Mbiri Yakale ya Kusankha

Chisinthiko cha njira za chisankho m'makampani a democracy chikukula zaka zikwi zambiri, kusonyeza kuyesayesa kwa anthu kwa kulinganiza ulamuliro ndi chivomerezo chofala. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro lamakono la demokrase kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatira ku Atene wakale, zitsanzo zoyambirira za kupanga zosankha mogwirizana. Ku Vedic India, pafupifupi zaka za zana la 6, mariphabliki a mafuko otchedwa [FLT: 0] aimba jas [1] [[FLT:] kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la anthu odzilamulira kumene kumasankha okha nkhani za boma. Mofananamo, Norse [FLT:] . [[FLT:]

Atene Wakale ndi Kuyambika kwa Demokrase Yachindunji

Pofika m'zaka za zana la 5 BCE, Athens inapanga mtundu wa demokrase yachindunji kumene nzika zachimuna zinakhoza kuvotera pa malamulo ndi zosankha za akuluakulu m' Ekklesia [1] (kufunitsitsa). Njira zolankhulira zinasiyanasiyana: zosankha zambiri zinagwiritsira ntchito kuonetsa manja, koma pankhani zowopsa monga kusoŵa, Atene anachotsa maina pa zoumba (ostraca) ndi kuziponya m'matupi. Mpangidwe woyambirira wa kuvota mwachinsinsi umenewu unali wochepetsa chisonkhezero ndi kuopseza. Komabe, kutenga nawo mbali kunali kochepa kwa anthu a pa anthu [1] Akazi akazi, akapolo, ndi alendo anachotsedwa. Chitsanzo cha Atene chinasonyeza mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa nzika za nzikazo.

Rome Republic: Kusintha kwa Oimira

Roma wakale anayambitsa mbali zoimira zimene zikasonkhezera mademokrase pambuyo pake. Rome Republic inali ndi misonkhano yambiri monga Centuriate Assembly ndi Tribal . Kumene nzika zinasankhidwa ndi gulu (pakati kapena mafuko). Kutulutsa kunali kwapakamwa poyamba, koma pofika zaka za zana lachiŵiri BCE, [[FLL:0] n’kumene kumachititsa mademokalasi a Gabinia anakhazikitsa mavoti olembedwa kaamba ka masankhoti ena kutetezera kukakamiza. Maboma a Roma adaperekanso mayeso ndi malingana pakati pa mabizinesi, sentate, ndi misonkhano yotchuka, lingaliro limene limapanga malamulo amakono. Mosasamala kanthu za kukonza mademokrame, osunga ufulu wa Roma, ndi mphamvu yogwirizana pakati pa mabanja a pa mapulatikiteriya.

Kuyesa Kwamakono kwa M’zaka Zapakati ndi Zapakati

M’zaka za m'ma 1200 C.E. Palamende ya Model Parme (1295) inasungabe machitidwe a demokrase m'njira zochepera. Magna Carta (1215) inakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti mfumu sinali yoposa lamulo ndipo inachititsa kuti pakhale Nyumba ya Malamulo ya England. Pofika m'zaka za zana la 13, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Model (1295) inali ndi oimira a m'mabwinja a m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi a zigawo zotchedwa bolo, kukhazikitsa maziko a boma loimira. Ku Switzerland, Landsgemeinde syste system lolola nzika zina kuvota mwachindunji pa malamulo mwa kukweza manja ake. Pambuyo pake, anthu a ku Italy amaumirira m'malo ochepa chabe monga Florence ndi Venice anakula madongosolo osankhidwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa osankhidwa osankhidwa bwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolozera ndi kusankhidwa kwa akuluakulu a boma.

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti maziko a masankho amakono , mavote achinsinsi, kuimira , [1] sanapangidwe zonse panthaŵi imodzi koma kusinthika kwa zaka mazana ambiri a kuyesa, nkhondo, ndi kusintha. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa machitachita akale a demokrase, Encclopedia Britannica pa demokrase imapereka kupendedwa kosamalitsa.

Zomwe Zimachitika Pakachitika Ntchito Yosankha

Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1700, masankho a mavoti anasintha kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zinathandiza kuti anthu ambiri ayambe kuchita nawo zinthu mwachilungamo.

Kubisa Mabale ndi Masitayelo

Zaka za zana la 19 zisanafike, osankha ambiri anafunikira kulengeza poyera chosankha chawo, kaya ndi mawu kapena mwa kutumiza chisankho cha mtundu wofiira choperekedwa ndi chipani cha ndale. Dongosolo limeneli linapangitsa ovota kukhala osavuta kuchitiridwa ziphuphu, kuopseza, ndi kubwezera. Chiwombankhano chachinsinsi . Choyambirira chinavomerezedwa ndi South Australia mu 1856 ndipo mwamsanga pambuyo pa Victoria ndi maiko ena a Australia. Chinadziŵika monga "Australian bolot". Ilo linandandandandalitsa mndandanda wa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa, amene wovotayo angandayo angandale m'nyumba yachinsinsi. Chisinthiko chinafalikira mofulumira: United Kingdom inatengedwa mu 1872, ndi U. U.S ikutsatiridwa ndi 18908. Lerolino, chinsinsi ndi likulu la umphumphu. [Flectal:]

Kumenyana ndi Chidani cha Padziko Lonse

Kuyenera kwa kupatsa ena kunkangodalira pa kukonza katundu wa azungu. Zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20 zinakhala ndi kufutukuka kwa upo. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ziyeneretso za chuma: Pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la19, maboma ambiri a U.S. adachotsa zofunika za chuma kwa amuna achiyera, kufutukula kuvotera ku mbali yaikulu ya amuna.
  • Kusintha kwa akazi: [1] New Zealand inakhala dziko loyamba lodzilamulira lokha kupatsa akazi voti mu 1893 (ndi ziletso). United States inatsatira ndi Demendment ya 19 mu 1920, ndipo UK inapereka kulingana mu 1928. Kuzungulira dziko lonse, akazi kaŵirikaŵiri anafunikira zaka makumi ambiri kuti achite ntchito.
  • . .Civil ct:[FLT :1] Mu United States, Couting Rights Act ya 1965 inali kuchotsedwa, kuletsa upandu monga mayeso a kuŵerenga ndi misonkho yoŵerengera yomwe inachotsa anthu akuda. Nkhondo zofananazo zinachitika ku South Africa, India, ndi kwina kulikonse.
  • Kupereka nyengo ya kuvota: Mkati mwa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam, maiko ambiri anachepetsa msinkhu wosankha kuchokera pa 21 mpaka 18 (m’mag., U.S. 26 Demendment mu 1971, UK mu 1969). Posachedwapa, mitundu ina yatsutsana ndi achichepere kwa zaka 16 ndi 17.

Chilango cha dziko lonse chikupitirizabe: m’chaka cha 2025, maiko angapo amaletsabe kuvota kozikidwa pa ukazi, fuko, kapena malo a nzika, ndipo malamulo a ovota kapena zopinga zolembetsera angathetse mokhutiritsa magulu opatulidwa.

Zodabwitsa za Luso Pogwiritsira Ntchito Zopanga

Anthu ena ayamba kupanga makina oika zinthu pa pepala, ndipo ena mwa makompyutawa anali:

  • Makina opanga mavoti: [[FLT:] adaperekedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, ameneŵa analola ovota kukoka ziŵiya zotsatizana ndi maina a ofunsira, ndi makina ojambula kampani. Anawongolera liŵiro ndi kuchepetsa maboloti osagwira ntchito, koma analibe njira yapepala yoyendera.
  • Madongosolo a makhadi a khadi: ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1960 mpaka 1990, ameneŵa anafuna ovota kuponya ziboo m'kadi (m’chitsanzo, "kugwedeza chad" kuchokera m'chosankha cha pulezidenti cha 2000 U.S.). Anatheketsa kutulutsa pepala mofulumira koma anavutika ndi zophophonya ndi mavuto olongosola.
  • Makina ovota osonyeza kuti akungogwira ntchito pa Intaneti anafala kwambiri pambuyo pa 2000. Komabe, kuda nkhaŵa ndi kutetezeka kwa mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ndi njira zolowera pepala zokhala ndi makompyuta zinapangitsa kuti abwererenso ku makompyuta ambiri ojambula amene amalemba mapepala olembedwa ndi manja.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malo oonera a pulogi : Lerolino, madera ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala olembedwa ndi wovotayo, kenaka kupendedwa ndi kuŵerengedwa kwa magetsi. Zimenezi zimapereka njira yotsimikizira yoŵerengera mapepala pamene akusunga liŵiro la kujambula kwamagetsi.

Luso la zopangapanga likupitirizabe kupanga masankho, koma kukonza kulikonse kumachotsa malonda pakati pa kuyenerera, chisungiko, ndi kuonekera. Lipoti la Pew Research Center pa luso la zovota [1] ku United States limapereka kupenyetsa kokwanira kwa zochitika zimenezi ndi mikangano yamakono.

Kufufuza Mosiyanasiyana Njira Zosankha

Maboma padziko lonse amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kumasulira mavoti m’mipando. Kusankha njira zosankhira kumakhudza kwambiri chiŵerengero ndi mitundu ya zipani, mtundu wa kuimira, ndipo ngakhale wovota. Kumvetsa madongosolo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri popenda zotsatira za ndale.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP, , imadziŵikanso monga "winPner-takes-all," imagawa dziko kukhala zigawo chimodzi. Wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka (ngakhale ochepera pa ambiri) apambana mpando. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United States, Canada, United Kingdom, ndi India, FP n’ngwosavuta ndipo imatulutsa zotulukapo zowonekera bwino. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku zipambano zapamwamba. Phatilo zambiri zokhala ndi mavoti ocheperapo. Ilo limayanja madongosolo aŵiri a gulu lapadera ndipo imasiya anthu ambiri omvera osaperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu UK revotial, Conserverative , Gartion 36.9% ya votiko.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR amalinganiza mpando woika mipando mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Osintha zinthu amaphatikizapo:

  • Party PR: Voters zimasankha phwando, ndipo mipando imagawidwa modalira pa chisankho cha dziko kapena chigawo (m., Sweden, Netherlands, Israel). Zimenezi zimatulukapo nyumba za malamulo za magawo ambiri ndi kulimbikitsa maboma a mgwirizano.
  • [[MLT:0] . . . . . . imaphatikiza chigawo chimodzi chokhala ndi ndandanda ya mtundu wobwezera ku kuchotsa. Germany ndi New Zealand amagwiritsa ntchito MMP, kupanga chizindikiro choyenera.
  • Njira yosagawanika yokha (STV): yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Ireland ndi Malta, STV imalola ovota kugamula magawo m'zigawo zambiri. Imachititsa zotulukapo zoyenerera ndi kupereka chosankha osati kokha pakati pa mapwando komanso pakati pa ofunsira mkati mwa phwando.

Madongosolo a PR amakhoterera ku kupereka chikhutiro chapamwamba ndi kuimira kwa anthu ochepa, koma angatsogolerenso ku kugaŵikana kwa nyumba za malamulo ndi kuvuta kwa kupanga maboma okhazikika.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

RCV, yomwe imatchedwanso kuti voti yamwamsanga yovota, imafunsa ovota kuti aiike ofunsira m'malo awo. Ngati wosankha sapeza mavoti ambiri a malo oyamba, wobatizidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti a wobatizidwayo amaikidwa pambali ina. Njira imeneyi ikupitiriza kufikira wobatizidwa mmodzi akufikira ambiri. Australia imagwiritsira ntchito RCV kaamba ka nyumba yake yapansi, ndipo U.S. mizinda ingapo (mg., San Francisco, New York ya primes) yaivomereza. RCV imachotsa kufunika kwa kuchotsa zisankho, imalimbikitsa kulengeza kopindulitsa, ndipo ikhoza kuvomereza ndi apilo lalikulu. Komabe, ingasokonezedwe kaamba ka ena ojambula ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zosavuta.

Dongosolo lililonse limasonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri: FPTP imaika patsogolo kukhazikika ndi kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino; PR imaika patsogolo chilungamo ndi kuimira; RCV imagogomezera chosankha ndi kugwirizana kwa wovota. Conference of State Legislatures Website [1] imalongosola mwatsatanetsatane madongosolo ameneŵa ndi kusankhidwa kwawo m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo zamakono

Zipangizo zamakono tsopano zikufalikira m’mbali iliyonse ya kayendedwe ka voti, kuyambira pa kulembetsa kwa voti mpaka pa kuŵerengera pepala.

Kulembetsa pa Intaneti

Mayiko ambiri tsopano amathandiza ovota kulembetsa kapena kukonzanso zinthu zina pa Intaneti. Zimenezi zimachepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, zimasintha bwino mwa kuchotsa mapepala olemba mabuku, ndipo zingachititse kuti anthu alembetse mapepala, makamaka achinyamata amene amavota. Mwachitsanzo, Oregon atayambitsa kulembetsa pepala lovomerezeka pa Intaneti, makampani olembetsa ayamba ndi 300,000 m’chaka choyamba. Komabe, makompyuta a Intaneti ayenera kutetezedwa kuti asawonongetse zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito foni komanso kuti anthu oyenerera azilembetse.

Kufalitsa Nkhani ndi Mkupiti

Mapulogalamu a za mayanjano asintha mmene ofunsira amalankhulirana ndi ovota. Twitter, Facebook, ndi Tik Tok, amalola mwachindunji, osajambula, osunga zipata za manyuzipepala. Zimenezi zingawonjezere pangano ndi chidziŵitso komanso kutheketsa kufalikira kofulumira kwa kusatsa malonda kotsatsa malonda, ndi kuloŵerera kwachilendo. Chisankho cha U.U. ndi chisankho cha Aindiya cha 2019 zinasonyeza mphamvu ndi kuopsa kwa makampani oulutsira nkhani pa masankhoti. Monga chotulukapo chake, maiko ambiri akukulitsa malamulo a kutsatsa malonda andale ndi osocheretsedwa.

Makompyuta ndi Zopangapanga Zakutali

Makina ovota amagetsi (EVM) ndi mavoti a pa intaneti avomerezedwa m'malo ena kuti athandize kuyendetsa bwino ndi kupezeka. Estonia ndi mpainiya: Kuyambira 2005, ovota a ku Estonia angaike ovota pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito khadi la medi yotetezeka, ndipo pafupifupi 46% ya ovota tsopano amavota. Mapindu amaphatikizapo kusangalatsa kwa anthu a kumayiko akunja ndi anthu opunduka. Komabe, nkhaŵa za kuphwanya, kulephera kwa zinthu, ndi kusadziwika kwa zinthu zikukhalabe zopinga. Mayiko onga United States apeŵa kwambiri kuvotera kwa anthu pa Intaneti chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa kuteteza anthu, ngakhale kuti makampani apadera onga Voatz achititsa mapulogalamu a asilikali oyendetsa nkhondo.

Vuto ndilo kugwiritsira ntchito maubwino a luso la zopangapanga pamene akusunga kutsimikizirika ndi chidaliro chimene chimachirikiza masankho a democracy. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [ nthaŵi zonse imasanthula malonda pakati pa kusintha ndi chitetezo cha masankho.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Masiku Ano

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo, masankho a mademokrase ambiri ali pansi pa mavuto.

Kupondereza ndi Zopinga

Kutsendereza kwa Voter kumatanthauza machitachita amene amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuvota. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malamulo a ovota, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, kuchepetsa masiku oyambirira, kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza m'madera ochepa, ndi felony dicencranchisement. Ku United States, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Hander ikhoza kufooketsa Chiletso cha Boocracy, kutsogolera ku ziletsogozo zatsopano. Mofananamo, m'maiko ena, zofunika zolembetsa zimakhudza kwambiri kulowa pansi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Malinga ndi [[FLT:] Branncan Center , zimenezi zingaletsedwe ndi mbali zingapo, kusintha.

Kukayikira ndi Kusadziŵa Zinthu

Nyengo ya magetsi yafalitsa chidziŵitso chonyenga kapena chosocheretsa ponena za ofunsira, malamulo, ndi njira yosankhira . Disformation . Cholembedwa chonyenga . Chingafalitsidwe ndi oseŵera achilendo, magulu a nyumba, kapena ngakhale oyembekezera. Mkati mwa 2020 U.S. chisankho, mawu onama onena za kufalikira kwa ovotawo anachotsa chidaliro cha anthu, kuthera pa kuukira Capitol . M'maiko ena, mofanana ndi Brazil ndi Philippines, projectives zachotsa mawu asintha projective programme jos , progation , projective , ndi masankhoti opendulirapoto.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Mademokrase ambiri akuyang'anizana ndi magaŵano aakulu a ndale amene amaletsa kugwirizana ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro m'mabungwe osankha. Pamene nzika ziwona magulu otsutsana kukhala osalingana monga opikisana ndi ena koma monga ziwopsezo zokhalako, iwo angavomereze / kapena kukakamiza / masitepi a demokrase kuti apambane. Kusintha kungatsogolere ku ku kugawana gerrymander, kukana kulandira zotulukapo za chisankho, ndi kutsendereza m'malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mlingo wa osankha amene amakhulupirira dongosolo la masankho amasiyana kwambiri ndi gulu la Democrats ndi Republicans, ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi kukhulupirika kwake. Kugonjetsa Chigawo kumafunikira kusintha kovomerezedwa kumene kumalimbikitsa mapangano aakulu, kudutsana, kugaŵana, ndi kugawa kwa democracy.

Kuopa Kutetezeka

Malo opangira zinthu zopanga zinthu ndi opanga makompyuta , makina ovota, makompyuta oteteza zinthu . Mu 2016, ofufuza a ku Russia anafufuza njira zosankhira m'mayiko onse 50 ndi kuchotsa chipambano zinthu zina. Ngakhale kuti palibe mavoti amene anasinthidwa, chochitikacho chidavumbulidwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko ambiri aumitsa chitetezo chawo, kuyambitsa mapepala oteteza, kupenda, ndi kutsimikizira kwa mbali zambiri. Komabe ziwopsezo zinapitirizabe: mapulogalamu a masankho, kapena mavidiyo a nyukiliya angagwetse makampani a za makampani a zamalonda. Chitukuko ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi wofunika kuti apitirizebe.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo mwa Kusankha

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, masinthidwe angapo ndi masinthidwe a nyumba angasinthe mmene demokrase imachitira masankho.

Luso Lopanga Zinthu ndi Luso la Kupanga

AI adzachita mbali yaikulu m'machenjera a ndawala, kuvota, ndi kuyang'anira masankho. Makampani opanga makompyuta angapende masamu aakulu odziŵikitsa othekera ochirikiza, kuneneratu za kubwerera, ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera. Komabe, Ala angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupangira kukhutiritsa (maenjekesi) kapena anthu oikidwa ndi mauthenga opotozedwa. Oyang'anira a gulu angagwiritsire ntchito AIF kutulukira malo osankhidwa kapena kuyang'anira njira zokayikira zofikira. Malamulo ndi malangizo amakhalidwe abwino adzafunikira kuchinjiriza kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa.

Kusokoneza ndi Kufalitsa Zipangizo Zothandiza Anthu

Blockchain akupereka njira yolembera mavoti m'kuwonekera kwa kuwoneka kwachilendo, kowonekera, ndi kope lolemekezeka. Ochirikiza akutsutsa iko kungatheketse kuvota kwa pa Intaneti pamene akulola aliyense kutsimikizira kuŵerengera kwa voti. Ziyeso zazing'ono zachitidwa m'maiko onga Switzerland, Estonia, ndi West Virginia (USA) kwa ovota a kumaiko ena. Komabe, kutseka kulibe kumbuyo kwa ofufuza: sikumathetsa vuto la kutsimikizira kwa chivoti (kutsimikizira munthu wapambuyo pa kanemayo) ndipo kampani kapena programu ya ovota ikhozabe kukanidwa. Kuphatikizapo, kudabwitsako kungasokoneze oyang'anira ndi ojambula. Kutenga ana ambiri kuli kutali, koma kupitirizabe kufufuza.

Kulembetsa Malo Olembedwa pa Tsiku Limodzi ndi Unyinji Wachilengedwe Chonse

Kuwonjezera kutseguka ndi kuchepetsa zopinga, maiko ambiri akusintha kuchokera ku masiku olembetsa amwambo kulembetsa tsiku limodzi (kulola ovota kulembetsa pa mavoti) kapena kulembetsa kodzifunira (kumene boma limalembetsa nzika zoyenerera popanda kusankhidwa). Kuyambira 2025, maboma 202, U.S. ndi District of Columbia akhala olembetsa chimodzimodzi, ndipo chiŵerengero chomakula cha anthu ali ndi kulembetsa kodzilembetsa. Malamulo ameneŵa amawonjezera kulembedwa, makamaka pakati pa ana ndi anthu apamsewu. Masinthidwe ofananawo akutsutsana ku Canada ndi UK.

Miyezo ya Chisankho cha Padziko Lonse ndi Kusunga Malamulo a Padziko Lonse

Pamene demokrase ifalikira ndi kuzama, pali chikondwerero chowonjezereka m'kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mitundu yonse ya masankho aufulu ndi oyenera. Magulu onga United Nations, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Consolation (International IDEA), ndi Carter Center akupereka kale zitsogozo ndi ntchito zoyendera. Zotsatira za mtsogolo zingaphatikizepo kugwirizana kwa mapangano a mitundu yonse pa kusankhidwa kwa coversecurebration, zachinsinsi za chidziŵitso, ndi malamulo a oulutsa nkhani. Maiko angagaŵane machitachita abwino kwambiri olinganizidwa, ndipo miyezo yapadziko lonse ingathandize kuyambitsa mademocracy a democracy.

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko cha njira za masankho m'makampani a democracy chivumbula kutsatizana kwa zochitika za m'mbiri, kulimbana kwa kakhalidwe, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Kuyambira kukwapulidwa kwa zolemba zachigiriki kufikira ku zolembedwa zobisika za ku Estonia za pa Internet, nyengo iliyonse yakhala ndi maziko achilendo pamene ikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Lerolino, ziwopsezo za democracy zimachokera ku ku kuchotsa, kugaŵa, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za pa Intaneti, ndi za pa Internet zili ndi njira za kulinganiza kwa masankhothi, komabe zirinso ndi zida zambiri kuposa kale kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwa umphumphu ndi kusungidwa ndi kulingana ndi kulingana kwa anthu. Mwakuyenerera, ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu, ndi kuvomereza kwa ntchitoyi, ndi kuyenera kwa anthu onse, koma zida zimenezi ziyenera kuperekedwa mosamala kuti zisungidwe kuti anthu atetezere chidaliro chako. Koma osapanga mphamvu zambiri.