Chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja chakhala chipangizo chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kupititsa patsogolo chuma, thanzi, maphunziro, ndi maziko m'maiko olandira. M'zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri asinthidwa kuchokera ku maiko opereka ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana kupita ku maboma a mu Afirika, Asia, Latin America, ndi Middle East. Komabe mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa njira zimenezi, zotsatirapo zimene zikufunikazo kaŵirikaŵiri zimalephera. Zifukwa zofunikira kwambiri ndizo chiphuphu. Ndalama zothandizira pamene zikuchotsedwa ntchito, sukulu zimatha kusamangidwa, mankhwala amatha, ndi kuthetsedwa kwa anthu. Mpando wa chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja ndi kutsutsa zigaŵenga sizirizo chabe nkhaŵa ya maphunziro. Chifukwa chake sichiri chofunikira kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zonse zothandiza anthu amene amafunikira thandizolo.

Unansi pakati pa chithandizo ndi ziphuphu ndi wovuta kuumirira. Chiphuphu chingachepetse mphamvu ya chithandizo, ndipo chithandizo chosagwira ntchito chingachititse malo kumene ziphuphu zikupita. Kuswa dongosolo limeneli kumafuna njira yadala, yopanga masinthidwe osiyanasiyana imene imagwirizanitsa kuonekera, kusintha kwa mabungwe, kudalirana, ndi kuyang'anira udzu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mavuto, njira zimene zatsimikizira, ndi ntchito za oseŵera apamwamba apadziko lonse, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko lapansi kusonyeza zimene zimagwira ntchito.

Vuto la Chiphuphu M’mayiko Ena

Ziphuphu m'nkhani za chithandizo chakunja si vuto limodzi, lapadera. Zimaoneka monga chiphuphu, kugulitsa ndalama, kupha mwachinyengo, kulanda ziphuphu, ndi kulanda ndale. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo ofooka ndi kulephera kuyang'anira makampani a boma, zimapanga kuti akuluakulu a boma azikhala osavuta kulanda ndalama. Lipoti la 2020 la boma loona zauchigamulo linasonyeza kuti zikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya thandizo la maiko akunja ndi 25 peresenti m'zigawo zina. Bank, imene imagulitsa makampani mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse pantchito yopanga zinthu, yapeza kuti kuyendetsa ntchito ndi chinthu chochititsa kulephera ntchito.

Chivulazo chimakhala choposa kuwonongeka kwa ndalama. Pamene chithandizo chabedwa pa programu ya katemera, ana amalephera. Mapangano omanga akawonongeka, misewu . Ndalama zamaphunziro zikatha, makalasi asanduka nyumba za magetsi. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera anthu kukayikira ndipo zingasokoneze democracy . Ndiponso, ziphuphu zimayambitsa kayendedwe kake kodzigangira: operekawongokera angazengereze kuchirikiza ntchito zina, maboma amalephera kupereka mautumiki, ndipo nzika zimataya chikhulupiriro m'pangano la mayanjano, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kuukira boma ndi kukakamizika.

Ziphuphu zimasokonezanso kugaŵira chithandizo m’mayiko amene alandira. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera madera osauka kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri zimathera m’madera olamulidwa ndi anthu apamwamba andale.

Zimene Ziphuphu Zikusintha

Kumvetsa chifukwa chake zoyesayesa zoletsa ziphuphu zili zogwirizana ndi chithandizo chakunja, kuli kofunika kutsata njira zimene zimapangitsa ziphuphu kuwonongeka. Choyamba, ziphuphu zimawonjezera mtengo wa kupereka chithandizo. Pamene ziphuphu zikufunika kuti zichotse miyambo kapena zilolezo, mtengo weniweni wa ntchitoyo ukhoza kukwera, kukakamiza kudula kapena kulimba kwake. Chachiwiri, ziphuphu zimasokoneza ntchito zopanga zinthu: ntchito zogwirizana ndi boma zingayendetsedwe ndi anthu ambiri, kuwononga chuma cha njovu zoyera. Chachitatu, katangale, ndalama zowonongera malonda aumwini, a m'nyumba ndi achilendo, mwa kupanga bizinesi yosadziŵika bwino. Pomalizira pake, ziwononga likulu la anthu limene lili lofunika pa kutukuka kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kafukufuku wa 2018 wa International Monetary Fund anapeza kuti mayiko amene ali ndi ziphuphu zambiri ali ndi chiŵerengero chotsika, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zopeza ndalama zambiri, ndiponso ntchito zocheperapo za anthu. Kuti thandizo la mayiko ena likwaniritse zolinga zake, liyenera kukhala mbali ya kuyesayesa kokulirapo kulimbikitsa ulamuliro. Kuzindikira kumeneku kwasintha njira zothandizira anthu opereka ndalamazo kusiya njira zothandizira kuti athetsere njira zoyendetsera katangale zimene cholinga chake n’kutsekera njira zochitira zinthu zambiri.

Njira Zothetsera Chinyengo

Pa zaka 20 zapitazi, anthu opereka ndalama ndiponso maboma amene alandira ziphuphu atulukira njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera ziphuphu.

Kuwona Bwino ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Kuwala kwa dzuŵa kumaonedwa kwambiri kukhala mankhwala opha tizilombo. Kukopana, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi kufufuza kwapatokha kumapanga njira yapepala imene imapangitsa chiphuphu kukhala chovuta kubisa. Mabungwe ambiri opereka ndalama amafuna kuti maboma ambiri aperekedwe chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha maprojekiti okonzeketsedwa, kuphatikizapo ma bajeti, zopanga, ndi mandandanda operekera. Mapulatifomu a manambala onga ngati [FLT: 0] Phunzirani Ndalama Yanu . Mkupiti wa International Aid Transitable Iverection yathandiza anthu ndi oyembekezera kulondola ndalama. Pamene aphatikizapo mapulogalamu aulensi ndi opindulitsa anthu, kuonekera bwino kwambiri ndalama za ndalensi.

Kulimbikitsa Maseŵera

Ziphuphu zimayenda bwino m'mabungwe ofooka. Kumanga mabungwe olimba, odziimira okha kuti ayang'anire kugawira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi makampani a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kanthaŵi kosiyanasiyana kopindulitsa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo makomiti oletsa kusaona mtima, maofesi a anthu, mabungwe a komiti, ndi bungwe lopanda tsankho. Makampani monga United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ndi European Union aika ndalama zambiri m'mabungwe a ntchito, kuchokera ku kuphunzitsa oweruza kukhazikitsa mabungwe a zanzeru zachuma. Komabe, kusintha kwa bungwe kumafunikira zigamu zandale; bungwe loletsa kutsutsa chiphuphu silithandiza ngati atsogoleri ake sapatsidwa mphamvu yomanga milandu yaikulu.

Chithandizo Choyenera ndi Zopereka Zozikidwa pa Ntchito

Kuchotsa chithandizo ku zilembo zachindunji zotsutsa chiphuphu kungayambitse zisonkhezero zamphamvu kaamba ka kusintha. Millennium Challenge Corporation, bungwe la chithandizo la kumaiko akunja a United States, motchuka limagwiritsira ntchito njira yosankha yozikidwa pa zizindikiro za ulamuliro. Mayiko ayenera kusonyeza kupita patsogolo m'madera monga ngati kulamulira ziphuphu, malamulo, ndi udindo wa zaudindo asanalandire chiwongola dzanja chachikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo saali opanda mkangano . Mapangano a chithandizocho amatsutsa kukhala apamwamba ndi osokoneza chuma cha dzikolo .

Kudziŵerengera Mlandu M’chitaganya

Mwinamwake kupenda kothandiza kwambiri pa ziphuphu ndiko kuikizidwa kwa nzika. Kuyang'anira ntchito za boma monga makampani a makolo ndi aphunzitsi ofufuza bajeti za sukulu kapena makomiti a zaumoyo a chitaganya ofufuza mankhwala . Kwasonyezedwa kuti kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa mankhwala. World Bank's kuyang'anira kwa aliyense [ maprogramu akupereka zida ndi maphunziro kwa magulu a boma kuti adziingire mlandu. Ku Uganda, kuyesa kochitidwa mwangozi kwapeza kuti kulinganiza kwa thanzi kwa chitaganya kunawongosintha kwambiri mwa kuchepetsa kuba mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuphatikizapo bajeti, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mizinda kuchokera ku Porto Alegre mpaka ku Nairobi, ikupatsa anthu ulamuliro pambali ya ndalama za anthu, kuchepetsa mipata ya kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito kwa boma.

Ntchito ya Magulu a Padziko Lonse

Mabungwe apadziko lonse ali ndi malo apadera pogwirizanitsa chithandizo ndi chiphuphu. Amakhazikitsa malamulo, kupereka ukatswiri wa zopangapanga, ndalama za m'masiteshoni, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga alamuliri pakati pa opereka ndi olandira. World Bank [, mwachitsanzo, ayambitsa maulamuliro aakulu ndi njira yolimbana ndi ziphuphu zimene zimaphatikizapo zida zopimira, kupenda kwa umphumphu, ndi zilolezo za makampani oloŵetsedwa m'chinyengo. STOLEN ASTED Recovery (STAR), yoyendera pamodzi ndi United Nations Office on Drugism and Crime, amathandiza maiko kulondola ndi kupezanso katundu wobedwa ndi akuluakulu achinyengo.

United Nations Development Programme (U.DP) imachirikiza zoyesayesa za kuletsa ziphuphu kupyolera mwa ntchito yake yapadziko lonse yochirikiza kupita patsogolo kokhazikika, kugwira ntchito ndi maboma kulimbikitsa malamulo ndi kuonetsa. Mabanki a chitukuko chachigawo, monga African Development Bank ndi Asian Development Bank, aphatikizanso mbali zoletsa ziphuphu m'zobwereketsa zawo zobwereketsa. Bungwe la Economic Co - apertivement and Development (OECD) limapereka malo osungirako mayiko opereka ntchito zabwino ndi kuyendera limodzi ndi misonkhano yolimbana ndi ziphuphu.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amachitanso mbali yaikulu pogwirizanitsa ntchito zothandiza. Chilengezo cha Paris pa Aid Effectiveness (2005) ndi Accra Agenda ya Action inagogomezera kuŵerengerana ndi kulinganiza kwa kuchirikiza masinthidwe a maiko olandira. Ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo sikunali kogwirizana, madongosolo ameneŵa athandiza kuchotsa makambitsiranowo kuchoka ku kutumiza ndalama ku madongosolo oletsa katangale.

Kufufuza za Matenda ndi Zitsanzo

Zochitika zenizeni za padziko lapansi zikusonyeza mmene zingathekere ndi zimene sizingatheke pophatikiza njira zoletsa ziphuphu ndi chithandizo cha mayiko ena.

Ghana: Kusintha kwa Mabungwe ndi Kusintha kwa Malo

Ghana yakhala yapadera kwa nthaŵi yaitali yopereka chithandizo chifukwa cha demokrase yake yokhazikika ndi kuwongolera zisonyezero zake. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za chithandizo amapita amene nthaŵi zina amasonkhezera lendi kufunafuna, boma kuma 2000 linakhazikitsa Commission on Human Rights ndi Administrative Justice ndipo pambuyo pake bungwe lopatulira kugamula kwa ziphuphu. Antchito, kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya UK' ya International Development (tsopano FCDO), imapereka chithandizo cha luso ndi chichirikizo. Kutsegulira malamulo a gulu la anthu mu 2003, pamodzi ndi makampani a bungwe la Revolution, kuchepetsa mipata ya chiphuphu m'mapangano a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto akukhalabe [1] Makamaka m'makampani otulutsa opanga makampani othandizira, amasonyeza kuti malonda ochirikizidwa ndi ochirikizidwa ndi chithandizo chogwirizana, angayendetse.

Indonesia: Kuthawa kwa Malo ndi Kuyang’anira Anthu

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Suharto, Indonesia adayamba programu yochititsa kuwonjezereka kwa magawo amene anasamutsira ntchito zazikulu kwa maboma akuno. Izi zinayambitsa chiphuphu cha kumaloko pamene akuluakulu a boma angopatsidwa mphamvu anali opanda uyang'aniro. Poyankha, boma linapanga bungwe la Chiphuphu (KPK) Commission (KPK) (CPK). Madoko a boma monga World Bank ndi USAID anathandiza kuchepetsa ntchito za KPK ndi kuchirikiza ntchito za boma ndipo linachirikiza ntchito zauyang'anira chitaganya. Kulimbana kwamphamvu kwa akuluakulu apamwamba a boma, kuphatikizapo kugaŵa ndalama zapansi pa mlingo wa chigawo cha , kunathandiza kuchepetsa kusweka kwa sukulu ndi ndalama zaumoyo. Chiyambukiro cha 2016 chinaona kuti ntchito yolimbana ndi kukonza makampani a dziko la Indonesia ndi kukonza makampani a ndalama zinasokonekera m'makampani mamiliyoni ambiri m'dziko lina la dziko la Indonesia chithandizo.

Rwanda: Mabungwe Omanga Akutali

Kuchira kwa Rwanda pambuyo pa kupululutsa kwa mtundu wa anthu kwa 1994 kaŵirikaŵiri kumanenedwa kukhala nkhani yachipambano m'kuyendetsa zinthu. Boma, ndi chichirikizo chachikulu cha kuchirikiza kuchirikiza, linapanga dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zachuma la anthu, ofesi yodziyendera, ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wotsutsa chiphuphu (Ofesi ya Ombudsman). Ndalama za Aid zinayendetsedwa kupyolera mwa ndandanda yochirikiza njira zimene zimafunikira pa magubo a kachitidwe ka zinthu. Rwanda mosalekeza pa mlingo wa kuyendetsa ntchito kwa Transparency International Directive Perceptions Index poyerekezera ndi anansi ake. Pamene otsutsa ena akutsutsa kuti malo andale amaletsa kutsutsana, kukhoza kupereka mautumiki ndi umphaŵi kumachitidwa kuthandizira kwake kwamphamvu kwamphamvu. Phunzirolo nlo kuti ngakhale m'magawo otsimikiza, oganitsa ndi ogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake zikhoza kusintha.

Kusamala Zothandiza ndi Zolamulira: Njira Yabwino

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zayenda bwino chonchi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chithandizo cha mayiko akunja ndi ziphuphu kumayambitsa mavuto. Opereka chithandizo ayenera kusamala kuti apereke chithandizo cha anthu mwamsanga. Chithandizo chadzidzidzi, makamaka, chikhoza kuwonongeka chifukwa chakuti kuwonongeka kwa mwamsanga kumapitirira njira zoyang'anira. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19 umasonyeza kuti anthuwa ali ndi mphamvu zotetezera komanso kuti akulandira mapangano ambiri m’mayiko ambiri.

Popita patsogolo, malamulo angapo amakhalidwe abwino ayenera kutsogoza mbadwo wotsatira wa chithandizo:

  • Kulimbana ndi ziphuphu kuyambira pachiyambi. Mmalo moyang'anira ulamuliro monga mbali ina, opereka ayenera kutsegula ndi kuyankha mlandu pa ntchito iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za cholinga chake chachikulu.
  • Ili ndi chidziŵitso ndi luso la zopangapanga monga ngati blockchain yoperekera tcheni, AI yodziŵira zopimira, ndi mapulatifomu a mayendedwe a foni a kupereka lipoti. Ziwiya zimenezi zingagwirizanitse uyang'aniro wamwambo.
  • Kuthandiza chitaganya chakwanuko ndi mawailesi oulutsira nkhani odziimira, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali njira yoyamba yotetezera ziphuphu. Opereka ndalama ayenera kutetezera ndi kupatsa mphamvu agalu olonda, ngakhale pamene atsutsa maprogramu othandizira.
  • Adopt kuona kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kusintha kwa Institution kumasintha mbadwo. Kusintha kwa ndalama ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuchepetsa kuyesayesa kofunikira kukulitsa madongosolo okhazikika.
  • Kuŵerengerana. Maboma olandiridwa ayenera kuŵerengera anthu opereka chifukwa cha kuonekera kwawo ndi kukwaniritsa mapangano kuti agwirizane ndi zimene zikufunika m'malo oyamba.

Kumaliza

Chithandizo chakunja ndi zoyesayesa zoletsa ziphuphu sizingasiyanitse; zili mbali ziŵiri za ndalama imodzi. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu kuti muone ziphuphu, chithandizo chikhoza kulephera kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake, ndipo nthaŵi zina, chingawonjezere ngakhale mavuto amene akufuna kuthetsedwa. Maluso olongosoledwa pano / kukhazikitsa, kulimbitsa, kudalirana kwa malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa anthu, ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu, ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu, kumakhalabe maziko ogwirizana owongolera bwino. Kufufuza kwa milandu ku Ghana, Indonesia, ndi Rwanda kumasonyeza kuti kupita patsogolo kungathe pamene opereka ndi olandira akugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi kuyang'anira bwino. Pamene anthu padziko lonse akukonzekera nyengo yotsatira ya kupita patsogolo kwa ndalama, kutuluka kwa otsutsa osoŵa ndi kukana. Kulimbana ndi kusoŵa ndalama kofunikira thandizo.