma ndi a boma.
  • Kumadera a kufupi ndi dziko: Matauni ndi ziŵerengero zimapatsira malamulo pa phokoso, kuimika, malamulo omanga, laisensi ya bizinesi, ndi kukonza katundu.
  • School : Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro ochulukira, makomiti a sukulu akulemba aphunzitsi, kumanga sukulu, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndalama za sukulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa misonkho ya malo akwawo.

Kaamba ka kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito za boma lakumaloko mu United States, National League of Cities [ imapereka zinthu zabwino koposa.

Njira Yoyendera Machenjera ndi Kulinganizika: Mmene Mphamvu Zimaletsera Mphamvu

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kungakhale kopanda tanthauzo popanda [[FL:0] macheke ndi madeko [1] [1] Mafoni amene amalola nthambi iliyonse kutsutsa, kukakamiza, kapena kusonkhezera ina. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti chikhumbo chosapeŵeka cha nthambi iliyonse chikulimbana ndi chikhumbo cha nthambi ina, kutetezera ufulu.

Akuluakulu Afufuza Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya Asilikali

  • [[FLT :0] Mphamvu ya ``[FLT :1] pulezidenti angakanize ngongole zoperekedwa ndi Congress. Ziwiri [1] 3tatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri zikufunika kulanda witi, imene siichitikachitika.
  • Mphamvu ya Kukhazikitsa: Woyang'anira amatchula oweruza a boma ndi mamembala a kabati, oyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Izi zimapanga jaji ndi bungwe la boma kwa zaka zambiri.
  • Mphamvu ya polisi: [[FLT:] Pulezidenti angakhululukire maupandu a boma, akumayang'anira bwino mphamvu ya kuweruza ya nthambi.

Malamulo Ofufuza pa Bungwe Loyang’anira ndi Lolemba

  • Congress: Congress ingachotse pulezidenti, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndi oweruza a boma chifukwa cha kuukira boma, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi maupandu ena olakwika.
  • Kutsimikizira ndi Uphungu: Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira mapangano a akuluakulu ndi mapangano. Izi zimapereka lamulo kwa oyendetsa mabungwe ndi zimene mtunduwo umapanga kumaiko akunja.
  • Mphamvu ya Phulutso: Congress imalamulira ndalama za ntchito zonse za boma ndipo ikhoza kuchotsa maprogramu kapena kufufuza kosakondweretsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Udindo wodzitetezera: Kufufuza kuvumbula kutayidwa kwa zinthu, chinyengo, nkhanza, ndi kupotoza akuluakulu. Oyang'anira ayenera kupereka umboni pansi pa lumbiro.

Oweruza Apenda Ulamuliro ndi Malamulo

  • Judicial Review: [[FT:1] Makhoti angakanthe malamulo a akuluakulu kapena malamulo amene amaswa malamulo. Imeneyi ndi njira yamphamvu kwambiri ya oweruza.
  • [[Kusintha:0] Kutsatiridwa kwa Malamulo: Oweruza amasankha zimene malamulo akutanthauza, kugwirizanitsa malamulo.
  • Kugamula kwa Machitidwe Olamulira: Anthu angatokose kuikidwa kwa lamulo kwa malamulo a mabungwe, kumangidwa, kapena zitsogozo za pulezidenti m’khoti la boma.

Macheke ameneŵa amagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse, nthaŵi zina mwakachetechete ndipo nthaŵi zina panthaŵi ya nkhondo zandale zapamwamba, amakhala ndi moyo, ndipo amayesedwa ndi mbadwo uliwonse.

Zitsanzo Zothandiza za Anthu Amene Amachita Zotani?

Kuti timvetsetse mfundo zimenezi, tiyeni tipende zochitika zitatu za tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Kuyendetsa pamsewu: Boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma ndi kupereka ndalama za misewu. Boma limamanga ndi kusungitsa misewu, limakhazikitsa liŵiro, ndi malaisensi. Apolisi a m’dzikolo amakhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa ngozi.
  • ndi lamulo latsopano la zaumoyo: Congress imapatsira lamulo (lokhala). Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu imalemba malamulo atsatanetsatane ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu onga Medicare (kuphetsa). Ngati wodwala kapena boma asuma lamulo, makhoti a boma amagamula chotulukapo (chikalata).
  • sukulu ya boma yakwawoko: [[FLT :1] Nyumba ya malamulo imakhazikitsa zofunika za maphunziro ndi njira za ndalama. Bungwe la sukulu la kumaloko lilemba aphunzitsi ndi kuyang'anira nyumbayo. Boma la boma lingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe ku zopereka zake (Mtu Wanga) zimene zimafuna kuyesa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yophatikizidwa.

Kumvetsetsa miyalo imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kudziŵa amene zikufuna kukumana naye: chiboo ndicho nkhani ya kumaloko, chisankho chopikisana ndicho boma 939 detine, ndipo kusintha kwa lamulo la kusamuka kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu ku Washington, D.C.

Kusintha kwa Maulamuliro a Boma

Kugaŵiridwa kwa maulamuliro sikuli kwachikhalire. Madongosolo a Federal awona kusintha kwa mphamvu kwa nthaŵi yaitali . kaŵirikaŵiri kulinga ku boma la dzikolo mkati mwa mavuto monga nkhondo kapena mavuto a zachuma, ndi kubwerera ku maiko pamene asankhidwa kulamulira kwa malo. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la United States pa boma, zonga ngati United States v. Lopez [1] (19595) zimene zimachepetsa ulamuliro wa zamalonda wa Congresstion , zimasonyeza kuti malire akubwerezedwanso.

M’madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo, kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro a akuluakulu ndi alamulo (nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la malamulo) kumachepetsanso kulekana kwalamulo koma kumadalira pa mpikisano wa pagulu ndi kupenda zachiweruzo kuti zisunge kulinganizika. Maiko ena ayesa ndi nyumba za malamulo zaunicara, njira za demokalase (zobwezera ndi zoyambitsa), kapena mabungwe odziimira odziimira kufalitsa mphamvu zowonjezereka.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa “Amene Amachita Zimene” Kuli Kofunika

Unzika wodziŵika bwino ndi woyang'anira boma wochenjera. Mwakudziŵa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mkulu wa boma, malamulo, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo . ndi mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira pakati pa boma, boma, ndi maboma akwanu. Mukhoza kutsogolera bwino lomwe ntchito yanu yosankha, mawu anu, ndi kuvomereza kwanu ku mlingo woyenera ndi nthambi. Mungathe kuzindikira pamene kupima ndi kulinganiza zikugwira ntchito bwino ndipo pamene zikupinga. Mukhozanso kuzindikira kuti dongosolo, kaamba ka kucholoŵana kwake, linapangidwa kutetezera ufulu wanu.

Pamene mukuchita nkhani, zosankha za chitaganya, ndi masankho, mumafunsabe: Ndani amene ali ndi mphamvu ya kuchitapo kanthu pano? Nthambi iti kapena mlingo wa ntchito? Yankho lidzakutsogolerani ku njira yogwira mtima kwambiri yopangira kusiyana.