Malamulo a akuluakulu pakati pa zida zotsatirapo zambiri zimene pulezidenti wa United States ali nazo, komabe adakali chimodzi cha mbali zosamvetsetseka za ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo ameneŵa, operekedwa ndi White House, amanyamula mphamvu ya lamulo ndi kulola pulezidenti kulinganiza, kutsogolera mabungwe a boma, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mavuto popanda chivomerezo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe akuphunzira mbiri ya Amereka ndi zigawo, kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo apamwamba akugwirira ntchito m'malamulo amafunikira [1] Si kokha kuti amvetsetse maulamuliro akale komanso kuti afufuze mikangano ya ndale yamakono.

Kodi Dongosolo la Akulu ndi Lotani?

Lamulo la mkulu ndilo lamulo lolembedwa kuchokera kwa pulezidenti yemwe amayang'anira ntchito za boma la boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo samalongosola mwachindunji malamulo a akuluakulu, agwiritsiridwa ntchito kuyambira pamasiku oyambirira a republic. George Washington anapereka lamulo loyamba la akuluakulu a boma mu 1789, akumalangiza mamembala a bungwe kukonzekera madipatimenti awo. Kuyambira pamenepo, mapresidenti apereka zikwi zambiri za malangizo otero, kuyambira pa malangizo a kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro kufikira ku masinthidwe a dongosolo la kayendetsedwe.

Malamulo a akuluakulu amafalitsidwa mu Register ndipo ali ndi chiyambukiro cholamulira cha lamulo pa mabungwe a nthambi a akulu. Komabe, iwo sangapange malamulo atsopano kapena ndalama zoyenerera; ulamuliro wawo umachokera ku malamulo omwe alipo kapena mphamvu za pulezidenti. Pamene pulezidenti akhazikitsa lamulo loposa malirewo, makhoti angaityo.

Maziko a Malamulo a Malamulo Olamulira

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ali m'Chigawo II cha Malamulo a U.S. Gawo 1, Kapeni 1 pa pulezidenti, ndi Chigawo 3 chikupatsa pulezidenti ntchito ya “kusamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika.” Onse pamodzi, ziganizo zimenezi zimapatsa pulezidenti ufulu waukulu wakuyang'anira boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti cholinga cha kukhazikitsa chichitike.

Mphamvu Zosagwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Kachitidwe Ka mbiri

Malamulo satchula mwachindunji malamulo a akuluakulu, koma lingaliro la maulamuliro oyenera . Oyambirira kufotokozedwa mwa [FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland (1819)] . "alola pulezidenti kuchitapo kanthu kofunikira kukwaniritsa maudindo alamulo. Kuposa zaka mazana aŵiri a kuyesayesa kwalimbitsa ulamuliro umenewu. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti pulezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zachibadwa m'nkhani zachilendo ndi chitetezo cha dziko, monga momwe zimawonedwa mu [[FLT:] United States v. Custiss-kurve Corp. [FL:3] (1193] (196). Komabe khoti lakhazikitsanso malire aakulu kwambiri mu [FL: 4.5]

Kumvetsetsa chipwirikiti cha lamulo chimenechi nkofunika: malamulo a akuluakulu ndi amphamvu koma nthaŵi zonse amagonjera ku malire oikidwa ndi Malamulo, Congress, ndi makhoti. Kaamba ka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa “Chenjerani” tsatira, onani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legin Information Institute ya Chigawo II .

Ntchito ya Maboma

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma a ku United States amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kutsatira Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa ndi Mabungwe

Pambuyo pa kupereka lamulo, pulezidentiyo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa lamulo lapamwamba la mmene mabungwe a boma ayenera kusungitsira lamulolo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ceake Air Act, mapresidenti anakhazikitsa malamulo ogaŵira mathayo ku Environmental Protection Agency ndi kuika masiku oyenera kutsatiridwa. Malamulo ameneŵa samaloŵa mmalo lamulolo koma amapereka chitsogozo chatsatanetsatane chimene chimadzaza ndi mawu oletsa lamulo.

Kuyang’anira Mabungwe Othandiza ndi Ntchito

Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa nthambi ya akuluakulu, amalamula kulinganizanso mabungwe, kukhazikitsa makomiti atsopano okonza, kapena kukhazikitsa miyezo ya chipambano. Oyang'anira Order 12866 (1993), yoperekedwa ndi Prezidenti Clinton, imafuna kuti mabungwe a boma achititse malongosoledwe oyenera a malamulo aakulu. Malamulo ameneŵa amaumba ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya bungwe la osunga malamulo ndipo angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zotsimikizirika pa mmene ndalama za okhometsa msonkho zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kulankhula ndi Zofunika za Dzikolo

Imodzi ya ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri za malamulo a akuluakulu ndi yokhudzana ndi mavuto a dziko. National Emerdiation Act (1976) imalola pulezidenti kulengeza vuto la dziko lonse kudzera mwa lamulo la akuluakulu, kutsegula mphamvu zapadera zimene Congress adazivomereza. Kuyambira 1976, mapresidenti alengeza zinthu zambiri zoopsa pa nkhani zauchigaŵenga kuyambira kuuchigaŵenga mpaka ku thanzi la anthu. Mu 2020, Pulezidenti Trump anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lapamwamba kukhazikitsa ndalama zomangira khoma lamalire pambuyo pa Congress analephera kulinganiza ndi chiwonkhetso chonsecho pambuyo pake.

Kuletsa Mfundo za M’mayiko Akunja ndi Nkhani za Padziko Lonse

Malamulo akuluakulu ndi njira yaikulu imene mapresidenti akuchititsa kukambirana ndi kuyendetsa unansi wa padziko lonse. Iwo angapereke ziletso, kuletsa ulendo, kapena kuziziritsa katundu wa mabungwe akunja. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la Uyang'anira 13694 (2015), losainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Obama, zidzudzulo zovomerezedwa pa anthu oloŵetsedwa m'zochita za njiru za pa Intaneti. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo akunja kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira, mapresidenti akusangalala ndi ufulu waukulu m'dziko lino(H. nthambi Congress Congress ikhozabe kukhazikitsabe lamulo lotsutsana ndi lamulo.

Zolephera ndi Kupenda Malamulo a Olamulira

Madongosolo a macheke ndi malingana a Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti nthambi zina zingatsendereze mphamvu ya pulezidenti. Zotsatirazi n’zofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira a boma kuti azimvetsa.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti a Federal angaike lamulo la akuluakulu ngati liswa malamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma. Zitokoso zalamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimabuka mwamsanga pambuyo popereka lamulo lotsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Trump’s Eduzed Order 13769 (“Travel Bal”) anatsekedwa ndi makhoti ambiri a chigawo pamaso pa Bwalo Lapamwamba pomalizira pake lidali ndi kuchirikiza matembenuzidwe okonzedwanso. Mofananamo, lamulo la pulezidenti Biden pa malamulo a maopiki a mabwanalansi ambiri linatsekedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2022. [[FLT: 0] American Bar Association imapereka kupenda kofikitsa kwabwino kwa malamulo a zaudindo lapamwamba.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe

Nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kukhazikitsa lamulo la akuluakulu mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano limene limaloŵa mmalo mwake. Pamene kuli kwakuti pulezidenti angapereke ndalama zotero, anthu atatu aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri angagwiritsenso ntchito mphamvu yake ya chikwama: ngati lamulo lifuna ndalama zimene opanga malamulo amakana kupereka, lamulolo lingalephere kutsatiridwa. Ndiponso, Congregation Review Act imalola kuti bungwe la akulu la boma lisinthe zochita zina m'nthaŵi yochepa.

Maganizo a Anthu Onse Ndiponso Kuponderezedwa ndi Ndale

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amagonjera ku khoti la anthu. Chitsutso chofala chingawononge likulu la ndale la pulezidenti ndi kusintha zinthu. Mabungwe, kufufuza, ndi makampani a udzu achititsa mapresidenti kuchotsa kapena kusintha malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la pulezidenti Obama la kusamuka kwa makolo (Dered Action for Parents of America, kapena DAP) liyang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu cha ndalendale kwakuti silinayambidwe konse, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala loferatu pa lamulo lake mu 2016.

Mabungwe Oona za Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Olamulira Olamulira

Ngakhale pakati pa nthambi ya akuluakulu, malamulo angakanizidwe ndi antchito a m'dziko amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito pang’onopang’ono kapena kupempha chitsogozo chomveketsa bwino. Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwa akuluakulu a bungwe ndi antchito, ambiri a iwo akutumikira m'mabungwe a boma.

Zitsanzo Za m’Mbiri za Madongosolo Olamulira

Kuti timvetse mmene malangizo a akuluakulu asintha mbiri ya Amereka, ndi bwino kupenda malangizo ena amene anabweretsa zotsatirapo zake zosatha.

Lamulo la Otsogolera 906: Kuloŵerera kwa ku Japan kwa America

Lofalitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt mu February 1942, Group Order 9066 inaloleza asilikali kukhazikitsa “madera opatulidwa ” ndi kutumizanso Ajapani okhala ku West Coast. Anthu oposa 1200,000, aŵiri mwa amene anali nzika za U.S., anatumizidwa ku misasa yotsekera. Lamulolo linatsutsidwa pambuyo pake monga kuswa ufulu wa anthu, ndipo Congress anapatsira Covil Libertes Act ya 1988 kupepesa ndi kubwezera. [FLT: 0] National Archives imasunga chikalata choyambirira ndi kupereka zophunzitsa pa lamulo limeneli .

Lamulo la Olamulira 9981: Kusankha Magulu a Asilikali Onyamula Zida

Pulezidenti Harry Truman anatulutsa Order 9981 mu July 1948, akulengeza “kulingana kwa kuchitiridwa ndi mwaŵi kwa anthu onse okhala m'magulu ankhondo popanda kuyang'anira fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo kapena chiyambi cha dziko. Lamulo limeneli linachotsa usilikali wa U.S. ndi kuika chizindikiro cha nthaŵi yofunika kwambiri m'gulu la ufulu wa anthu. Linayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chowopsa kwa atsogoleri ena ankhondo ndi andale za Kum’mwera, koma kudzipereka kwa Truman ku ntchito yapamwamba ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu (kamene kudikira malamulo) kothandiza. [[FLTY:0] Laibulale ya Truman imapereka ntchito zazikulu za ophunzira pophunzira lamulo limeneli. [FLTG:1]

Lamulo la Olamulira 13769: “Chiletso cha Travel”

Atasaina ndi Pulezidenti Donald Trump mu January 2017, Olamulira Olamulira 13769 analekedwa kwakanthaŵi kuloŵa mu United States kaamba ka maiko kuchokera ku maiko asanu ndi aŵiri omwe ali ndi Asilamu. Lamulolo linayambitsa chitsutso chamwamsanga pabwalo la ndege m’dziko lonselo ndipo linatsutsidwa mofulumira m'khoti. Pambuyo pa kukonzanso kochulukira, Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza kuvomereza kwachitatu mu [FLT: 0] Trump v. Hawaii . (2088), likupeza kuti pulezidenti anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kusamutsidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa Immage and National Ivity Act Act. Mlandulo wa mlanduwu ukube chitsanzo cha mmene malamulo akuchitirana ndi bungwe la judiary.

Lamulo la Olamulira 14008: Kuthetsa Vuto la Nyengo

Pulezidenti Joe Biden, patsiku lake loyamba mu ofesi mu January 2021, adasaina Od Direct of Guide 14008, imene inatsogolera mabungwe kupenda ndi kubwezera malamulo ambiri a boma lakale a malo okhala. Imakhazikitsanso Msonkhano wa Pulezidenti wa Advisors pa Sayensi ndi Techn, inakhazikitsa chonulirapo cha kuyang'anira maiko ndi madzi 30% a U.S. . Polamulirawo adalamulanso kuti chilungamo cha malo okhalako chisamalidwe m'zochitika zonse za boma. Lamulo limeneli limasonyeza mmene preziden wamakono angagwiritsirire mwamsanga malangizo apamwamba kuti asungepo popanda kuyembekezera Msonkhano.

Lamulo Lotsogolera 12866: Kupenda Uyang’aniro

Ngakhale kuti sichachilendo kwambiri, Odftice Order 12866 (Clinton, 1993) yakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kachitidwe ka kukhazikitsa malamulo. Inkafuna kuti mabungwe afufuze mtengo ndi mapindu a malamulo ofunika ndi kuwapereka ku Ofesi ya Information and Regatoriation Affairs (OIRA) kuti apende. Pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira pamenepo wasunga kapena kusintha dongosolo limeneli. Makonzedwe a dongosolo a dongosolo a kapangidwe koyenera amene akhalabe ndi maziko a malamulo a boma lerolino.

Malamulo Olamulira m’Malo Adziko Amakono a Zandale

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kwawonjezereka, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kugaŵikana kwa maboma ndi kuvuta kwa boma. Mapresidenti a mbali zonse ziŵiri zakhala akuchita zinthu popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kuyambika kwa Ntchito Yosatsatira M’tsogolo

Kuchokera ku Franklin D. Roosevelt masiku 100 oyambirira, amene anaona malamulo ambiri a akuluakulu, ku Barack Obama “sitingayembekezere” ndawala ya kusintha anthu oloŵa m’dziko, lamulo la akuluakulu lakhala chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsapo zigaŵenga za malamulo. Otsutsa amanena kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamachepetsa kupatukana kwa maulamuliro; ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti kamasonyeza chenicheni cha lamulo chakuti pulezidenti ayenera kuchita pamene Congress alephera.

Zolembedwa za American Presadency Project zimasonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha maoda a akuluakulu chaka chilichonse chasintha kwambiri, koma kufunika kwa malamulo a munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kwakula. Mapresidenti amakono ali othekera kwambiri kupereka malamulo amene amapanga masinthidwe aakulu a mkhalidwe wadziko(a kusintha kwa mkhalidwe, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kusamuka, ndi zoyenera za anthu kuposa malamulo a boma.

Kutsutsana Kwaposachedwapa ndi Nkhondo za Mabwalo Amilandu

Oyang'anira Trump anayang'ana ziŵerengero zolembedwa za zitokoso za lamulo ku maofisala a akuluakulu. Malinga ndi kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Institute for Constitutional Advocacy ndi Protection pa Georgetown Law, pafupifupi 40% ya zochita za Trump zinatsutsidwa, poyerekezera ndi 10% ya Obama ndi Bush. Oyang'anira Biden adayang'anizananso ndi kuuzidwa malamulo okhudzana ndi katemera, kukhululukira kwa ophunzira, ndi malamulo a malo. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti judiary ikukhala mayeso aumboni audindo audindo audindo.

Kaamba ka ndandanda yochuluka ya maoda a akuluakulu a George Washington kufikira tsopano lino, chezerani [[FLT: 0] American Project deparency Project ya database [[FLT: 1].

Kumaliza: Kumvetsetsa Malamulo a Olamulira Ogwirizana

Malamulo a akuluakulu sagwirizana kapena kuchirikiza ulamuliro wankhanza; iwo ali chiŵiya choletsedwa ndi lamulo chimene mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito chiyambire republic. Mphamvu yawo sichokera ku chigamulo chimodzi koma ku chigamulo chachikulu cha ulamuliro mu Mfundo II ndi kufunika kothandiza kwa uyang'aniro wokhoza. Komabe mphamvu imeneyo imalamulidwa ndi mabwalo ena a boma, Congress, ndipo pomalizira pake ndi anthu.

Kwa aphunzitsi, mfungulo njakuti maofesala a akuluakulu a boma angokhala pa malingana a malamulo, ndale, ndi mbiri. Sangaphunziridwe modzipatula. Maphunziro a boma ayenera kusanthula osati kokha zimene malamulo amanena komanso mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kutopetsa, ndi kusintha. Mwa kusanthula zitsanzo zenizeni . Kuchokera ku kugwirizanitsa kwa Aamereka a ku Japan kufikira ku kuletsa kwamakono.

M’nyengo imene zinthu zandale zasintha kwambiri, kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma akugwirira ntchito n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, kumathandiza nzika kupenda zochita za pulezidenti mochenjera ndi kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la democracy.