Kodi Kuzenga Mlandu Wauja N’kutani?

Chiweruzo cha ajuli ndi maziko a lamulo la lamulo wamba, kupereka njira yakuti anthu wamba adziloŵetsemo mwachindunji m’kuyang'anira chiweruzo. M'kuweruza kwa ajuli, gulu la anthu (ajuli) lalumbiridwa kumva umboni, kulandira malangizo a lamulo kwa woweruza, ndi kupereka chigamulo pa mafunso a choonadi. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti zipambano zalamulo zimasonyeza miyezo ya chitaganya ndi chiweruzo cha onse mmalo mwa lingaliro la woweruza mmodzi. Kuyenera kwa mlandu kwa juli kumatetezedwa m'zigamulo zambiri [1] kaamba ka chitsanzo, Kukonzanso kwa Sikisi ku U.

Kumvetsetsa mmene mlandu wa ajuli umayambira ndi nthaŵiyo pamene mayeso afika ku kukambitsirana komalizira kwa kuseri kwa zitseko, nkofunika kwa aliyense woitanidwa kukatumikira, kwa ophunzira ophunzira za boma, ndi kwa aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa za lamulo. Nkhaniyi ikuyenda pa siteji iriyonse, kufotokoza bwino mawu aakulu alamulo, ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito ku zimene oweruza amakumana nazo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kuzenga Mlandu wa Chikole

Chiweruzo chamakono chazenga mlandu wa ajuli chakhala chosintha kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kuchokera kwake ku England wa m'zaka zapakati, kumene ajuli a m’mudzi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mikangano ya m'dziko ndipo pambuyo pake kugamula mlandu kapena kupanda liwongo. Magna Carta (1215) anali ndi mawu otsimikizira chiweruzo cha anzawo, lamulo limene linasonkhezera madongosolo a zamalamulo a pambuyo pake. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, oweruzawo anakhala chitetezo kwa akuluakulu a boma oukira ndi njira yogwirizanitsira chitaganya m’chilungamo. Lerolino, pamene kuli kwakuti tsatanetsatanewo amasiyana ndi dziko, lingaliro lalikulu la nzikazo: kagulu ka anthu opanda tsankhulo kagawake kagamula mfundo pambuyo pa kumvetsera mbali zonse ziŵiri za mlandu.

Kaamba ka kusanthula mozama pa kupita patsogolo kwa mbiri, Screateal Archives imapereka mawu a Bill of Rights yosonyeza maziko a lamulo kaamba ka milandu ya ajuli mu United States, ndi Department of Justice U.S. imapereka kufupikitsa kwa utumiki wa oweruza .

Mitundu ya Mapeya

Si majuli onse amene ali ofanana. Pali mitundu iŵiri yaikulu:

  • Petit (milandu) judge - Mtunduwu umene unamvedwa m'chiweruzo chaujuli, kaŵirikaŵiri chopangidwa ndi anthu 6 mpaka 12. M'nkhani zaupandu chiweruzo chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana; m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ena amalola chigamulo chambiri ngati zipani zivomereza.
  • Aukulu a ajuli – A bungwe lalikulu (monga 16-23 ziŵalo) limene limapenda umboni woperekedwa ndi woweruza mlandu kugamula kaya kaya kaya chifukwa choperekera milandu (kuweruza). Majuli aakulu samagamula liwongo kapena kupanda liwongo.

Nkhani ino ikusumika maganizo pa oweruza oweruza milandu ndi njira yozenga mlandu kuchokera pa kuitana kufikira pa kukambitsirana.

Mapempho a Jury: Chiitano Chanu cha Kutumikira

Ulendowu umayamba pamene munthu wofuna kuweruza alandira mayeso a ajuli. Chikalata chimenechi chimaperekedwa ndi khoti ndipo chimalamula wolandira chikalatacho kuti apite kukasankhidwa pa tsiku loikidwa laupoti. Kutumikira pa khoti loweruza ndi ntchito ya boma, koma kulamulako kungachititsenso malamulo ovomerezeka.

Zimene Zikupezeka m’Zitsanzozi

Kuitana kofala kumaphatikizapo:

  • Tsiku, nthaŵi, ndi malo a khoti kumene muyenera kusimba
  • Nambala yodziŵira
  • Malangizo othetsera mafunso (kaŵirikaŵiri pa Intaneti kapena papositi)
  • Kudziwa zimene mungachite kuti mupereke zifukwa zomveka
  • Malongosoledwe a kukambitsirana ndi ofesi ya oweruza

Kulabadira Moyenera

Ngati simunalandire kalata yoitana munthu, muyenera kutsatira malangizowo mosamala. Makhoti ambiri tsopano amakulolezani kulembetsa pa Intaneti, kudzaza mayeso ofunsira mafunso, ndi kutsimikizira kapena kukonzanso maonekedwe anu. Ngati mutalephera kuyankha, munganyozedwe. Zifukwa zomveka zokhalira kulowa usilikali kapena kunyalanyaza malamulo ena ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kapena ngati ndinu woyang’anira wamkulu wa wodalira.

Ziyeneretso ndi Zolakwa

Sialiyense amene ali woyeneretsedwa kutumikira.

  • M’mayiko ena, anthu amakhala ku United States
  • Zaka 18 kapena Kuposerapo
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu m’boma la milandu kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi
  • Kutha kuŵerenga, kulemba, ndi kumvetsetsa Chingelezi
  • Palibe chitsimikizo cha mlandu pokhapokha ngati ufulu wanu wa kumudzi wabwezeretsedwa

Anthu ena ogwira ntchito yomanga makhoti angaloledwe kuchita zimenezi mwa lamulo / mwachitsanzo, mamembala a asilikali okangalika, akuluakulu ena a boma, kapena maloya amene ali ndi chilolezo chogwira ntchito monga loya kapena kuteteza boma.

Njira Yopangira Mchezo: Kusankha Jury

Pamene anaitanidwa anthu pa khoti, iwo ali mbali ya dziŵe lalikulu kumene oweruza adzakodwa. Njira yosankha, yotchedwa n’njowopsa [1] (Chifrenchi kaamba ka “kulankhula chowonadi”), yalinganizidwira kuvumbula tsankhu ndi kutsimikizira oweruza opanda tsankho.

Mmene Kukondwa Kumagwirira Ntchito

Woweruzayo amayamba ndi kufotokozera gulu lonselo za mlanduwo ndi malamulo oloŵetsedwamo. Ndiyeno woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa mafunso . Nthaŵi zina monga gulu, nthaŵi zina aliyense payekha. Mafunsowo amafufuza za chiyambi cha ajuli, zikhulupiriro, zokumana nazo, ndi chidziŵitso chilichonse cha mlanduwo chimene chingayambukire kupanda tsankho.

  • “ Kodi muli ndi unansi waumwini ndi mapwando kapena maloya?”
  • “ Kodi inu kapena chiŵalo cha banja lanu munachitiridwapo upandu wofananawo?”
  • “ Kodi muli ndi malingaliro amphamvu ponena za chilango cha imfa?” (Mlandu wa imfa)

Cholinga ndicho kudziŵa aliyense amene sangathe kuona umboniwo bwinobwino. mbali zonse ziŵiri zilinso ndi mpata wokantha (kusuntha) ajuli ena.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo

Pali mitundu iŵiri ya mavuto amene maloya angagwiritsire ntchito kuchotsa woyembekezera kukhala woweruza:

  • Ganizirani chifukwa chake [[FT:1] ] – Chiŵerengero chosatha cha mavuto, choperekedwa pamene woweruza avomereza tsankho, ali ndi mkangano wa chikondwerero, kapena satha kutsatira lamulo. Woweruza amasankha ngati vutolo nloyenera.
  • Chitokoso chopinga [[FLT :1] - mbali iriyonse imakhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha zigaŵenga (miyalo yoyendera chigawo ndi chigawo; kaŵirikaŵiri 3 mpaka 6) chimene chingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kutchula chifukwa, koma sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa fuko, thyole, kapena utundu ( Batson v. Kentucky imaletsa tsankho loterolo).

Oweruza ena amasankhidwanso kuti alowe m’malo mwa woweruza aliyense amene amadwala kapena amene amachotsedwa mlanduwo.

Kuzenga mlandu: Afasi ndi Zochitika

Bungwe la oweruza litangolumbira, mlanduwo ukupitiriza mwadongosolo.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mawu otsegulira nkhani akusonyeza kuti mbali iliyonse imasonyeza zimene munthu akufuna kutsimikizira.

Kupereka Umboni: Mfundo Yaikulu ya Mlandu

Pambuyo pa ndemanga zotsegulira, chipani chokhala ndi thayo la umboni (chiweruzo m'milandu, mpandu m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni) chimapereka mlandu wake. Umboni umabwera m’mitundu iŵiri yaikulu:

  • Umboni wa kuŵerengera [[FLT :1] – Mboni zitenga kaimidwe ndi kuyankha mafunso ofunsidwa ndi lumbiro. Kusanthula kwachindunji kumachitidwa kumbali imene inaitana umboni; ndiyeno mbali ina ingawoloke-examine.
  • Umboni wa m'mapepala ndi wooneka – zolembedwa, zithunzi, mavidiyo, zida, mapangano, kapena zinthu zina zimayambitsidwa mwa mboni ndi kulembedwa m'khoti.

Pankhani imeneyi, woweruza amakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza zimene maloya amanena, monga nkhani zongonena chabe, zomveka, mafunso ochititsa munthu kufufuza mwachindunji, ndiponso zongoganizira.

Kuwombana - Kuwonongeka kwa Dziko ndi Chifuno Chake

Kufufuza mtanda kuli chipangizo chofunika kwambiri choyesera kudalirika ndi kulondola kwa umboni. Loya wotsutsayo angafunse mafunso otsogolera (kufufuza yankho) ndi kuyesa kuvumbula kusagwirizana, kukondera, kapena mipata ya kuloŵeza. Kusanthula kwaluso kungasokoneze kukhulupirika kwa mboni, kumene ajuli ayenera kupenda pamene asankha.

Kufufuza ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Khoti

Ziyeso zingatenge masiku angapo kapena milungu ingapo. Woweruza amatcha malo opumula tsiku lonse. Panyengo za tchuthi, oweruza amalangizidwa kusakambirana mlanduwo ndi munthu aliyense, kuphatikizapo ajuli ena mpaka pamene ayamba kukambirana, ndipo amachenjezedwa kupeŵa kufalitsa nkhani kapena kufufuza pa Intaneti za nkhaniyo. Lamulo ili (kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa “kupanda chisonkhezero cha ” kulamulira) limakakamizidwa kwambiri kuti apeŵe tsankho lopanda chilungamo.

Kutseka Malire

Pambuyo pa kupereka umboni wonse ndipo mbali zonse ziŵiri zitakhala zokhazikika, aliyense akupanga mkangano womaliza. Mzembe kapena mtsogoleri wa boma amapita choyamba, kutsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso; mlanduwo ukhoza kutsutsa. Kutsegulira mlandu ndiko mpata womalizira kukopa ajuli. Attorney akulongosola mwachidule umboni, kugogomezera mfundo zazikulu, ndi kulongosola chifukwa chake lamulolo limachirikiza malo a wowalemba. Woweruza angadodometse ngati loyayo aswa lamulo kapena umboni.

Malangizo Othandiza: Malangizo Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito M’malamulo

Oweruza asanayambe kukambirana, woweruza amaŵerenga mokweza malangizo a oweruza (otchedwanso mlandu). Malangizo ameneŵa amafotokoza miyezo yalamulo imene iyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa zenizeni pamene oweruza aipeza. Mwachitsanzo, m’nkhani yaupandu, woweruzayo adzalongosola “kuposa kukaikira koyenera” ndi kulongosola mbali za upanduwo. M’nkhani ya boma, woweruza adzalangiza za mtolo wa umboni (kaŵirikaŵiri “wonena za umboniwo) ndi ziphunzitso zalamulo zilizonse zofunika.

Oweruza amafunika kutsatira lamulolo, ngakhale ngati ajuli ena sakugwirizana nalo.

Kudzikhululukira: Nthaŵi ya Jury Yosankha

Pamene analangizidwa, ajuli amapuma pantchito m’chipinda chachinsinsi chokambirana. Wachiwiri ku khoti lamilandu (bailiff) amatsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense amene angaloŵe kusiyapo ajuli. M'nkhani zapamwamba za m'phiri, ajuli angafunsidwe (asungidwe pamodzi m’hotela) kuletsa chisonkhezero cha kunja.

Mmene Kudzisankhira Kumagwira Ntchito

Kudzisankhira kuli kukambitsirana kolinganizidwa. Oweruza amasankha wotsogolera (kapena wotsogolera) kutsogolera kukambitsirana ndi kutsimikizira aliyense kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa kulankhula. Mtsogoleriyo amasunga kukambitsiranako ndipo angathandize kuyang'anira kusagwirizana. Woweruzayo amapenda umboni . Nthaŵi zambiri amapempha kuwona zionetsero kapena kukhala ndi umboni woŵerengedwa. Amakambitsirana mlandu uliwonse kapena nkhani yalamulo payokha.

Pokambirana, oweruza amayembekezeredwa:

  • Muziganizira mozama umboni ndi kudalirika kwa mboni
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito malangizo alamulo operekedwa ndi woweruza
  • Ganizirani maganizo ena ndipo yesani kugwirizana ndi anthu ena
  • Musamachite tsankho ndipo muzilemekeza maganizo a anthu ena

Ngati woweruza wakana mwadala kapena sakugwirizana ndi zimene waweruza, woweruzayo angadziŵitsidwe, koma kaŵirikaŵiri khotilo sililoŵererapo pokhapokha ngati pali khalidwe loipa.

Kufikira Mlandu

Pamilandu yaupandu, chiweruzo chiyenera kugwirizana: oweruza onse ayenera kugwirizana pa liwongo kapena kupanda liwongo. Ngati satha kukhala oyenera pambuyo pokambirana kwanthaŵi yaitali . Nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa “juli ya aupor". Woweruza anganene mlandu wolakwika, ndipo woweruza angasankhe ngati angapereke mlanduwo. M’milandu ya boma, maboma ambiri amalola chigamulo chambiri (m’mphindi 5 mwa 6 kapena 9 mwa 12) ngati maguluwo avomereza pasadakhale.

Woweruza, zipani, ndi maloya amawerenga chigamulocho mokweza.

Nkhani Zapadera m’Mayesero a Jury

Kukometsera

Chilango chimakhala chotha pamene oweruza aweruza amasula woimbidwa mlandu mosasamala kanthu za umboni wa liwongo chifukwa chakuti oweruzawo amakhulupirira kuti lamulolo nlopanda chilungamo kapena sayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani imeneyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti majuli ali ndi mphamvu ya kuchotsapo ntchito, oweruza samawadziŵitsa za mphamvu imeneyi, ndipo maloya amaletsedwa kukangana za kutha kwa ntchito. Ilo lidakali nkhani yokayikitsa.

Kuimba Malo ndi Milandu Yapamwamba ya Zikhomo

Pa milandu imene atolankhani angaione mwamphamvu, woweruza angalamulire oweruza kuti asunge mlanduwo mwapadera ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti milanduyo isamamveke yokha.

Ntchito ya Woweruza

Woweruza amaweruza milandu, kulangiza oweruza, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo. M’kuzenga mlandu pa benchi (opanda juli), woweruza amagamulanso mfundo.

Mfundo Zothandiza Kuti Tizitumikira Monga Oimba

Ngati mwaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito yaujuli, nawa malingaliro othandiza opangira chokumana nachocho kukhala chomangirira:

  • Khalani wokonzekera kutchera khutu: Mayesero angakhale ndi mbali yaitali ya umboni. Kombani manotsi ngati aloledwa.
  • Musadalire pa chidziŵitso chakunja: Pewani kuyang'ana nkhani tsatanetsatane, kuchezera malo a chochitikacho, kapena kukambitsirana nkhaniyo ndi wina aliyense. Chigamulo chanu chiyenera kudalira pa zimene zaperekedwa m’khoti.
  • Funsani mafunso: Makhoti ena amalola oweruza kutumiza mafunso olembedwa kaamba ka mboni. Ngati muli wosatsimikizira ponena za kanthu kena, funsani woweruza pamene kuli koyenera.
  • Khalani wotseguka maganizo: Mvetserani umboni wonse musanapange lingaliro. Kugamula kuli kachitidwe ka gulu; lemekezani malingaliro ena.
  • Zindikirani zoyenera zanu: Ngati mupanikizika ndi ajuli ena kapena ngati mukuvutitsidwa, dziŵitsani a beliff kapena woweruza.

Chifukwa Chake Tikumvetsa Nkhani ya Mlandu wa Chikole

Kuweruza mlandu sikuli njira yalamulo yokha; ndi bungwe la demokrase limene limapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuchita nawo chilungamo. Mwakumvetsetsa masitepe a kuitanidwa kuti alingalire, anthu angakwaniritse ntchito yawo ndi chidaliro ndi luntha. Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso chimenechi kuthandiza ophunzira kuyamikira kulinganiza pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi udindo wa anthu. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chonena za utumiki wa oweruza,chezera Joudiary’s project tsamba la utumiki wa oweruza kapena [FLT:] National Center ya bungwe la Courts Court .

Nthaŵi yotsatira imene mudzaitanidwa ku ntchito yaujuli, mudzadziŵa bwino lomwe zimene muyenera kuyembekezera ((ndipo chifukwa chake ntchito yanu monga woweruza ndi imodzi ya ntchito zofunika koposa m’chitaganya chaufulu.