Kupyola Nkhondo: Mbali Yokulira ya Msilikali wa Dziko m’Sayansi ndi Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Pamene anthu ambiri a ku America alingalira za National Guard, zithunzi za chithandizo, malo osungirako a kutsidya la nyanja, kapena ntchito zapanyumba kaŵirikaŵiri zimakumbukiridwa. Komabe pansi pa ntchito yodziŵika imeneyi pali ntchito yosabisa, yofunikanso kwambiri: kuchirikiza kwa alonda kaamba ka kufufuza kwa sayansi ndi malo okhala. Kuchokera ku kutumiza majeremusi a poizoni pambuyo pa ngozi za maindasitale kuti akonzere magalimoto panthaŵi ya chigumula, National Guard tsopano ikugwira ntchito monga mlatho wovuta pakati pa kukonzekera kwa asilikali ndi uyang'anira malo okhalako. Ntchito imeneyi yapadera, yopangidwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri, ikukhala ndi oyang'anira a makampani a boma, mayunivesite, ndi anthu a m'malo akwawo amene amagwira ntchito yozindikira ndi kutetezera dziko lathu lachilengedwe.

Phindu la woyang'anira lichokera ku kakonzedwe kake kapadera ka gulu. Pokhala ndi magulu oikidwa m'maboma onse 50, magawo atatu, ndi Chigawo cha Columbia, Alonda amapereka mphamvu yogaŵidwa mofulumira yomwe ingafike kumadera akutali kapena kuwonongeka pamene magulu a asilikali sangathe. Mapazi ameneŵa, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zapadera ndi ukatswiri wa zaluso, amalola alonda kuchirikiza kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zimene zikanalephera kapena kuletsedwa ndi mabungwe wamba okha.

Mabuku a Sayansi a Mlonda wa Dzikolo

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene bungwe la Guard linachita pofufuza sayansi ndicho kupanga kwake malaboletale otha kunyamula zinthu, zipangizo zapadera zodziŵira malo okhala, ndi antchito odzipereka ophunzitsidwa kujambula ndi kupenda malo. Zinthu zimenezi, zimene zinapezedwa poyambirira kuti zitetezedwe ndi mankhwala, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi nyukiliya (CBRN) zakonzedwanso kapena za nthaŵi ziŵiri zochirikiza ntchito yoyang’anira malo okhala m’dziko lonselo.

Malo Oyendera Oyenda ndi Azamalonda

Mabungwe ambiri a National Guard amasunga masiteshoni a malaboratori amene angayendetsedwe, kuulutsidwa, kapena kutumizidwa ku malo alionse. Mabungwe odzisungira okha ameneŵa ali ndi machromatography a gasi, ma spectrometers, makemikolo, ndi njira zodziŵira zamoyo zokhoza kutulukira zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya, madzi, ndi masamu a nthaka. Mkati mwa 2010 Deeater Dierhoograph, mwachitsanzo, Louisiana National Guard Laboration transting stem zinachirikiza zoyesayesa za kujambula zachilengedwe ku Gulf Coast, kutumiza chidziŵitso chenicheni cha zinthu zasayansi ndi magalamu a dziko.

Zombo za alonda oyenda ndi galimoto za m’malaboratori zimaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri magalimoto oyenda pansi ndi madongosolo opangidwa kuti agwirizanitse mwamsanga ntchito za m'mabwalo. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa amalimba chifukwa cha malo ovuta osungirako zinthu, kuwalola kugwira ntchito mu kutentha koopsa, kuzizira, kapena mikhalidwe yoopsa kumene maolalasi a anthu wamba sangakhazikitse. Kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwawonjezera mphamvu za matelementi, kutheketsa asayansi pa mayunivesite kapena mabungwe a boma kupeza chidziŵitso ndi kugula mavidiyo kuchokera ku malo otetezera akutali kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera pa malaboratori oyenda, magulu a oyang'anira ndege ali ndi njira zopimira ndege zopanda anthu (madolone) zokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri ndi zotentha. Makina a m’mlengalenga ameneŵa amathandiza kupima kwa zomera, kufufuza kwa nyama zakuthengo, ndi kuipitsa kumene kuli kovuta kapena koopsa kulowa pansi. Malo a Nationalal Guard Bureaual [1] athandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ma dron kuyang'anira malo okhala, kuzindikira kuti njira ziŵiri zimenezi n’zothandiza kwambiri pa maphunziro ankhondo ndi kupindulitsa anthu.

Zinthu Zapadera Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni ndi Malo Oimbira

Kuposa malabolalalasi oyenda, Alonda amagwiritsira ntchito makina oyendera malo okhala okhoza kuyang'anira nthaŵi zonse malo aakulu a dziko. Zipangizo zoyendera mpweya zochokera pansi panthaka zimayendera kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, ndi sulfur dioxide. Masiteshoni a madzi, ogwirizana ndi bungwe la U.S. Geological Survey Survey (USGS) ndi mabungwe a boma, pireji, kusungunuka kwa mpweya, kusungunuka kwa mpweya, ndi kupezeka kwa zitsulo kapena kulira kwa malimidwe.

Makina otere akatulukira zinthu zachilendo, amatha kutumizidwa kuti akaone ngati pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti zinthuzo ndi zoona.

Anthu Okhala Pamalo: Ntchito Yothandiza Antchito ndi Maphunziro

National Guard ikanakhala yosatheka popanda amuna ndi akazi amene amatumikira m'magulu awo. Mosiyana ndi magulu ankhondo ankhondo okangalika, Alonda amapangidwa ndi asilikali ndi oyendetsa ndege anthaŵi imodzi amene amapititsa kwa anthu umisiri wa sayansi, uinjiniya, thanzi la anthu, ndi kuyang'anira malo okhala ku mbali zawo zankhondo. Kulimba kwa magulu aŵiri ochirikiza ankhondo ndi imodzi ya mphamvu zazikulu koposa za alonda m'maudindo a sayansi.

Asayansi Afanana

Mamembala ambiri a asilikali a sayansi ya zamoyo, sayansi ya malo okhala, sayansi ya zachikhalidwe, kapena thanzi la anthu. M'ntchito zawo zausilikali, iwo amagwira ntchito m’mayunivesite, m'mabungwe a boma, m'malo ofufuza anthu, kapena m’makampani ofufuza malo.

Alondawo amasungitsanso magulu opatulidwa ndi ntchito za sayansi ndi zaluso. Gulu la asilikali la United States loteteza zachilengedwe la zida za Misa Destruction-Civil Servil Communs (WMD-CSTs), ndi magulu a National National anthaŵi zonse ophunzitsidwa kutulukira ndi kupenda mankhwala, zamoyo, ndi ngozi za wailesi. Magulu ameneŵa asonkhezeredwa kuchirikiza kupenda malo okhala pambuyo pa ngozi za maindasitale, kutayika kwa makemikolo, ndi masoka achilengedwe. Maluso awo a kupenda ndi kujambula malo akuthambo atembenuza mwachindunji kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zausilika.

Maphunziro a Pamtanda ndi Mautumiki Aakulu

Antchito a sayansi a woyang’anira ndende nthaŵi zonse amaphunzira limodzi ndi anzawo kuchokera ku U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , USGS , National Oceanic ndi Atmospheric Administration (NOA), ndi madipatimenti a boma. Kuphunzitsa kogwirizana kumeneku kumaphatikiza malamulo a dongosolo la zinthu, miyezo ya kuyang'anira ntchito za makompyuta, ndi malamulo aumoyo ndi chitetezo za ntchito za m'malo oipitsidwa.

M'mayiko ambiri, alonda amachita nawo masewera oteteza malo okhala omwe amatsanzira kuwonongeka kwa dziko. Kupanikizika kumeneku kumayesa kukhoza kwa wolondera malaboratori, kukhazikitsa kugwirizana ndi asayansi a boma, kusonkhanitsa ndi kupenda zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu ya nthaŵi, ndi kutumiza zimene apeza kwa opanga zigamulo. Maphunziro a maphunziro kuchokera ku zochitika zimenezi amaphatikizidwa m'njira ndi zipangizo zopezeka.

Kufufuza Zochitika za M’dziko Lonse

Bungwe loona za malo okhala la National Guard limachita ntchito yoyang’anira mpweya, madzi, nthaka, nyama za kuthengo, ndiponso zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kuyang’anira Mpweya Wabwino M’kati mwa Moto Wam’tchire ndi Maindasitale

Nyengo yamoto wa m'nkhalango, yomwe tsopano ikukhala yaitali ndi kutentha kwambiri kumadzulo kwa United States, yakhala dalaivala wamkulu wa malo okhala. Pamene midzi yamoto ikhala ndi utsi, malo osungiramo zinthu zoyendera alonda opatulidwa kuyang'anira zinthu (PM2.5), carbon monoxide, zinthu zowononga thupi, ndi zinthu zina zapampweya zowononga mpweya. Nkhani za nthaŵi yeniyeni zimenezi zimadyetsa anthu kukhala malo aumoyo, zosankha za sukulu, ndi malangizo kwa anthu okalamba kapena amene ali ndi matenda a m’mapapo.

Pamwamba pa moto wamoto, magulu oyang'anira ndege achitapo kanthu ku moto wa maindasitale, zotulutsidwa za mankhwala, ndi ngozi za kuyeretsa. Mu 2019, pambuyo pa moto wa makemikolo ku Texas, Texas National Guard anakhazikitsa magulu olondera ndege kuzungulira chochitikacho kuti alondole kuyenda kwa mapwirizi a poizoni ndi kutsimikizira chitetezo cha nzika zapafupi. Zolemba zawo, zigawana ndi akuluakulu a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo ndi EPA, zinathandiza kutsogolera ndi kutsogolera anthu opanga zosankha zaumoyo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendera, magulu a asilikali atha kuona mwamsanga mmene mpweya umayendera m’nyumba, makamaka m’nyumba za anthu monga sukulu, nyumba za anthu osoŵa ndiponso malo ogona otha kudutsa.

Kutentha kwa Madzi Kukachitika Chigumula ndi Mphepo

Madzi osefukira akhoza kubweretsa zinthu monga zimbudzi, madzi osefukira, zinthu zowononga, zipangizo zaulimi, zitsulo, ndi zinthu zoipitsa za m’maindasitale, madzi omwa, ndi zachilengedwe.

Alonda a magulu oyang'anira madzi akuya akusonkhanitsa masamu kuchokera ku madzi, zitsime zaumwini, ndi madongosolo a madzi a m'boma kuti ayese mabakiteriya, E. coli ), zoipitsa za makemikolo, ndi zidutswa zakuthupi zonga ngati kutentha ndi pH. Pambuyo pa mphepo ya Katrina, Louisiana Provice logatests inapanga mitundu ya madzi ambirimbiri kuti itsogolere pa zosankha za kutetezeka kwa madzi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Zotsatira zofananazo zinatsatira mphepo za Privence, Florence, ndi Michael, ndi mayunives a asilikali ochokera ku maiko ambiri ogwedetsedwa kuti athandize anthu okhudzidwa.

Alondawo athandiziranso kufufuza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa madzi m'madera osefukira. Maphunziro owonjezera ndi USGS agwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha asilikali pojambula kayendedwe ka madzi m’mitsinje ndi kudziŵikitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi m’nyengo za chigumula. Kufufuzaku kudziŵitsa za kusefukira kwa madzi, machitidwe abwino koposa a ulimi, ndi makonzedwe a zomangamanga.

Kuyesa Kuwononga Pansi ndi Kuchotsa

Malo amene anamangidwa ndi boma loona za nthaka ndiponso malo owonongeka, amachititsa kuti malo okhala aziwonongeka kwambiri, makamaka m’madera amene ntchito za maindasitale kapena m’zankhondo zakhala zikuchitika.

Magulu a asilikali athandiza bungwe la EPA ndi boma pogwiritsa ntchito dothi lokhala pamalo okongola, madera obiriŵira, ndi malo akale ankhondo. Magalimoto awo alola kuti ayendere pa maadiresi othamanga kwambiri, kuchepetsa nthaŵi yozindikiridwa ndi kuyeretsa malo. Kuwonjezera apo, apolisi amathandiza kuti malo owononga zinthu azioneka m’mitsinje, nyanja, ndi m’madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja, kuti athandize kuyendera malo monga PCB, mercury, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’madzi.

M’mayiko ena, apolisi athandizana ndi ntchito yowonjezera ulimi kuti ayang’anire mmene nthaka ingakhalire pa nthaka, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa chakudya, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zomera, ndi kulumikizana kwa zinthu.

Kugwirizana ndi Mabungwe Ofufuza ndi Mautumiki Othandiza

Apolisiwa amagwirizana ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a sayansi ya dzikolo komanso mabungwe a sayansi.

Ubwenzi wa pa University

Boma la National Guards lakhazikitsa mapangano alamulo ndi mayunivesite m’maiko awo kuchirikiza ntchito zofufuza pamodzi, kuphunzitsa mwaŵi wa ophunzira, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Magwirizano ameneŵa alola asayansi a payunivesite kupeza maluso a kugawa, pamene kuli kwakuti antchito a alonda amapindula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono za sayansi ndi njira zofufuzira.

Mwachitsanzo, pa University of Alaska Fairbanks, ofufuza agwirizana ndi bungwe la Alaska National Guard pa ntchito zoyang’anira malo okhala ku Arctic ndi kumunsi kwa Arctic. Ndege zagada zimapereka njira zoyendera ku malo akutali a m'dera, ndipo oyang’anira athandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira kudziko lovuta. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwathandiza kufufuza za kusungunuka kwa nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kusamuka kwa nyama zakuthengo, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo m'madera a Alaska.

Mayunivesite ena apanga maprogramu ophunzitsa pamodzi amene amatsimikizira ziŵalo za Alonda m’njira zopereka chitsanzo cha malo okhala, kuyang’anira chidziŵitso, ndi kutsimikizira.

Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu Zogwirizana

Chikalata chosonkhanitsidwa ndi alonda panthaŵi ya ntchito za malo okhala chimagawiridwa mokhazikika ndi mabungwe a boma onga EPA, USGS, NOA, ndi Zambia SERS . Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti alonda asonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chowonjezera chidziŵitso cha sayansi ndi kudziŵitsa za malo okhala. Oyang'anira atenganso mbali m'mapulatifomu a boma odziŵitsa chidziŵitso, kuphatikizapo Environmental Respic Management Management Application Appive (ERMA) ndi National Water Information System (NWIS).

Pa zochitika zazikulu, ntchito ya woyang’anira kampani imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Pamene njira zolankhulirana ziwonongeka ndi masoka, njira zolankhulirana za alonda zimatsimikizira kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zikupitirizabe kuyenda kuchokera ku magulu a anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana kupita ku malo amodzi ndi asayansi a boma. Kupirira kumeneku kwakhala kofunika kwambiri pa nthaŵi ya mphepo, zivomezi, ndi zochitika zina zimene zimasokoneza zinthu za m'dziko.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kuphunzira ndi Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu

Gulu la asilikali limalimbikitsa anthu kuti aziphunzira ndi kukonza zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino luso lawo lophunzitsa anthu komanso lothandiza anthu ena.

PHUNZITSANI Maphunziro ndi Programu za Achichepere

Alonda amapita kusukulu nthaŵi zonse kukapereka ntchito zoyang’anira malo okhala, sayansi yoteteza zachilengedwe, ndiponso kufunika kwa kuteteza zachilengedwe. Kawirikawiri zithunzi zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuonetsa zipangizo zotsatsira makompyuta, zipangizo zoyendera, ndi mapulogalamu ofufuza zinthu. Kuloŵerera kwa pulogalamu ya maphunziro a STEM kuli ndi mphamvu yaikulu makamaka kumidzi ndi m’madera amene ophunzira sangakhale ndi ntchito zambiri za sayansi.

National Guard imachirikizanso maprogramu a kukulitsa achichepere onga ngati Youth Challenge Academy, imene imaphatikiza makompyuta a sayansi a malo okhala m’masukulu ake. Ophunzira amaphunzira za kupima madzi, kuyang’anira mpweya, ndi thanzi la zamoyo, kupeza maluso othandiza pamene akukulitsa thayo la malo okhala. Maprogramu ena a Youth Challengenge amaphatikizapo maulendo akuyang’anira malo okhala ndi malo okhala, kupatsa ophunzira chidziŵitso chachindunji cha ntchito ya sayansi.

Sayansi ya M’chitaganya ndi Nzika Zomwe Zimayamba Kufufuza

M'mayiko angapo, a Guard agwirizana ndi mabungwe a sayansi ya chitaganya kuwonjezera kuyang'anira malo okhala. Oyang’anira ntchito yothandiza anthu odzipereka pa ntchito yopima zinthu, kenaka kuphatikiza chidziŵitso cha nzika m'mabungwe oyendera . Kusintha kumeneku kukuchititsa kuti dziko liziyendera limodzi ndi mgwirizano wa anthu a m'deralo komanso kuti apereke ulamuliro wofunika kwambiri mwa kuyang’anira akatswiri.

Mayanjano ameneŵa athandiza kwambiri kulondola mitundu ya zamoyo zoloŵa m’malo, kuyang’anira madzi abwino m’malo osungirako nyama, ndi kukonza kusintha kwa nyama za kuthengo. Kuloŵerera kwa asilikali kumachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mbiri yabwino ndipo kutsimikizira kuti zoyesayesa za anthu zimagwirizana ndi miyezo yaukatswiri yofufuzira ndi kutsatira malamulo a boma.

Ntchito Zogwirizana ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo

Kusintha kwa nyengo, zinthu zimene zimayamba kuoneka bwino, ndiponso kufunika kwa nzeru zenizeni za chilengedwe, zikuthandiza kuti sayansi ya zauchigawenga ndiponso luso la zoteteza zachilengedwe liyambe kusintha.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezeka ndi kuopsa kwa malo ambiri owononga zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo malo otentha, madzi osefukira, mafunde, ndi mikuntho ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Olondera akutsatira njira zoyendera kuzungulira komwe kumayambitsa nyengo, monga kukwera kwa nyanja, kusungunuka kwa madzi, kutentha kwa chilala, ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala. Kufufuza kumeneku kumathandiza boma ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pamene kukuphunzitsanso asilikali kuti ayende bwino m'kusintha kwa malo.

Oyang’anira ndege angapo akugwira nawo ntchito yofufuza kuti aone ngati kuwonongeka kwa malo otetezera asilikali ku nyengo, kuphatikizapo kusefukira kwa madzi, kutentha koopsa, ndi moto wa magetsi. Maluso oyang’anira malo okhala opangidwa kuti aone ngati zimenezi zili zofunikira kuti boma litetezedwe ndiponso kuti lizikonza bwino.

Zinthu Zopaka Mitsempha Zomera: PFAS ndi Microplastics

Alondawo akuuzidwa kuti achirikize kufufuza kwa zinthu zotulutsa tizilombo, makamaka zinthu zotchedwa polyfluoralkyl (PFAS) ndi microplastics . Zoipitsa zimenezi zimabweretsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri a m'mitsempha ndipo zimafunikira njira zapadera zopimira ndi zofufuzira. Malabola oyendera galimoto akukonzedwa bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodziŵira PFAS pa kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndipo oyang'anira akuphunzitsidwa pa malamulo oyenerera ochepetsa mtanda.

Anzake ofufuza ndi USGS ndi EPA akufufuza kugaŵidwa ndi kuikidwiratu kwa PFAS m'madzi a pansi panthaka, madzi, ndi nthaka kumadera osiyanasiyana. Olondera kuchokera ku malo ophunzitsa asilikali, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madera a maindasitale akuthandizira kujambula kwa dziko la PFAS kuipitsa ndi kudziŵitsa njira zothetsera. Zoyesayesa zofananazo zikutsata kuipitsa kwa tizilombo m'madzi oyera, ndi magulu a a a a alonda ochirikiza kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zinthu.

Kusintha kwa Nzeru Zopanga ndi Zopanga Zinthu Zanthaŵi Yenieni

Alondawo akufufuza za kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopeka ndi makina kuphunzira kuwonjezera liŵiro ndi kulondola kwa masamu a malo okhala. Makompyuta a Al angapange chidziŵitso cha masamu akutali, kudziŵa malo, ndi njira zofufuzira zinthu zapadera za anthu, kuchepetsa nthaŵi pakati pa kutulukira ndi kuloŵerera. Makampani ayendetsa ndege akuyesa kulinganiza kwa maselo a mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodziŵira zinthu zoyendera za alonda, ndipo zotsatira zake n’zothandiza kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino kwambiri pa nthawi yamoto wamoto.

Mapulatifomu enieni oteteza thupi akupangidwanso kuti alumikize chidziŵitso cha alonda ndi dongosolo la zaumoyo wa anthu ndi malo okhala. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa cholinga chake n’kugawira opanga zinthu zogwira ntchito ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa mphindi zochepa chabe, kuwongolera kwakukulu pa malo osungiramo zinthu amwambo asintha nthaŵi. Kugawidwa kwa polisi, zipangizo zamagetsi zamakono zapamzera wamakono kumapangitsa kuti izikhale njira yabwino yoyesera luso lamakono loyendera nyengo.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya bungwe la National Guard yofufuza zinthu za sayansi ndi yoyang’anira chilengedwe yakula kuchoka pa ntchito yachiŵiri kukhala yogwira ntchito, yosonkhezeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nzeru zachilengedwe za dziko.

Kaya ofufuza a kuyunivesite akuthandiza akatswiri ofufuza za zachilengedwe za ku Arctic, kukhudzidwa ndi kutayika kwa makemikolo pamodzi ndi asayansi a ku EPA, kapena kuyang’anira mpweya pa nthawi ya moto wakupha, asilikali amalimbikitsa anthu, amapanga luso la zopangapanga, ndiponso amaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyendere bwino.

Kwa ofufuza, opanga malamulo, ndi anthu ofuna kugwirizana ndi asayansi ya chilengedwe, National Guard ali wokonzeka osati monga wotetezera dzikolo, koma monga mdindo wa choloŵa chake chachilengedwe.