Chipwirikiti chachikulu cha ulamuliro ndicho kulinganiza ulamuliro wofunika wa boma ndi ufulu wachibadwa wa munthu. Kodi timatsimikizira motani kuti awo amene anapatsidwa ulamuliro saugwiritsira ntchito molakwa? Funso limeneli likuyankhidwa ndi mbiri ya chisinthiko pa mphamvu ya boma, nkhani imene imakhala zaka zikwi zambiri. Kuchokera ku malamulo akale mpaka ku malamulo amakono, kufunitsitsa kukakamiza ulamuliro kuimira chiyambi cha demokrase. Kumvetsa njira imeneyi si njira yongophunzitsa chabe; nkofunika kuti ufulu usungike m’nyengo yovuta ya dziko lonse.

Maziko Akale a Malire a Boma

Mfundo yochepetsa mphamvu isanadze demokrase yamakono kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kufufuza koyambirira m'kupanga malamulo kunatsimikizira kuti ngakhale olamulira amphamvu koposa anali okhoza kutsata muyezo wapamwamba wa chilungamo kapena mpambo wa malamulo ogwirizana. Maziko akale ameneŵa anapereka zomangira zomangira malingaliro a pambuyo pake za lamulo.

Malamulo Olembedwa ndi Chilungamo Cholungama ku Mesopotamiya

Ku Mesopotamiya wakale, Code ya Hammurabi [1] (FLT 1754 BCE) inaimira kuthamanga kokulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti chilango chake chinali chankhanza ndi miyezo yamakono, zolembedwa zake pa stale zinatanthauza kuti lamulo linali lodziŵika ndi lofanana ndi logwiritsidwa ntchito kudutsa ufumuwo. Zimenezi zinaletsa malingaliro olakwika a akazembe a kumaloko ndi otchuka. Lamulo la talionius [1] (lamulo la kubwezera) linakhazikitsa malire oyenera pa chilango, kuletsa kwambiri kubwezera. Lamulolo silinapange demokrase, koma linakhazikitsa lamulo lofunika limene liyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo achifumu.

Lingaliro la Chihebri la Chilamulo Chapamwamba

Baibulo la Chihebri linayambitsa lingaliro lachipanduko lakuti pangano laumulungu linagwirizanitsa wolamulira mofanana ndi nkhaniyo. Mneneri Samueli motchuka anachenjeza Aisrayeli za ngozi za ufumu wapamwamba (1Samueli 8), akumafotokoza mmene mfumu idzamangitsira ana awo aamuna, kutenga ana awo aakazi, ndi kulanda minda yawo. Torah inaika malire pa mafumu: iwo sanayenera kusonkhanitsa chuma chochuluka, akazi, kapena akavalo (Deuroniyo 17: 14 -20). Lingaliro limeneli la lamulo lapamwamba " loperekedwa kubwerera kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa mabanki" amene anapitirira ndi kuchepa kwa olamulira a padziko lapansi anali otchuka kwambiri. Kuwonjezerapo, kukhazikitsa kwa [FLD:2]

Demokalase ya ku Atene: Kuŵerengeredwa ndi Kutengamo Mbali

Kaladi ya Atene m'zaka za zana la 5 BCE yoikidwa pa boma mwa kutengamo mbali mwachindunji ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Malamulo aakulu anaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] kusiyanasiyana kwa (kusankha) kwa maofesi ambiri a anthu, kumene kunaletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lolamulira kwachikhalire. [[FLT:]] malire a zigamulo [[FLT]] [2] zopitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi wodziŵika kukhala wowopsa, ndipo palibe nzika inakhoza kusunga ofesi imodzi kaŵiri. Mchitidwe wa [[FLT:] kutsenderocracracs [[FLT:] [FFFFF:] [5] yopereka chikalata, yokwanira yopereka chikalata chosonyeza chigamu cha munthu aliyense. [Fonjezero chachikulu]

Roman Republican: Maselo, Kulinganizika, ndi Veto

Roman Republic (50-27 BCE) inakonza njira ya pulogalamu yolinganizidwa kuletsa autocracy. Mphamvu inagawidwa pakati pa mkulu wa ntchito [[FLT: 0] Consus (2] (asankhidwa, onse aŵiri, okhala ndi mphamvu ziŵiri, apamwamba [[FFFF:]] [FULT]] [FUM]] [FULT] [muyezonse] [muyezonse]], ndi mphamvu yotchuka [[FONT] pakati pa anthu onse.]

Nyengo Zapakati ndi Kuchirikiza Ufulu Wachizoloŵezi

Nyengo ya m’nyengo zapakati, yodziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ulamuliro wokhwima ndi kuyenera kwaumulungu, inafesa modabwitsa mbewu zina zofunika koposa za kuletsa kochitidwa ndi lamulo, makamaka ku England.

Mbalame ya Magna Carta (1215)

Magna Carta adakali malire aakulu a m'nyengo yapakati pa mphamvu yokhayokha. Wokakamiza Mfumu Yohane ndi gulu la zigaŵenga zopanduka mu 1215, chipambano chake chachikulu chinali kukhazikitsa kuti mfumu sinali yoposa lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti tchata cha malamulo chochuluka chokhudzana ndi matanthauzo a lineni, ziganizo ziŵiri zinatengedwa pa kachitidwe ka m'mbiri. [FLT: 0] Chotetezera 38 [[FL:1] chotetezedwa ndi chilango chodzifunira. Chaputa] Chokhala ndi lamulo lakumbuyo [[FL:] [FOF:]] MaF. Maff3] Sizikto achotsedwa lamulo loyenera: "Adzagwidwa kapena kulandidwa, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu kapena chuma chake... kusiyapo lamulo lololedwa ndi lamulo la dziko lake lovomerezedwa ndi lamulo. [makedzana la chikalata choyambirira cha chikalata choyambirira: [F.F.F. "Flap]

Kuyambika kwa Chilamulo Chachisawawa

Kusintha kogwirizana kwa Henry II m'zaka za zana la 12 kunakhazikitsa lamulo lachisawawa ku England, kuchotsa miyambo yakumaloko. Oweruza achifumu anayenda m'dzikolo akumva milandu ndi kupanga bungwe logwirizana la chitsanzo. Lamulo la stare decis (kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zogamulidwa) linatanthauza kuti zigamulo zachiweruzo zakale zotsenderezedwa ndi olamulira ndi oweruza. Zimenezi zinapanga dongosolo lalamulo lamphamvu lodziimira pasadakhalepo la mfumu, kugwirizanitsa lingaliro lakuti lamulo ndi chinthu chopezedwa kupyolera m’mutu ndi chitsanzo, osati kungolamulira.

Malamulo a Mphamvu za Anthu: Tchalitchi ndi Boma

Nkhondo yopitirizabe pakati pa Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi mafumu akudziko (ogwirizana ndi Suniçito Constitule) inapanga malo apadera ndi amphamvu a ulamuliro. Tchalitchi chinadzinenera kukhala ulamuliro pa zinthu zauzimu, ukwati, ndi maphunziro. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunaletsa ulamuliro wonse ndi ulamuliro uliwonse wa boma, kukhazikitsa lingaliro lamphamvu lakuti mbali zina za moyo wa munthu zilipo kunja kwa ulamuliro. Lingaliro limeneli la maulamuliro linali loyambirira ku malingaliro amakono onena za kulekana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma ndi chitetezo cha anthu.

Kuunika: Kulimbikitsa Boma Kuti Likhale ndi Malire

Zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 zinasintha kwambiri nthanthi zandale zadziko, zikumachotsa magwero a ulamuliro kuchoka ku kuyenera kwaumulungu ndi miyambo kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa.

Ufulu wa Zachilengedwe ndi Kugwirizana kwa Kakhalidwe ka Anthu

Kutsata kwa akatswiri oyambirira, [[FLT: 0] John Locke ndi . SECOND THEINTY of Bomarn [169]) anakhazikitsa maziko osonkhezera kwambiri a demokrase yamakono. Anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa kwa [[FLT:] moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma [[FLT] [[FF]] mu ulamuliro wa dziko lonse lapansi. [FFF:] Mapangano a zachigaŵerenti [F:] [FFF:] [10] [FFF] [10] yogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya chiwonjezero cha dziko lonse. [INU:]

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Baron de Montesquieu , Mzimu wa Malamulo (1748]), anapereka mapulani a malamulo amakono. Mwa kuphunzira Roman Republic ndi malamulo a ku England, Montesquieu adatsutsa kuti ufulu wandale umasungidwa bwino kwambiri pamene ntchito za boma zigawidwa m'manthambi atatu: lilegi [ [malamulo] (kupanga malamulo), [[FLT:]], ] kugawa [kuphatikiza [malamulo] ndi mphamvu zina zosiyana, kuwonjezera mphamvu. Chilamulochimodzi chikafikira mphamvu.

Kuukira kwa Kukhulupirira Chitetezo ndi Chifuniro cha Kazembe

Voltaire anachirikiza mosatopa ufulu wa anthu . "ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi kusindikiza . Motsutsana ndi mphamvu yodziimira ya ufumu wa French ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Nzeru zake ndi zolemba zambiri zinapanga malo a anthu otchuka kumene ulamuliro ungakayikidwe. [[FLT: 0] Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1] anafuna ulamuliro wa democracy wosinthasinthasintha zinthu, pamene ulamuliro wa audindo umakhala mwa "ufuno" wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro limeneli linachirikiza kudzikuza kwa anthu onse, kuchititsanso kukhala wogonjera, kumene wolamulira anganene kuti " general real real" kukondera kwenikweni kwa anthu.

Kusintha Mipata ya Zinthu m’Nthaŵi ya Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Nthanthi zopeka za Kuunikiridwa zinapangidwa kukhala zikalata zotsimikizirika za lamulo mkati mwa kusintha kwa zinthu chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.

Chipanduko Chaulemerero cha England (1688)

Pambuyo pa Kusintha Mafuko a ku America ndi France, Chivomerezo cha Chingelezi cha Malo a Ufulu (1689) chinavomereza malire olakidwa mu Gonious Revolution . Chinaletsa kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo ndi ulamuliro wachifumu, magulu ankhondo oima popanda chilolezo cha pa malamulo, ndi kufunikira masankhoti aufulu. Chinatsimikizira kuyenera kwa nzika kupempha mfumu ndi ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wa kutsutsana mu Palamenti. Chikalata chimenechi chinakhazikitsa kusintha kuchoka ku ufumu wachifumu ku ufumu wachifumu ku Roman, ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba wa lamulo.

Kuyesa kwa ku America: Kupanga Konsichushoni

[A.S. Constitution (yavomerezedwa 178]) ndiyo chitsanzo cha chipambano ndi kutsanzira kwambiri cha malire a boma. Ilo limakhazikitsa dongosolo laluso la [[FLT:] machecks : [[FFLT:2] [FFF:3] [FFF:3] [Izithunzi] [zinsinsi] [zinsi za dziko] [zinsi za dziko] [zinsi] [zinsi za dziko], zingalamulitse malamulo, ndipo zingalamulire ndalama zoyendetsera, ndipo zingaperekere ndalamazo. [ziyene] [zi zikhoza kugamula za m’makwake] [FFFFFF:] [10] [10] [ziyense] [ziyeso: [ziyero za m’magalamu ya chipaletso cha m'dziko] [FUP] [10] [10] [ziyensi ya chipale, ndipo magalamu: [zipupu] [zipupu ya: [zipupupupupu] [zipu: [zipupupupu]

Njira Yosalimba ya Kusintha kwa Mafulenchi

Chifrenchi Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika chinali chilengezo champhamvu cha malamulo achilengedwe chonse. Chinalengeza ufulu, chuma, chisungiko, ndi kukana kuponderezedwa monga ufulu wachibadwa. Icho chinakhazikitsa kugamula kwa kupanda liwongo, ufulu wa kulankhula, ndi kufanana kwa lamulo. Komabe, Kusintha kwa ku France kunaloŵa mofulumira mu Terrorgy, kusonyeza kuti zikalata zokhazo sizili zokwanira popanda zigwirizano, mwambo wa kulolera, ndi ulemu kaamba ka malamulo. Njira yake, ndi kusintha, kachitidwe, ndi ulamuliro, zinatumikira monga machenjezekezo ponena za kuchuluka kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a dziko ndi chilakolako.

Kufutukula Ufulu M’zaka za m’ma 1800 ndi 20

Malamulo oyambirira anali oletsa kwambiri anthu amene ankateteza katundu wawo, makamaka azungu.

Ukapolo Wochuluka ndi Kufutukula Ukapolo

Kutsutsana koonekeratu pakati pa chinenero chapamwamba cha ufulu ndi kuwona kwa ukapolo kunapangitsa nkhondo yaikulu mu United States. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi ya 13, 14th, ndi 15 Develoments kwakukulukulu kubwezeretsa ufulu wa munthu, kukhazikitsa ufulu waufulu, chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo, ndi njira yoyenerera pa mlingo wa boma. Uku kunali kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa malire a boma ponena za ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Zaka za 19 ndi 20 zinaona kuwonjezereka kodabwitsa kwa franse. Magulu onga [FLT:] [FLD2] [FOT:] [FOD2]] [FOLT] [zi] ndi mphamvu zina zowonjezereka, zoyendetsedwa ndi zolamulira, za UK: [FT.FT.]

Kubuka kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Makhoti a Malamulo

Mphamvu ya makhoti kuchotsa malamulo amene amaphwanya malamulo inakhala kuyang'anira kwamphamvu pa malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu. Kutsatira chitsanzo cha Marbury v. Madison [1] , maiko ambiri anakhazikitsa makhoti amphamvu a lamulo. Pambuyo pa zowopsa za Nkhondo ya Dziko II, mitundu ya ku Ulaya monga Germany ndi Italiya inapanga makhoti aakulu ndi mphamvu imodzi yopendera malamulo a boma. [[FLT:] Jeremani Courtal Constitution Court [[FL: 3] (Boundingsrich Geoption]) (Boundingsrichricht) inakhala yosonkhezera kwambiri, kutetezera ndi kukhazikitsa malire kwa Chilamulo. Kudzipereka kumeneku ku [FLD] [FT]

Kusintha Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Kupululutsa kwa Anazi ndi nkhanza za Nkhondo ya Dziko II zinasonyeza kulephera kwa tsoka la malire a m'banja. Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu (1948]), chovomerezedwa ndi Mitundu Yogwirizana, chinalengeza kuti ulemu wachibadwa ndi ufulu wolingana wa anthu onse ndiwo maziko a ufulu, chilungamo, ndi mtendere. Mapanganowa ndi zotsatirapo (ICCPR, ICECCCCR) anakhazikitsa kuti ulamuliro wa ulamuliro sumapereka mphamvu yopanda malire pa anthu. Malamulo a Nuremberg anakhazikitsa lamulo la kuŵerengera mlandu pa anthu chifukwa cha upandu, ngakhale ngati achita mtundu wa munthu pa lamulo. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, mmene boma laumwini linachitira anthu kukhala nkhani ya kuderalo. [FFOL: Universal Declation of Human Ault]

Mavuto Amene Akhalapo Poletsa Boma Kulamulira

Pamene kuli kwakuti chigawo cha mbiri yakale chimasonyeza kulimba kwa malire, zaka za zana la 21 zimapereka zitokoso zazikulu, zatsopano zimene zimayesa maprinsipulo ameneŵa mozama.

Mapaipi Ochititsa Chidwi: Kukonda Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika Ndiponso Kukhala Wekha

Kukula kwa luso la zopangapanga lamakono kwachititsa kuti pakhale maluso ambiri oyang’anira boma. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu za madera, kuzindikira nkhope, kutsimikizira zapolisi, ndi kutha kwa mawu olemba mawu olembedwa kudzutsa mafunso aakulu okhudza mfundo ya One Demendment yotsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi. Mavumbulutso a Edward Snowden onena za maprogramu apadziko lonse a NSA asonyeza ukulu umene umisiri waposa lamulo. Kulinganiza pakati pa chitetezo cha dziko ndi chinsinsi ndi chinsinsi ndilo bwalo lankhondo lalikulu la boma la makono.

Mphamvu za M’ngozi ndi Kutha kwa Malo

Criss [1] Pandemics, zigaŵenga, kuukira kwa zachuma, kugwa kwa ndalama mobwerezabwereza kumayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ya maulamuliro. Democracrac yalimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kupotozedwa kwa malamulo kwa kanthaŵi. Mliri wa Covid unachititsa maboma padziko lonse kutsekereza, kuchepetsa nthaŵi, kuletsa kuyenda, ndi katemera wachiŵeniŵeni, kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu wonena za malire a ulamuliro wa anthu onse ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Upanduwo uli mu [[FLT: 0] mphamvu zolamulira za boma padziko lonse lapansi, kumene kumakhala kuyenderapo nthaŵi yaitali kapena kumene atsogoleri amawononga mavuto kuti afooketse chitsutso ndi kulamulira.

Chikoka, Kutsatira Malamulo kwa Autocracy, ndi Kufalikira kwa Demokrase

Mwinamwake chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri chapanthaŵi ino ndicho kubuka kwa magulu andale amene amapambana masankho a democracy koma kenaka molinganiza akutsendereza dongosolo la malamulo lomasuka kuchokera mkati. [[FT: 0]] imeneyi "kulamulira kwalamulo kwa autocracy" kapena "Iilybational democracy" imaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zida za ulamuliro kuvutitsa otsutsa, kulanda zolamulira, kutsendereza, kutsendereza nyuzi, ndi mphamvu mwa kukhazikitsanso malamulo olozera ufulu wa boma kuti liigonjetse. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumafuna kuyang'ana kupyola pa kupezeka kwa kasankho kaundula ku maulamuliro onse amene amachirikiza malire pa mphamvu: chipani chodziimira pa dziko, ufulu wa ufulu, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kumaliza: Kukhalabe ndi Ufulu Kosatha

Kusinthika kwa mbiri ya malire pa ulamuliro wa boma sikuli nkhani ya kupita patsogolo kosapeŵeka. Kuli kulimbana kwamphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kwamphamvu pakati pa chikhoterero cha anthu chakusumika maganizo pa ulamuliro ndi chikhumbo champhamvu chaumunthu cha ufulu. Kuchokera ku magome adothi a Babulo kufikira ku nkhondo za ufulu wa makompyuta za m'zaka za zana la 21, vuto lalikulu likutsala: Quiscususuit ipstostosdes?

Yankho silili chikalata chimodzi, bungwe, kapena mtsogoleri. Ndilo lamulo lamphamvu, lotomerana, ndi lamaphunziro lodzipereka kwambiri pa malamulo ndi malamulo alamulo. Kuteteza democracy kumafuna makhoti amphamvu, odziimira okha; makhoti aulere ndi otsimikiza; mautumiki a chisungiko odziŵerengera; ndipo koposa zonse, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimene chimasunga ufulu pa chisungiko ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino kuposa kupondereza. Malamulo a boma samadziphetsa okha; ndi zinthu zolephera zimene zimafuna kusungidwa mosalekeza, kukhala maso, ndi kufunitsitsa kusinthira ku mavuto atsopano. Mtsogolo mwa ufulu uli m’kukhoza kwathu kuphunzira maphunziro a m'mbiri a mphamvu ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito mwanzeru ndi kutsimikiza nthaŵi zonse za dziko.