Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri pa Malamulo a Utsogoleri

Bukhu la malamulo ndilo malamulo apamwamba amene amalongosola mmene boma, gulu, kapena gulu lina limalamulidwira. Limatumikira monga maziko a madongosolo andale zadziko, kukhazikitsa kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu, ufulu wa anthu, ndi malire a ulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri amalingalira za malamulo alamulo amodzi olembedwa (monga ngati United States Constitution of the United States of 1787 , , maiko ena, onga ngati United Kingdom ndi New Zealand, akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osalembedwa, misonkhano, ndi zitsanzo zachiweruzo. Mosasamala kanthu za mpangidwe, malamulo alamulo ndiwo lamulo lapamwamba koposa la dzikolo; malamulo onse ndi ntchito a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo ake.

Malamulo sasintha. Amasintha mwa kusintha, kumasulira, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko. Kufunika kwake sikungatchulidwe: iwo amapereka malamulo a mamembala a chitaganya cha democracy, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo ndi kuti ufulu waukulu wa nzika umatetezeredwa. Kumvetsetsa malamulo nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kulamulira, lamulo, kapena lamulo la anthu.

Cholinga cha Lamulo

Pamaziko ake, malamulo amatumikira zifuno zingapo zogwirizana zimene zonse pamodzi zimapanga dongosolo lokhazikika, lolungama, ndi loŵerengera mlandu la kulamulira. Pansipa pali zolinga zazikulu zimene malamulo onse a boma amafuna kuzikwaniritsa.

Kukhazikitsa Mabungwe a Boma

Bukhu la malamulo lirilonse limakhazikitsa kumangidwa kwa boma. Ilo limatchula chiŵerengero cha nthambi [1] akuluakulu a boma, alamulo, ndi achiweruzo . Ndilo limalongosola mphamvu zawo ndi mathayo. Mwachitsanzo, Constitution ya United States imagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma (maboma), pamene ikulekanitsanso nthambi zitatu za boma kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kukhala cholamulira kwambiri. Kulimba kumeneku kumaletsa kusokonezeka ponena za amene ali ndi ulamuliro ndi mmene zosankha zimachitidwira.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Malamulo amateteza boma mozembera. Malamulo ambiri amakono amaphatikizapo lamulo la ufulu kapena chikalata cha ufulu wofunika kwambiri chimene chimapatsa nzika chitetezo cha kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusonkhana, njira zoyenerera, ndi kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Bukhu la Indiya, lili ndi mpambo wambiri wa ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene a jadia . Popanda malamulo otetezera, magulu a anthu ochepa ndi osavuta kugwidwa angachepetsedwe mosavuta ndi anthu ambiri.

Kupereka Zotsimikizirika ndi Zolosera

Mwa kukhazikitsa njira zomveka zopangira malamulo, masankho, ndi kutsatizana, malamulo amapanga mkhalidwe wotsimikizirika wa ndale zadziko. Nzika ndi mabizinesi angalinganize mtsogolo chifukwa chakuti amamvetsetsa malamulo amene amasintha malamulo. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumachepetsanso malamulo odziimira okha ndi kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa mavuto a ndale zadziko. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo njira zothetsera kusintha popanda kusokoneza dongosolo lonse.

Kuthandiza Kuti Zinthu Zisinthe Mwamtendere

Malamulo a boma amathandiza kukonzanso zinthu. Kusintha zinthu ngakhale kuti nthawi zina n’kovuta, kumathandiza kuti anthu agwirizane ndi zinthu zatsopano monga kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusinthasintha kwa anthu, kapena kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a ku United States asinthidwa ka 27 kuyambira mu 1789, kukambirana nkhani zokhudza ukapolo mpaka ufulu wosankha. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza kuti malamulo a m’dzikolo azikhala othandiza popanda kuyambitsa kusinthasintha kwa zinthu.

Mitundu ya Malamulo

Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza kuyerekezera mmene mayiko osiyanasiyana amachitira zinthu.

Zolembedwa ndi Malamulo Osalembedwa

Malamulo olembedwa amaikidwa m'chikalata chimodzi chovomerezeka. Mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo United States, Germany, ndi South Africa, amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo olembedwa chifukwa akupereka mfundo zomveka ndipo n’zosavuta kutchula. Mosiyana ndi, malamulo olembedwa (omwe analembedwa molongosoka kwambiri monga osagwirizana) amadalira pa kuphatikiza malamulo, misonkhano, ndi malamulo a zachilungamo. Malamulo a United Kingdom’s malamulo amaphatikizapo Magna Carta, Bill of Rights (169), Human Rights Act 1998, ndi misonkhano yambiri ya malamulo alamulo (a'malamulo) yosinthasintha koma nthaŵi zina yosasinthasintha.

Malamulo Osinthasintha

Malamulo a malamulo a U.S. amafunikira magawo aŵiri chitatu a nyumba zonse za Congress ndi malamulo atatu a boma. Malamulo osintha angasinthidwe ndi akuluakulu a boma monga ku United Kingdom, kumene kachitidwe kakang’ono ka malamulo kangasinthe malamulo. Malamulo a boma ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo atatu a boma.

Malamulo a Unitary Constitution

Malamulo a boma amagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi magulu achigawo (boma, zigawo, kapena zigawo). Canada, Australia, ndi India amagwira ntchito pansi pa madongosolo a boma kumene chigawo chirichonse chili ndi mphamvu zotsimikiziridwa mwalamulo. Malamulo a Unitracy amasumika ulamuliro pa mlingo wa dzikolo, ngakhale kuti angapereke maulamuliro ena ku maboma a kumaloko. France ndi Japan ali zitsanzo za maboma a umodzi okhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu.

Malamulo a Republican Constitution

Malamulo a boma amasunga mutu wa boma, kaŵirikaŵiri wokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena zamwambo. Spanya, Japan, ndi United Kingdom ali ndi malamulo alamulo. Malamulo a Republican ali ndi mutu wosankhidwa kapena woikidwa wa boma, monga pulezidenti kapena munthu wamwambo m’madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo. Kusiyanako kumayambukira kapangidwe ka mphamvu ya kulamulira ndi njira yotsatizana.

Mbali Zazikulu za Lamulo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, mbali zingapo n’zofala m’madongosolo a democracy.

Kusintha Koikidwiratu kwa Malamulo

Malamulo a boma akusonyeza kuti malamulo apamwamba kwambiri. Lamulo lililonse kapena kachitidwe ka boma kamene kamatsutsana ndi malamulowo kali chabe. Makhoti amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa ulamuliro mwa kupendanso milandu. Ku India, Khoti Lalikulu lingamenye malamulo amene amaswa malamulo oyambirira a malamulo, ngakhale ngati aperekedwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Chiphunzitso cha kugaŵana maulamuliro chimagawanitsa boma m’nthambi zitatu: malamulo alamulo (akupanga malamulo), akuluakulu (kutsatira malamulo), ndi achiweruzo (kumasulira malamulo). Ichi chimaletsa nthambi iriyonse kulamulira. Lamulo la U.S. liri lokhwima kwenikweni, pamene madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo onga United Kingdom amatsekereza malire pakati pa nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la malamulo, popeza kuti nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la boma amatengedwa ku Palamenti.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zida zochepetsera zochita za ina. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti wa United States angaike lamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapose lamulo ndi anthu atatu aŵiri, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lingalengeze malamulo popanda lamulo. Mayeso ndi zipilala zimatsimikizira kuti mphamvu sizikuperekedwa ndi kuti nthambi iliyonse ingaletse kuloŵerera. Khoti la Federal Constitution ingapendenso malamulo a malamulo ogwirizana ndi Lamulo la Chinsinsi.

Mlandu wa Ufulu

Malamulo ambiri ali ndi mpambo wa zoyenera zazikulu. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (mbali ya Lamulo la Constitution Act, 1982) imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa moyo, ufulu, ndi chisungiko cha munthu, limodzinso ndi kulingana ndi ufulu wa kulankhula. Malamulo a South Africa pambuyo pa kugaŵa ufulu amadziŵika chifukwa cha kupitirizabe kwa Bill of Rights, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa zachuma ndi wa mayanjano onga kupeza nyumba, zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro.

Ntchito ya Malamulo pa Kulamulira

Malamulo sali chabe zolembedwa zongopeka; amaumba mokangalika mmene dziko limayenderera tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kulamulira Moyenera

Maboma amapeza kuyenerera kwawo kuchokera ku malamulo. Chisankho, kuikidwa, ndi zosankha za lamulo ziyenera kutsatira malamulo a lamulo kuti avomerezedwe monga ololedwa. Izi nzofunika kwambiri makamaka m'mademokrase osinthasintha kumene malamulo a boma amathandiza kukhazikitsa chidaliro m’mabungwe atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a ku South Africa a 1996 anathandiza kuvomereza boma lapambuyo pa kugaŵa ufulu wa anthu mwa kukhazikitsa zoyenera za anthu ndi kutsimikizira m’zochitika za ndale zadziko zophatikizapo.

Kupangidwa kwa Lamulo Lotsogolera

Lamulo la malamulo limakhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma sangakhale ndi malamulo ophwanya malamulo. Malamulo amenewa amatsimikizira kuti zosankha za malamulo zimalemekeza ufulu wofunika ndi kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro. Ku United States, Commerce Claus yagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la Tendith Amendment limapereka malamulo ku mayiko. Malamulo otere amaumba makambitsirano okhudza zaumoyo, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi ubwino wa anthu.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Malamulo amachititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Amafuna kuonekeratu, kuyenera, ndi masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Kuvomereza kulola kuchotsedwa kwa atsogoleri oipa kapena ankhanza. Kupenda mlandu kumapatsa makhoti mphamvu ya kugonjetsa machitidwe osagwirizana ndi malamulo, kupereka kupenda kowonjezereka. Makonzedwe owonekera bwino m'malamulo ambiri amalamulanso anthu kupeza chidziŵitso cha boma, kupatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuyang’anira atsogoleri awo.

Kuchirikiza Mbali ya Ndale Zadziko

Bukhu la malamulo limalongosola bwino lomwe amene angavote, mmene oimira amasankhidwira, ndi ufulu umene nzika ziyenera kupempha boma. Ilo lingaperekenso ufulu wa ofalitsa nkhani ndi gulu, kutheketsa nkhani ya ndale zadziko. Kukhazikitsa zoyenera zimenezi kumalimbikitsa pangano la boma ndi kulola chitsutso chamtendere ndi kutsutsa kwauphunzitsi. Lamulo la Brazil la 1988, lodziŵika monga “Malamulo Ovomerezeka,” linakulitsa ufulu wosankha ndi kuyambitsa madongosolo a demokrase monga ngati demokrase.

Kusintha kwa Makonzedwe: Kulinganiza Kukhazikika ndi Kusintha

Ngati n’kosavuta kusintha malamulo, ndiye kuti palibe ulamuliro woteteza ufulu woyenerera ku zinthu zikuluzikulu za kanthaŵi kochepa chabe.

Zolinga za Kukonzanso Zinthu

Malamulo ambiri amafuna kuti malamulo akhale otchuka kwambiri m'nyumba ya malamulo . "2-3" kapena atatu-5t a nyumba zonsezo" kuti apereke chilolezo. Ena amafunanso chilolezo ndi aloyamenti kapena ndi malumbiro a boma. Mfundo V ya U.S. Commission imakhazikitsa njira ziŵiri: ndi mavoti aŵiri chitatu m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress, kapena ndi msonkhano wa malamulo wotchedwa ndi matriat aŵiri a maboma. Mapangano ovomerezedwa ndi mamenti atatu-chinayi a maiko. Mfundo imeneyi ikufotokoza bwino chifukwa chake kuvota kwa zaka 27 zokha zapita m'mbuyo 230.

Kusintha Mwamwayi

Si kusintha konse kwa lamulo kumachitika mwa kukonzanso kwalamulo. Kumasulira kwachiweruzo, machitidwe a malamulo, ndi misonkhano yothetsa malamulo kungasinthe mokhutiritsa tanthauzo la malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S. mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inamasuliranso Exct Protection Claus kuletsa kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu, popanda kusintha kwalamulo kwa malemba. Mofananamo, kukula kwa boma la uyang'anira m'maiko ambiri kwakulitsa mphamvu yapamwamba kuposa zimene olemba mapulaniwo anayerekezera poyamba.

Kupenda Chiweruzo: Kuyang’anira Koikidwiratu kwa Malamulo

Kupenda chiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti ya kutsutsa malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo.

Magwero ndi Zitsanzo

Lingaliro lamakono la kupenda mlandu wachiweruzo linachokera ku mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu la United States Marbury v. Madison [1] (1803), amene anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Khoti kupenda machitidwe a Congress. Chiyambire pamenepo, zitsanzo ziŵiri zazikulu zatulukira: chitsanzo choyenerera (chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makhoti a U.S. ndi malamulo ambiri ofala), kumene makhoti onse angamve mafunso alamulo, ndi chitsanzo chapakati cha malamulo a boma (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri monga Germany ndi France), kumene khoti lapadera lalamulo lili ndi ulamuliro wokha. Khoti la Jeremani, chitsanzo, ndilo lapadera limene lingalamulire pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo andale zadziko.

Kuletsa Kuchita Zinthu

Makangano aukali ponena za mmene makhoti ayenera kukhalira okangalika pomasulira malamulo. Oweruza atsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kuloŵererapo kutetezera ufulu wofunika, makamaka pamene makhoti alamulo alephera kuchitapo kanthu. Oweruza amene amaletsa kusankhidwa kwa nthambi popanda kuswedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linkavomereza chigamulo chachikulu pa Roe v. Wade [197])) kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga chitsanzo cha ntchito yosankha, pamene pambuyo pake zigamu za boma loletsa kutaya mimba zinasonyeza kuletsa. Khoti Lapamwamba la India linavomereza chigamulo chachikulu chachigamu chapadera m'malo ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Kulinganiza kwa Lamulo Loyerekezera

Malamulo aŵiri safanana, koma malamulo a democracy ambiri amakono amatengera malingaliro kuchokera ku chiŵiya chogwirizana cha dziko lonse.

Madongosolo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa dongosolo la pulezidenti (monga United States kapena Brazil), kumene pulezidenti wosankhidwa payekha amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi boma, kapena dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo (monga United Kingdom kapena India), kumene mutu wa boma (mtsogoleri wa milandu) amasankhidwa ku bungwe la kaguwa kalamulo. Mayiko ena, makamaka France ndi Russia, amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lapanthaŵi yochepa kumene pulezidenti ndi nduna yaikulu amagaŵana mphamvu. Makonzedwe alionse amayambukira kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kufeŵeruka kwa malamulo.

Njira Zoyendera

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula dongosolo la osankhidwa la nyumba ya malamulo. Madongosolo a Proportonal oimira (PR), ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, amaika mipando yozikidwa pa mlingo wa mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Kuyamba ndi chizindikiro chapapitapo (FPTP), kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mu U.S. ndi U.K., malo olowera kwa wofunsira ndi ovota ambiri m’chigawo chilichonse. Dongo lililonse lili ndi malonda: PR imafuna kupanga zigwirizano zambiri ndi kuimira kophatikizapo, pamene FPPPP kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri zogwirizana koma silikulandira ovota ambiri.

Kuchepetsa Ufulu Wanu ndi Kusintha

Malamulo a Federal amagawa mphamvu mokhala ngati . United States, Canada, Germany, ndi India aliyense amapatsa mphamvu zapadera ku maboma a chigawo. Digiri ya ufulu imasiyana . Maboma a U.S. ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa malamulo, pamene magawo ku Canada ali ndi ulamuliro pa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro. Madongosolo a Unicary onga Falansa ndi Japan amasinthanso ntchito zina kwa maulamuliro a dzikolo koma amalamulira kotheratu dzikolo. Chisankhochi chimayambukira mmene zikondwerero za dzikolo zimalinganizidwira ndi umodzi wa dzikolo.

Mavuto pa Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a malamulo a m’dzikolo afala kwambiri, malamulo a boma amakumana ndi zinthu zambiri zimene zingawasokoneze.

Kulephera Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo oletsedwa angasinthe. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a U.S. sanasinthidwe kwambiri kuyambira 1971 (Kusintha kwa 26 kunachepetsa nyengo ya kuvota ku 18). Ena amatsutsa kuti Electoral College, kupangidwa kwa Kholiji, ndi njira ya kutsata pulezidenti yakhala yachikale koma yosatheka kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutha kwa makhonde. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kusiyana pakati pa malamulo a malamulo alamulo ndi a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kukulitsa chikalata cha makampani ndi kufuna kuti abwezerere makampani.

Kumasulira Chiweruzo ndi Kusasintha

Makhoti osiyanasiyana angafotokoze mosiyana malamulo a boma, zimene zingapangitse kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo. Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma angatsutse tanthauzo la ufulu. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lokha lasintha nthaŵi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kupotoza Plass v. Ferguson [18696] ndi [FLT:] Brown v. Khoti la Maphunziro [FLT:] (187]] [1954], ndi [FLT:] kuwongolera koyenera, ndi [FLT] ndi [FFL:] ndi [FLT] KG. Jackson'AK. . Komiti ya Zaungwe za Zaumoyo [FFFFT:] [22] [22]

Kupsinja kwa Ndale zadziko

Atsogoleri a m'mayiko ena awononga malamulo kuti alimbitse mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, Hungary inasintha malamulo ake mu 2013 kuti ifooketse ulamuliro wa Khoti Lalikulu ndi kupatsa gulu lolamulira ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa nkhani za nyuzi ndi mayeso a milandu. Mofananamo, boma la Poland layesa kuchepetsa ufulu wa khoti lake lalikulu. “Illibal” kapena“ nduna za malamulo” zimasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma oikidwa bwino angawonongedwe ngati otsalira malamulo andale zadziko alibe ufulu wa demokrase.

Kusalabadira kwa Anthu ndi Kusasamala

Nzika zambiri zili ndi chidziŵitso chochepa cha malamulo awo. Wovota waung'ono, kusadalira mabungwe, ndi kutha mphamvu kwa moyo wa anthu kungafooketse utsogoleri walamulo. Pamene anthu sakudziŵa zoyenera zawo, sangathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito bwino. Maprogramu a kuwerenga ndi kulemba, monga aja ochirikizidwa ndi Constitution Center [1] ku United States kapena Project , colinga la kuyang'anira chiweru. Komabe, kusalabadira kumakhalabe chitokosokoso.

Maupandu a Malamulo

Nthaŵi zina, mikangano ya ndale zadziko imafikira pamlingo umene malamulo alamulo amalephera kuthetsera. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya U.S. (1861-1865) pa kugaŵidwa kwa lamulo, mkangano wa masankho wa pulezidenti wa 2000 wothetsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi 20211 kuukira kwa U.Capitol mkati mwa kusanthula kwa lamulo. M'maiko ena, mavuto otero achititsa kulanda maufumu, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo enieni. Robhustt kayendetsedwe ka mavuto, monga momwe kwawonedwa mu malamulo a South Africa (kulola maboma amwaŵiro amwadziwo ndi zitetezero zazikulu), angathandize, koma palibe malamulo oletsa kusweka kwa ndale zadziko.

Malamulo m’Dziko Lamakono: Kusintha ndi Kusintha

M’zaka za m’ma 2000, malamulo a boma achititsa kuti zinthu monga zinthu zachinsinsi, kusintha kwa nyengo, nzeru zongopeka, ndi uchigaŵenga padziko lonse, zikhale zoyesa malamulo a boma.

Ufulu Wosankha Zochita pa Intaneti

Malamulo akale ambiri satchula mwachindunji intaneti kapena zolemba za kampani. Makhoti afunikira kumasulira ufulu umene ulipo panopa kuphatikiza zinthu zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lanena kuti maprogramu ofufuza anthu akuswa Mfundo 8 ya European Convention on Human Rights (kuyenera kukhala kwachinsinsi). Malamulo atsopano, monga ngati a Mexico, amatsimikizira kuti intaneti ili ndi ufulu. Mayi ena akhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi oyendera malamulo a boma, koma mavuto a pakati pa ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu akhalabe oopsa.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Mibadwo Yakutsogolo

Akatswiri ambiri a zamalamulo amanena kuti malamulo ayenera kuteteza malo okhala ndi ufulu wa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Mayiko onga Ecuador akhazikitsa “kuyenera kwa chilengedwe” m'malamulo awo, kulola anthu kusungirira mlandu wa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Khoti la Germany Federal Constitutional linagamula mu 2021 kuti lamulo la boma loletsa ufulu wa achinyamata kuteteza ufulu wawo wofunika kwambiri, kukakamiza bungwe la malamulo kukhazikitsa njira zokokera zinthu zotchuka.

Kusonkhezera Kuposa pa Malamulo ndi Kuletsa

Kukula kwa atsogoleri a opatulidwa m'maiko onga Hungary, Poland, Turkey, ndi Brazil kwayesa kulimba kwa mabungwe a malamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza agwiritsira ntchito malamulo monga ngati zisinthiko, ma achente, kapena kudzaza malo achiweruzo ndi kufooketsa mphamvu za kudziimira. Kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a demokrase kungachitike pang’onopang’ono, chinthu chodziŵika monga “democraticism.” Mabungwe apadziko lonse onga Vinice Commony ya Commission of Europe productive ndi kutsutsa malingaliro a programu pa kugwirizana kwa lamulo.

Kumaliza: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Malamulo

Malamulo adakali zikalata zofunika kwambiri m’chitaganya cha demokrase chirichonse. Amakhazikitsa maziko a mmene ulamuliro umagwiritsidwira ntchito, mmene mikangano imathetsedwera, ndi mmene nzika zingapangire boma lawo kuŵerengera mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe malamulo alamulo angwiro, malamulo a ulamuliro, kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, kupenda ndi kulinganiza, ndipo zoyenera zazikulu zimapatsa maziko olimba kaamba ka ufulu ndi chilungamo.

Pamene magulu akukhala ocholoŵana ndi ogwirizana, kapangidwe ka malamulo ndi kumasulira ziyenera kusinthira ku zinthu zatsopano . Mosaiŵala makhalidwe enieni amene amapanga demokrase. Kumvetsetsa ntchito, mbali, ndi zitokoso za malamulo sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro; kuli kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kutengamo mbali m’kuumba za mtsogolo za dziko lawo. Kwa awo amene akufuna kufufuza malamulo apadera, Project Constitute Project yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pa malamulo oposa 200 kuchokera kuzungulira dziko. Mwa kutsatira malemba a maziko ameneŵa, tingayamikire bwino kwambiri kulinganiza kwa dongosolo ndi ufulu umene umalongosola mfundo za malamulo a m'malamulo.