Kupanga Makina a Malonda Oyamba

Kuyamba ndi kupotoza (FPTP) ndi njira yosavuta ndi yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ku Chingelezi cholankhula. M'njira imeneyi yopambana, wovota aliyense amaponya pepala limodzi kwa munthu amene akufuna, ndi wofunsira amene amalandira mavoti ambiri m'chigawo amapambana mpando . Madziko onga [[FLT: 0] Kingdom [FFLT:1], Canada, India, ndi United States amagwiritsira ntchito FPTPP m'masankhoti.

Mapindu a Past- Post Yoyamba

Kusavuta Kupeza

FPTP njomveka bwino kwambiri. Opanga mavota amafunikira kokha chizindikiro chimodzi pa pepala la ovota, kupanga njirayo mofulumira ndi ya chidziŵitso. Kufeŵetsa zimenezi kumachepetsa kusokonezeka maganizo ndi kuchepetsa chopinga cha kutengamo mbali kwa anthu osadziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga kapena ozoloŵera njira zosankhira. Kuyendetsa kwa chisankho kulinso kochepa: kulinganiza kwa malo oonera kuli kosavuta, kuŵerengera kwa voti nkofulumira, ndipo zotulukapo zimadziŵika m'maola angapo otsegulira.

Kugwirizana Kolimba Koimira

Oimira boma akudziŵa bwino amene ayenera kukambirana ndi nkhani za m'dzikolo, ndipo woimira chigawo chimodzi, woimira mmodzi, wopanga ubale wachindunji, ndi wosankhidwayo amadziwika bwino lomwe kuti ndi ndani amene angakambirane nawo nkhani za m’dzikolo, ndipo woimirayo ali ndi chisonkhezero choonekeratu cha kutumikira anthu a m’deralo.

Kukonda Maboma Olamulira Okhazikika

FPTP imakonda madongosolo aŵiri a mbali imodzi ndi mbali imodzi. Chifukwa chakuti mbali zachitatu sizipambana mpando, dongosololi kaŵirikaŵiri limatulutsa boma ndi anthu ambiri omveka bwino a nyumba ya malamulo, amene angapange malamulo mosazengereza popanda kukambirana. Kukhazikika kumeneku kungakhale kokopa kwa maiko ofuna ulamuliro wogwira mtima popanda kuyendetsa mobwerezabwereza.

Mapwando Olefula Olefula

Pansi pa FPTP, zipani zotengeka maganizo kapena za anthu amodzi zimakupeza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupata mipando chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri chichirikizo chawo chimafalikira m'madera osiyanasiyana kapena sichikukwanira kupambana kuchuluka kwa anthu m’chigawo chimodzi chokha. Kusintha kumeneku kungapangitse malingaliro opambanitsa kulephera kuloŵerera m’ndale za palamente, kuthandizira kukhazikitsa mkhalidwe wandale wowonjezereka.

Zopinga za Mapast - Dest

Malonda Otayidwa ndi Ntchito Zabwino

Kusuliza kokulira kwa FPTP kuli chochitika cha “mavoti osankhidwa" . "maballet amaikidwa kwa oyembekezera amene sapambana. M'mafuko ambiri a chigawo, mbali zazikulu za voti ya otayidwa, ndipo mavotiwo alibe chiyambukiro pa chotulukapo. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku chisankho cha [[FLT:] , kumene ovota amasiya chosankha chawo choyamba chowona cha kuchirikiza woyenerera woyenerera, kutsendereza mawu otsimikizirika andale zadziko.

Ulamuliro Waung’ono ndi Wochepa wa Anthu Ambiri

FPTP kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa opambana omwe amalandira ochepera pa 50% ya voti. Wosankha angapambane ndi 35% kapena ngakhale 30% ngati chitsutso chagaŵidwa pakati pa ena ambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti unyinji wa oyembekezerawo ungakhale utasankha wina, kuchepetsa lamulo la wopambanayo ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa boma. M’zochitika zowopsa, gulu lingapange boma lalikulu lokhala ndi ochepera 40% a voti yotchuka ya dzikolo.

Kuimira Kosokoneza

FPTP imaimira molinganiza zipani zazikulu ndi zocheperapo. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha cha boma la Canada cha 2019, bungwe la Liberal Party linapambana 33% ya voti koma linapeza 47% ya mipando, pamene Green Party inalandira 6.5% ya voti koma 1% ya mipando. Kulakwika kumeneku pakati pa voti ndi malo angatsogolere ku ku ku kugwiritsidwa mwaunyinji kwa wovota.

Magawo Ogawikana ndi Kusintha Malo

FPP imalimbikitsa anthu kuyang'ana madera ozungulira ndi kunyalanyaza mipando yachisungiko. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zingakulitse magawano andale za madera, monga mapulatifomu kumadera ena pamene akunyalanyaza ena. Mayiko onga Canada ndi United Kingdom aona kugawikana kwa malo, ndipo zigawo zonse zikusankha chipani chimodzi, kuchepetsa mgwirizano wa dziko.

Ntchito Yosankha

Chosankha chosankhidwa chosankhidwa (RCV), chodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo kapena kuvota kwapadera, chimalola ovota kugamula ofunsira m’njira yoyenerera pa woweruza mmodzi. Ngati palibe wosankha kulandira mavoti ambiri a chisankho choyamba, wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti oyambirira a voti aikepo ochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavotiwo amagaŵiridwanso kwa osankha a wosankhayo. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira pamene wofunsirayo ali ndi unyinji. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mavoti a dziko lonse kaamba ka Australia’s House of Offices , masantalation a pulezidenti, ndi masankhoti a Ireland m'mizinda ingapo. U. mizinda yonga San Francisco ndi New York.

Mapindu a Kusankha Koipa

Kusankha ndi Kusonyeza Zovala Zowonjezera Mtundu

RCV imamasula ovota ku chothetsa nzeru cha “chosasiyanitsa ndi zoipa ziŵiri". Mmalo mwa kuvota moyenerera, nzika zingaike oyembekezera onse mowona mtima, zikumadziŵa kuti ngati chosankha chawo choyamba chichotsedwa, voti yawo idzasamuka. Zimenezi zimalola ovota kuchirikiza ofunsira aang'ono popanda kuopa kuwononga mavoti awo, kupanga wosankhayo kukhala mawu apamwamba kwambiri a zikondwerero zandale.

Kutentha kwa Dziko Kumachititsa Kuti Zinthu Zizitentha Kwambiri

Chifukwa chakuti RCV imapitirizabe kufikira munthu mmodzi atalandira anthu ambiri, wopambana amasankhidwa ndi mavoti oposa 50% omalizira . "Amawapatsa mphamvu yoonekeratu. Kuwonjezera apo, RCV imachotsa “chiyambukiro cha chiwongola dzanja,” kumene wobatizidwa wachitatu amapyoza mavoti kwa munthu wobatizidwa wamkulu, kuchititsa munthu wongotenga chisankho kupambana. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti chisankho chikhale chopikisana kwambiri.

Chilimbikitso cha Mkupiti Wotsimikizirika

Ofuna kutchuka mu mpikisano wa RCV ayenera kukopa osati kokha ku maziko awo komanso kwa ochirikiza ena oyembekezera kusankhidwa pa chigawo chachiŵiri ndi chachitatu. Chisonkhezero chimenechi chimaletsa ziukiro zotsutsa ndi kulankhula motsatizana chifukwa ofuna kukhala chosankha chachiŵiri cha ochirikiza otsutsa awo. Kufufuza kwapeza kuti makampani a RCV safuna kutsutsa ndi kuyambitsa nkhani zambiri.

Zisonyezero Zosiyanasiyana ndi Mafuko Opatsirana

RCV ikhoza kupereka chithunzi choyenera kwambiri mwa kulola maphwando kapena odzipereka kunja kwa dongosolo la mwambo la mbali ziŵiri kupata mipando. M'mipando yambiri ya winner RCV (yotchedwanso voti imodzi yosamutsidwa), imathandiza kuimira, kupatsa mamembala achitatu malo oima pansi pamene akufunikirabe chichirikizo chachikulu. Zimenezi zingawonjezere mawu osiyanasiyana m'malamulo, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ofunsira kuchokera ku madera ocheperapo.

Zopinga za Ntchito Yosankha

Kucholoŵana kwa Malo ndi Akuluakulu a Zisankho

Kusankha anthu ambiri kungakhale kosokoneza, makamaka kwa okalamba kapena osankhidwa osaphunzira. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti zolakwa za kutchova juga [1] monga ngati oyembekezera kuphonya kapena kuswa malo apamwamba kwambiri (kumene kumachitika ndi) n’kofala kwambiri pa RCV. Oyang'anira ntchito ya chisankho amafunanso kuphunzitsidwa kwambiri kuŵerengera mavoti pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni ambiri, ndipo kagwiritsidwe ntchito kopetsera kangatenge masiku kapena ngakhale milungu m'mipikisano yosagwirizana.

Zisankho Zautali Ndiponso Zamtengo Wokulirapo

Chisankho cha RCV nchokwera mtengo kwambiri kuchititsa. Pali mtengo wa mpikisano wa maphunziro a boma, ma blackot okonzedwanso, ndi zipangizo zatsopano zothandizira kukonza. Kuŵerengera kwa makompyuta kumachedwa chifukwa chakuti ma steot a m'dera lililonse ayenera kulembedwa ndi kuikidwa pakati, kuchedwa zotulukapo zomalizira. M'mafuko apamwamba monga masankho a boma, kuchedwa kumeneku kungayambitse kusatsimikizirika ndi kusadalirana.

Mabale Otopa ndi Kuikidwiratu

Ngati wovota saika onse m'magawo kapena ngati onse osankhidwa achotsedwa asanamalizire, pepala lawo losankhira limakhala “lopatulidwa” ndipo silikuŵerengeranso za chotulukapo chomaliza. M'masankho ena a RCV, ziŵerengero zotopa zimafika 10-20%, kutanthauza chigawo chachikulu cha ovota sichinganene chilichonse. Zimenezi zingachepetse chikhutiro ndi kutembenuka.

Zothekera za Zotsatirapo Zosayembekezereka

Ngakhale kuti RCV imachepetsa njira zoonera, sizimathetsa zonse. Osankha ena angasankhe kusaika mtsogoleri wamphamvu, akumayembekezera kuthandiza munthu wawo wachiŵiri kupambana. Ndiponso, dongosolo la kuchotsa lingatulutse zotsatira zimene zingasiyane ndi zimene ambiri angasankhe ngati akudziwa mmene zingakhalire. Otsutsa amanena kuti RCV ikhoza kupanga “kudumpha kwa "kudumpha".

Kufufuza FPTP ndi RCV Moyerekezera

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Madongosolo a FPP kaŵirikaŵiri amapsinjika maganizo m'zigawo kumene chipani chimodzi chiri champhamvu, chifukwa chakuti osankha alingalira kuti chisankho chawo sichingapange kusiyana. ku United States, masankho a pulezidenti awona kukwera kwakukulu koposa pakati, chifukwa cha mphamvu zapadera zovota. RCV, posiyana, kutsendereza ndi kutembenuka kwapamwamba m'maulamuliro ena. Mwachitsanzo, data ya ku Minnesotaciast imasonyeza kuwonjezereka kodzichepetsa pambuyo povomereza RCV, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti kuwona kuti zokonda zawo zidzalemekezedwa ngakhale ngati zigamu zawo zoyambirira zilephera.

Kuimira ndi Kuimira

FPTP molinganiza amaimira makampani a gulu lalikulu. Pansi pa RCV pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo za winner, kuimira kumakhala kotchuka koma kolondola kwambiri kwa ovota. Komabe, ndi ambiri okha a m'winner RCV (voti yosamutsidwa imodzi) amene amakwaniritsa kulinganiza kwenikweni. M'madongosolo onse aŵiri, nkhani za m'chigawo: FPTPPPP ikhozabe kutulutsabe mbali zosiyanasiyana ngati madera adalinganizidwa kukhala opikisana, pamene RCV angapitirirenso malingaliro ofanana ngati agwiritsiridwa m'mipando umodzi wa winner ndi malire oyendera.

Chiyambukiro pa Nkhani Yandale Zadziko

FPP imafupa mawu olankhula owonjezera amene amapatsa mphamvu yopanga mavoti a gulu, chifukwa chakuti ndi nkhani yokha yoyambirira. Zimenezi zingayendetse hyperparantisansi ndi kutsutsa . RCV incenticives prantisantion; oyembekezera ayenera kukopa mavoti achiŵiri ndi achitatu kuchokera kwa opikisana. Umboni wa mawu kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] maphunziro a masankhoti a Australia amasonyeza kuti RCV imatsogolera ku kusatsatsa malonda kocheperapo ndi kulimbikitsa kuwonjezereka, ngakhale kuti chiyambukirocho sichikufanana ndi mawu onse.

Kulamulira ndi Kukhulupirirana

Pansi pa FPTP, kuli kofala kuti chipani chopambana chikhale ndi kavoti kochepa pamene chikusunga mipando yambiri. “kusintha kwa magetsi” kumeneku kungachepetse chidaliro cha anthu m'zosankha ndi kuyenera kwa boma. RCV nthaŵi zambiri imatulutsa wopambana ndi ambiri m'nthaŵi yomalizira, kupatsa wopambanayo lamulo la makhalidwe abwino kwambiri. Komabe, ngati kutopa kwa anthu kuli kokwera, omalizira angaimire gawo lokha la chisankho chonse, kuchepetsa lamulolo.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kwenikweni ndi Mavuto a Dziko

Kufufuza za FPTP

Chisankho cha ku Canada 2019 ndi 2021 chikusonyeza bwino lomwe kuchotsa kwa FPTP propectionation . Gulu la Liberal linapambana 33% a mavoti koma 47% a mipando mu 2019, pamene kuli kwakuti Conservative adalandira 34% ya voti koma 37% okha a mipando. Gulu la Green linapeza 6.5% ya mavoti ndi 0. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri anachirikiza kukonzanso, boma la Liberal linasiya lonjezo la kulowa mmalo a FPTPP pambuyo pa 2016 komiti yokha. Ku United Kingdom, FPPPP yatsogolera kuwonongedwa kwa mavotimenti a Liber Democracts mu 2015, pamene linapambana mavoti 7.9, koma litangolandira zigawo za National Partivement [1]

Kufufuza Nkhani za RCV

Australia wagwiritsira ntchito RCV (yotchedwa “kusankha”) kaamba ka Nyumba yake ya Oimira kuyambira 1918. Dongosololi kaŵirikaŵiri limatulutsa maboma ambiri, komanso limakakamiza magulu aŵiri aakulu kukambitsirana ndi zipani zazing'ono ndi zodzisankhira, kuwonjezera kutsutsana kwa malamulo. ku United States, Maine anakhala boma loyamba kugwiritsira ntchito RCV pa masankho a boma mu 2018. Maphunziro a Maine’s 2018 ndi 2020 a mafuko akusonyeza kuti RCV inachotsa chiyambukiro cha wofunkha, inalola oyembekezera achitatu kuthamanga popanda kuwopa kulanda, ndi kutulutsa opambana ndi 50% a voti yomaliza. Dolotte la New York City anagwiritsira ntchito RV C pa 201, ndipo kuŵerengera kwake kwa dongosolo lapamwamba, pamene kuli koyenera kuvomerezedwa, monga chotsatira chovomerezedwa choyenera.

Maganizo Olakwika Amene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza

Nthano yopitirizabe njakuti RCV njovuta kwambiri kwa ovota. Komabe, chidziŵitso chokopa cha San Francisco ndi Minneapolis chikusonyeza kuti 99% ya mavoti amadzazidwa bwino pambuyo powapanga, ndipo zoyesayesa za ovota zimachepetsa mwamsanga zolakwa. Chiphunzitso china nchakuti RCV nthaŵi zonse imapindulitsa ofunsira. M’chenicheni, RCV ikhoza kutulutsa zotulukapo zimene zimayanja kaya otsata bwino kapena opita patsogolo, malinga ndi mmene zingafunikezo zimayendera.

Mtsogolo mwa Kusintha Kodabwitsa

Pamene kusakhutira ndi FPTP kukukula, madongosolo ambiri akulingalira za RCV kapena njira zina monga kuimira mbali zosiyanasiyana. Programu za Pilot m'mizinda ya U.S. zatsimikizira kuthekera kwa RCV pamlingo wa kumaloko, ndipo maboma ambiri . kuphatikizapo Alaska ndi Nevada . Zitsutso zazikulu zakhalabe za ndale zadziko za inétria : m'makampani osankhidwa pansi pa FTPPP ali ozengereza kusintha dongosolo la madongosolo audzu ndi mabodza a bipartarian zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera kaamba ka kusintha, akutsutsa kuti njira yopanga mavoti oimira ndi yodalirika kwambiri ili yofunika kaamba ka thanzi la democracy.

Pomalizira pake, zonse ziŵiri, Kuyamba ndi Kusankha ndi Kusankha Kofunika Zimanyamula malonda osiyanasiyana. FPTP imapatsa kupepuka ndi kuimira kwamphamvu kwa kumaloko pa mtengo wa mavoti otayidwa ndi kupotoka. RCV imapereka mawu ovota ndi zotsatirapo zambiri koma imafuna kuvuta ndi chuma. Kusankha pakati pawo kumadalira pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za chitaganya: kaya amayamikira kutsimikiza ndi mwambo kapena kuimira kolondola kwa chifuniro. Pamene mikangano yokhudza kusintha kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ikulakula padziko lonse, kumvetsetsa bwino kwa malonda ameneŵa kuli kofunika kwa ojambula, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo.