Kumvetsa mfundo ya lamulo yoteteza thupi kuti lisalowedwe ndi maulamuliro n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene malamulo a ku United States amatetezera mabungwe a boma. Pali magulu awiri aakulu: chitetezo cha boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe onse aŵiri amatetezedwa ku zigamulo zosiyanasiyana, amachokera ku maziko alamulo osiyanasiyana, amaimira achifumu, ndi kugwira ntchito pansi papadera. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kuli ndi matanthauzo aakulu kwa anthu ofuna kuchititsa anthu a boma kukhala ndi kulinganiza mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. M’nkhani ino, timafufuza chiyambi, mbali, ndi kuswa malamulo a boma ndi ulamuliro, kugaŵira chitsogozo chokwanira kwa akatswiri a za boma, ophunzira, ndi aliyense amene akufuna kuŵerengera mlandu wa boma ku United States.

Kodi Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu N’kutani?

Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wotetezera dziko ndicho chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimaletsa maboma kugawidwa mlandu popanda chilolezo. Chimatsata maziko ake ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene mawu akuti "Mfumu singachite cholakwika" suti zoletsedwa pa Mfumu. Pambuyo pa Chipanduko cha America, United States inatsatira lamulo limeneli, koma ilo linasintha kuti lilinganize dongosolo la boma kumene ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Chiphunzitsochi chimasonyeza lingaliro lakuti boma, monga magwero a lamulo, siliyenera kugonjera ku njira yachiweruzo wamba popanda kugonjera modzipa. Mpake nthaŵi, makhoti ndi malamulo apanga lamulo kuti ateteze ku chisalungamo, koma lamulo lalikululo likukhalabe: chitetezero chachifumu chiri choletsa chopanda lamulo lopanda lamulo loletsa kutsutsa boma.

Ku United States, kuteteza thupi kwa anthu kumakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za boma komanso za boma, koma ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Kuteteza thupi kumateteza boma la United States, mabungwe ake, ndi akuluakulu ake amene amagwira ntchito m’maudindo awo. Kuteteza boma kumateteza maboma a munthu aliyense payekha, mabungwe awo, ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kulimbana pakati pa anthu oteteza majeremusi kumayambitsa mafunso ovuta okhudza nthawi ndi kumene munthu wodwala angatengere boma. Kumvetsa kusiyanako n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti kuli ndi mankhwala .

Kugwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Chithandizo cha boma chazikidwa kwakukulukulu pa Demetrimeth of the Decline of the Exterminiption ya Kumka ku United States, inavomerezedwa mu 1795. Kukonza kunali chivomerezo chachindunji ku khoti Lapamwamba ku Cyhoolm v. Georgia [1793]] [Mkulu wa Akatolika], kumene Khoti linavomereza kuti nzika ya South Carolina ikhoza kusungirira boma la Georgia m’khoti la boma lolamulira. Kupyoletsendedwa ndi lamulo limeneli, kumakakamiza mwamsanga kubwezeretsa kumvetsetsa kwa mwambo kumene sikungatulutsiridwe popanda chivo. Lamulo la Deutho la Demo la United States silidzatengedwa ndi lamulo lililonse kapena kuwonjezera lamulo, kapena kutsutsa chigamulo china cha United States, kapena kutsutsa Chigawo china cha Dziko la United States, kapena kugawa.

Ngakhale kuti mawu a Expondmentth Amendment amangopereka mayeso omveka bwino oyenera ndi nzika za boma, Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kuti ndi lamulo lamphamvu la kudzitetezera kwa boma. Pansi pa kumasulira kumeneku, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri satetezeka ndi suti zoperekedwa ndi nzika zawo m’khoti la boma, ndipo ngakhale ndi suti m’bwalo lamilandu pokhapo ngati boma lavomereza. Chiphunzitsocho chafutukulidwa kutetezera mabungwe a boma ndi maaudindo amene amalingaliridwa kukhala "magulu a boma.

Kulekanitsidwa ku Boma Lolamulira

Ngakhale kuti chitetezo cha boma n’chachikulu, si chachikulu kwambiri.

  • Waiver:[[FLT :1] Boma lingawononge dala chitetezo chake cha kudzilamulira mwa kuvomereza kuyenerera . Ma Waiver angafotokozedwe [1] kupyolera mwa chinenero cha statory kapena malamulo a boma akutanthauza, ngakhale kuti makhoti safuna kupeza otsutsa. Maboma ambiri apanga machitidwe olola maupandu ena kutsutsa boma, kaŵirikaŵiri oyenera kuloŵetsedwa m’malamulo ndi zinsinsi za ziwo.
  • Kudzikweza kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo: [[FLT: 1] Nyumba za Malamulo zingapereke, m’mikhalidwe ina, kutetezera kwa boma kwa kudziimira mwalamulo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amavomereza dala masuti ku maboma. Komabe, mphamvu imeneyi yaikidwa pa Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa Zalamulo kwa 14, kumene Nyumba ya Malamulo imasungitsa ufulu walamulo. Mu SAMINOLE Tribe ya Florida v. Florida [1] (1966), Khoti Yapamwamba inakhulupirira kuti Commongle siingathe kuletsa chigamu choletsa choyendera malamulo pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yake ya I (G. g., Commasitesion Claus).
  • Suits Against State Augnistrations (Kuphatikiza pa chiphunzitso Chaching'ono): Khoti Lalikulu mu Ex parte Young (08]) (08) inakhazikitsa kuti suti yotsutsana ndi nduna ya boma ya kuyembekezera kutsekedwa kwa ufulu wa kuswa lamulo la boma sikumalingaliridwa kukhala koyenera kutsutsa boma lenilenilo. Kusiyanaku kumalola atsata otsutsa machitidwe a boma popanda kuyendetsa malamulo a Opatula khumi ndi Asanu ndi A. Mkulu wa bomayo amaonedwa monga munthu wachinsinsi amene wapitirira ulamuliro wake kapena ulamuliro wake wololedwa.
  • Zikalata za Malamulo Otsimikizirika a Federal Signs: Malamulo ena a boma amavomereza dala masuti molunjika molimbana ndi maboma. Mwachitsanzo, Aamereka Okhala ndi Chilango cha Kupunduka (ADA) ndi Family and Medical Let Act (FMLA) atembenuzidwa ku chitetezero cha boma chosokonezeka m'nkhani zakutiza, ngakhale kuti ukuluwo waikidwa ndi zigamu zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lapamwamba.

Kudzitetezera kwa boma kukupitirizabe kukhala mbali yalamulo yotchuka kwambiri. Kuti muloŵe m'miyambo yaposachedwapa ya Demendment ya khumi ndi mmodzi, onani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute ya Demendment ya 11 .

Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu Yadziko Lonse

Mosiyana ndi boma lotetezedwa ku matenda, limene lili ndi chotetezera cha lamulo pa Demetriment ya khumi ndi chimodzi, lamulo loletsa kulanda ufulu wa munthu ndilo chiphunzitso chofala cha lamulo lozikidwa pa mwambo wa Angelezi. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linazindikira poyamba kuti boma silingasungedwe popanda chilolezo chake, lamulo limene limakhalabe lopanda chitetezero cha bungwelo.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri akuti anthu asiye kukana kutengera malamulo a boma, motero akumalola anthu ena kuweruza boma. Ena mwa anthu oukira boma amaphatikizapo:

  • Act ya Tucker (1887): Lamulo limeneli limaletsa chitetezo cha kudzilamulira kaamba ka zinenezo zotsutsana ndi United States zozikidwa pa Malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro, kapena mapangano a boma. Tchecker Act imapatsa mphamvu ku U.S. Court of Federal Inquences zonena za ndalama zoposa $100,000, ndi makhoti a boma kaamba ka kudzinenera kwa $100,000. Komabe, Chikalata cha Tucker sipanga ufulu waung'ono; chimangopereka mankhwala kumene kulipo kale.
  • Act ya Federal Tort Intellions Act (FTCA) (1946): FTCLA . FTCA imaletsa mphamvu ya kudzilamulira ya kutolera zonena kuti zikuchokera ku ntchito zonyalanyaza kapena zolakwika za antchito a boma amene akuchita ntchito yawo. Imalola antchito aunyinji kusungirira United States kaamba ka kuvulala, kuwonongeka kwa katundu, kapena imfa yolakwika pansi pa mikhalidwe imene munthu waumwini akakhala woyenerera kulamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma. FCA imaphatikizapo kunyalanyaza zinthu zambiri, monga ngati kutuluka kwa nkhondo, kuntchito zina zachindunji, ndi ntchito zanzeru.
  • Malamulo ena: Nyumba za malamulo zawononga chitetezo pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kudzinenera pansi pa Chikalata Chaudongo cha Madzi, Palagito Abwino a Ntchito, ndi Akhama. Kuwonjezerapo, [[FLT :3] Bivens [[FLT :4] chiphunzitso chimalola masuzumitso otsutsana ndi maulamuliro a boma pa malamulo awo, ngakhale kuti Bwalo lango lango lango lichepetsa kufalikira kwake posachedwapa.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kugaŵikana kwa Mfumu Yadziko Lonse

Chithandizo cha boma chotetezera thupi chimagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi kuteteza thupi m’mbali zingapo. Choyamba, gwero la chitetezo si kukonza kochitidwa ndi malamulo koma lamulo lofala lakuti wolamulira sangasunthidwe popanda chilolezo chake. Chachiŵiri, oletsa kutetezera ku matenda a boma nthaŵi zonse amakhala ngati ogwirizana ndi malamulo ndipo ayenera kukhala "osatetezedwa mwadala" m’malemba a lamulo. Makhoti amaletsa kwenikweni otsutsa boma. Olamulira a boma samakhala ndi chitetezo chachibadwa; iwo ali otetezedwa kumlingo wakuti boma ndilo. Ngati bungwe la United States lili ndi lotetezedwa kwa mtundu winawake wa zonenazo, bungwe lingasulidwe mwachindunji pansi pa boma.

Mbali ina yofunika ndi yakuti chitetezo cha boma chingaletsedwe pambali iliyonse ya kukopa. Boma lingapemphenso chitetezo ku malingana ndi malingana ndi malingana ndi magawo atatu. Komabe, pamene boma liyambitsa mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri limawononga chitetezo cha kukakamiza kutuluka kwa malonda kapena zochitika zofanana.

Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Boma ndi Ulamuliro Waukulu wa Federal

Ngakhale kuti boma ndi boma limateteza boma kuti lisalowerere milandu, mfundo zake zalamulo, kukula kwake, ndi kusiyana kwake n’zofunika kwambiri kuti munthu asankhe kuti alembe kuti ndi ndani amene anganene kuti ndi wolakwa.

Magwero a Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Bungwe la Supreme la Supreme la boma loteteza anthu ku ulamuliro linachokera ku bungwe la 11 la Amereka ndi malamulo a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti Lamulo la 11 la Mpando wa Malamulo limapereka lamulo loletsa anthu kulowa m’khoti, ndipo limagwiranso ntchito ku khoti la boma monga nkhani ya ulamuliro wa boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, bungwe loteteza ufulu wa boma, lili chiphunzitso cha lamulo chosachokera mwachindunji m’malamulo. Lilipo chifukwa chakuti boma la U.S. ndilo gulu la anthu onse, ndipo lingatengedwe kapena kuchotsedwa ndi bungwe la boma m’dera lililonse limene lili ndi ulamuliro walamulo.

Mbali ya Chitetezo

Boma lotetezera dziko limatetezera maboma, mabungwe a boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma amene amachita ntchito zawo zalamulo. Siliteteza maakampani, masamu, kapena mabungwe a boma, amene amaonedwa kukhala magaŵano andale mmalo mwa zida za boma. Otetezera ufulu wa boma amateteza boma la United States, mabungwe ake, ndi maofesala a boma amene amagwira ntchito zawo zalamulo. Komabe, akuluakulu a boma angasungidwe m'maudindo awo a kuswa malamulo pansi pa Bivens , ngakhale kuti oyenerera kuteteza ku matenda amawateteza kaŵirikaŵiri ku mlandu.

Kudula Mabala

Magulu a otetezera boma a ulamuliro ayenera kuchokera ku boma lenilenilo, kaya mwa lamulo kapena mwa kuvomereza mikhalidwe ya pulogalamu ya boma. Nyumba ya akulu ingatetezere boma pokhapokha pamene ikugwira ntchito pansi pa Gawo 5 la 14th Amendment. Chitetezero cha boma chikhoza kutsutsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kudzera mwa chinenero chomveka bwino kwambiri cholembedwa pansi pa mphamvu zake. Oteteza boma amavomerezedwa kotheratu ndi boma, kutanthauza kuti alephera kupeza bomalo.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Chosiyana chodziŵika kwambiri ndi chisungiko cha kudziimira ndi chisungiko ndicho chiphunzitso cha Ex Young , chimene chimalola masuti a kuyembekezera kuperekedwa kwa thandizo loperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a boma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi sichimalola kuwonongeka kwa ndalama kuchokera ku chosungira chuma cha boma. Pansi pa FTCA ndi Tucker Act, otetezera olamulira a boma amalola kaamba ka zowonongeka za ndalama, koma iwo ali olephera kukwaniritsa ntchito yosankha ndi zofunika kuletsa machiritso a boma. Malamulo a boma, [[FLT:] Machitidwe opereka mankhwala otetezera anthu pa maadindo ena, koma Khotilo lakhala likuzemba la kufutukuka [FLT:] [FFFFF]

Zimene Zingakuthandizeni

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la litigator, kusiyanako kuli ndi nkhani zambiri. Mtsogoleri wofuna kutsutsa lamulo la boma kapena lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri adzasumira nduna ya boma pansi pa Ex paredice Young m'bwalo la boma kuti apeze lamulo, mmalo mosumira boma mwachindunji. Chilango, wopatulayo ayenera kupeza chiwongola dzanja, monga boma lofuna kuchitapo kanthu. Motsutsana ndi boma, woyang’anira FTCA chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kapena pansi pa Tkick Act ya pangano kapena lamulo. Komabe, boma lingakweze chitetezero cha kudzitetezera, ndi chiwongola cha chiwongola cha chiwongola kutsimikizira kuti iwo agwe m’kano cha chiwongo.

Kusanthula koyerekezera kwa chitetezo m'dongosolo la malamulo la America, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya ku chigawo cha boma yonena za kutetezera thupi kwa munthu kwaudindo imapereka chitsogozo chodalirika kwa oletsa a boma.

Kumaliza

Chitetezo cha boma ndi chiphunzitso chodzilamulira ndi chodzilamulira ndi ziphunzitso zosiyana zimene zimatumikira zifuno zofanana: kutetezera mabungwe a boma ku kusagwirizana. Chitetezero cha boma chazikidwa pa Kusintha kwa Zaka Khumi ndi Zisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chigawo ndi lingaliro la ulamuliro wachiŵiri, pamene kuli kwakuti kutetezera kwa boma kuli lamulo lofala lakuti Congress ingaletse. Ziphunzitso ziŵirizo zakhala zopangika kwambiri, monga ngati [[FL:0] Ex parego Young chiphunzitso cha maboma ndi FCA ya boma lolamulira. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense woyendetsa zinthu ndi otsatapo ndi otsagana ndi boma. [Fom'.] Kupezeka kwa chithandizo cha boma kukhoza kupindula ndi chigamu chachikulu. Kutsatira chigamulo cha boma chiwonjezeko kukhoza kuyeretsa malire kapena boma. Monga momwe Khoti la Suppo likupilira kuyeretsa malire a anthu onse, ndi kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwake kwa oyenera kuŵerengera kuŵerengera kwa lamulo la boma.