Kusankhana misinkhu pamalo antchito kudakali nkhani yosatha, yokhudza antchito kuchokera ku malo apamwamba kufika ku C-suite . Pamene kuli kwakuti kukondera kwa boma kwa Age in Alough Act (ADEA) kumapereka chitetezo chokulira kwa antchito a zaka 40 ndi okalamba, chitetezo chenicheni chimadalira kwambiri ku boma kumene mumagwira. Malamulo a boma angawonjezere mipata yosiyidwa ndi ADEA, kapena /__amene akupereka ndalama zina. Kwa antchito, akatswiri a zachuma, ndi atsogoleri a malonda, kuzindikira ntchito imeneyi ya chitetezo nkofunika kwambiri poimba milandu, kuvomereza, ndi kuchiritsa koyenera.

Nkhani ino ikulongosola malire a kutetezera kwa ukalamba m’maiko osiyanasiyana, ikumasonyeza kumene malamulo a boma amafutukula miyezo ya boma ndi kumene amaphonya. Tidzapenda masinthidwe a malamulo a boma, njira zosungitsira, ndi zotulukapo zothandiza kwa antchito ndi olemba ntchito omwe. Pomalizira pake, mudzakhala ndi chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha mmene malo okhala ndi malo akunja angaumbitsire zoyenera zanu ndi mathayo anu ponena za kusankhana misinkhu.

Machinjirizo a Tsankho la Nyengo Yapakati: Basiline

Lamulo lalikulu la boma losamalira tsankhu la msinkhu ndilo Agestion in Act ya Orought (ADEA) ya 1967. ADEA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu a zaka 40 ndi achikulire m'ntchito, kuombera, kukweza, kubwezeredwa, kulipira, ntchito, magawo a ntchito, maphunziro, ndi mikhalidwe ina ya ntchito. Imagwira ntchito kwa mabwana a antchito 20 kapena kuposapo, mabungwe a boma, mabungwe a ntchito, ndi mabungwe a ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti ADEA imapereka chitetezo chachikulu, pali zinthu zambiri zimene ingathe kuziteteza:

  • Suwero la malonda: Mabizinesi okhala ndi antchito osakwanira 20 amachotsedwa, kusiya mamiliyoni a antchito opanda chitetezo cha boma.
  • Mpata wokwanira: Ogwira ntchito 40 ndi achikulire okha ndiwo amakumbidwa; antchito azaka zosafika 40 sanganene kuti ndi oyenera kupatsidwa mlandu wa ADEA ngakhale ngati achitiridwa tsankhu chifukwa cha msinkhu (m' lekuatiso la msinkhu, kukondera achikulire ofunsira pa achinyamata).
  • Chiyambukiro chopatulidwa chikunena kuti:[FLT :1] Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. linagamula mu Smith v. Mzinda wa Jackson [1] (2006]) (kumene kumathetsa ziyambukiro kumadziŵika pansi pa ADEA, koma ndi chitetezero chofeŵetsa kwambiri kuposa pansi pa Ditut VII. Zimenezi zapangitsa zinenero zoterozo kukhala zovuta kupambana.
  • Malamulo: Zowawitsa ndi chilango sizimapezeka pa ADEA; ofufuza ofala angabweze malipiro, malipiro a patsogolo, ndi zowonongeka (malipiro apambuyo kaŵiri) kokha ngati aswa dala.
  • Kuzindikira malire: ADEA kufunsira kuyenera kuikidwa ndi bungwe la Eult Opportunity Commission (EOC) m'masiku 180 (masiku 300 m'zigawo ndi bungwe lochedwa la ntchito).

Chifukwa cha mipata imeneyi, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo aukalamba wawo a kusankhana. ena amapereka chitetezo kwa antchito onse mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wawo, olemba ntchito aang’ono, kapena kupereka mankhwala amphamvu.

Malamulo a Boma: Kusiyana kwa Mbali Imodzi ndi Malamulo Apadera

Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumakhalapo m’magulu angapo:

Maboma Amene Amatetezera Antchito Achichepere

Mwina kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuteteza antchito a zaka 40 kapena kuposapo, pamene malamulo ena a boma amaletsa tsankho malinga ndi msinkhu weniweni wa wolembedwa ntchito. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti munthu wa zaka 30 anatsanziridwa kuti apatsidwe ntchito chifukwa bwana amakonda “nkhope yaing’ono, yaing’ono.

Maboma odziŵika amene amatetezera antchito onse, osati kokha 40+, amaphatikizapo:

  • California [1] + [1] -The Fair Accoupy and Hospital Act (FAHA) imaletsa tsankho kwa munthu aliyense “aposa 40, [1] koma ngati lamulo lamasulira FEHA kutetezeranso antchito achichepere ku tsankho la ukalamba m'mbali zina. Kuwonjezerapo, California iri ndi makonzedwe aakulu oletsa ukalamba.
  • . . . . . . New York. . . . . . kuletsa kunyada kwa msinkhu pa munthu aliyense 18 kapena kuposapo.
  • Massachusetts [1] + Massachusetts [1] Act ya Massachusetts Fair Access imateteza anthu a zaka zosachepera 40 zakubadwa, koma makonzedwe apadera (M.G.L. 151B, 76 4(1C)) amaletsa tsankho kwa wantchito aliyense wa zaka zosafika 70. Komabe, chitetezo cha antchito osakwana zaka 40 n’chochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimafunikira kusonyeza kuti tsankholo linali la chifukwa chosakhala la Bohana.
  • Illinois [[FLT :1] -The Illinois Human Rights Act imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa anthu 40 ndi achikulire, komanso imaphatikizapo chitetezo kwa awo amene ali ndi zaka zosachepera 40 ngati tsankholo lazikidwa pa msinkhu mwa njira imene ili “yosamveka."
  • [[AML:0] Shashington [1] – The Washington Law Against Discrimination (WLAD) imaletsa kunyada kwa msinkhu uliwonse, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu, ngati ali ndi zaka zosachepera 18.

M’mayiko ameneŵa, achinyamata ogwira ntchito amakhala ndi njira zambiri zopezera chithandizo kuposa anzawo amene amanena kuti kungokhala ngati ali ndi ADEA, komabe ngakhale m’mayiko ameneŵa, kunyada kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kwa antchito a zaka 18249 chifukwa chakuti kuyerekezera zaka za munthu ndi za anthu okalamba sikungakhale koipa kwambiri ngati mmene amachitira anthu okalamba.

Malamulo Amene Akulitsa Tanthauzo la Tsankho

Kuwonjezera pa kupenda zaka, maiko ena amalongosola njira zopatsirana tsankho mokulirapo.

  • California [1] FELT : FEHA imagwiritsira ntchito “myezo wachilendo”: ngati msinkhu unali chosonkhezera chosonkhezera, bwana ngwoyenerera. ADEA, mosiyana, imafunikira“ koma chifukwa cha "kuvutitsa". FEHA imaletsanso mwachindunji kuvutitsidwa malinga ndi msinkhu, pamene kuli kwakuti kutetezera kwa ADEA sikukukula.
  • New York [1] [[FLT: 1] - NAYSHRL imalola zonena zozikidwa pa “chisonkhezero chachinyengo” ndi kulola kuti“ kuchotsa ndi kutumiza” kukhale kwa antchito ndi oyang'anira. New York imaperekanso chiwombolo ndi zivulazo zopanda malire m'nkhani zamwadala, zonga makhoswe a state.
  • Minnesota [1] [1] + The Minnesota Human Rights Act imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa aliyense 18 kapena wokulirapo ndipo imalongosola “pakalipa'. Zimalolanso kuweruza kwaumwini popanda mankhwala auyang’aniro oyamba, mosiyana ndi maboma ambiri.
  • New Jersey [[FLT :1] – The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (NJLAD) imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa aliyense 18 kapena wokulirapo ndipo imagwiritsira ntchito “muyezo wapamwamba wothandizira zinthu zothandizira”, umene uli woyenerera kwambiri ku mawonekedwe a ADEA kuposa mayeso a ADEA

Mafotokozedwe owonjezereka ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti ofufuza m’maiko ameneŵa ali ndi mwaŵi wamphamvu wa kusonyeza tsankhu, ngakhale pamene umboni uli wotsimikizirika kapena umaphatikizapo zolinga zosiyana.

Malo Okhala ndi Zitetezo Zochepa Kapena Zopanda Zowonjezereka

Kumbali ina ya mbali zonsezo pali malamulo akuti kaya alibe lamulo la kusankhana kwa msinkhu kapena malamulo amene amayendera ADEA mosamalitsa ndi kufutukuka kochepa.

Mayiko amene ali ndi chitetezo chochepa kwambiri ndi:

  • [FLT] [1] [1] [1] , Texas, alibe malamulo a boma a ntchito audindo amene amakwaniritsa tsankho la msinkhu. Mmalomwake, antchito a Texas ayenera kudalira kwambiri ADEA. Mabizinesi okhala ndi antchito osachepera 20, palibe chitetezo cha boma.
  • Florida [1] --Act ya Florida Civil Rights Rights Act (FCRA) imaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa msinkhu, koma kwa anthu 40 okha ndi kuposapo. Imagwira ntchito kwa antchito 15 kapena kuposapo, kufutukula pang'ono malire a boma. Komabe, FCRA kwakukulukulu imasonyeza ADEA ndipo simapereka mankhwala ena.
  • [[FLT :0] Georgia [1] - Georgia’s Fair Access Act imakhudza kusankhana kwa msinkhu koma kwa antchito a boma okha. Ogwira ntchito a kagulu kachinsinsi ku Georgia alibe chitetezo cha boma. Ayenera kungodalira ADEA , ndipo ngati bwana ali ndi antchito osakwanira 20, palibe chitetezo.
  • Ohio [[FLT :1] - lamulo la Ohio la tsankho (R.C. 4112.02) limaletsa tsankho la msinkhu kwa anthu 40 kapena okalamba, mabwana ophimba antchito 4 kapena kuposapo. Pamene kuli kwakuti khomo nlochepa, lamulo limatsata mosamalitsa miyezo ya boma m'chitsimikizo ndi mankhwala. Ohio samafutukula kwa antchito achichepere.

Maboma ena amene ali ndi chitetezo chochepa kwambiri ndi monga Alabama (kupanda lamulo la boma loletsa kusankhana msinkhu popanda mfundo zenizeni), Mississippi (kupanda lamulo la boma lokwanira), ndi South Carolina (kutsatira ADEA mosamalitsa). Ogwira ntchito m’maiko ameneŵa ayenera kudziŵa makamaka kuti malamulo awo ngochepa.

Kusiyana Kokulira m’Kukakamiza ndi Njira Zothetsera

Kuteteza anthu amisinkhu yosafunika sikumangodalira zimene lamulo likunena papepala, koma mmene limalimbikitsira ndi mankhwala amene alipo.

Kutha Ntchito ndi Kufera Malonda

Maboma ambiri amafuna kuti antchito alembe chilolezo ndi bungwe loona za ntchito (FEPA) asanakaimbe mlandu m’khoti.

  • A[[FLT :1] – masiku 180 (masiku 300 m'maiko okhala ndi FEPA).
  • California – 3 zaka za FEHA zonena (Kufikira pa 1 chaka kudandaula kwa FEHA kwa DFEH kwavomerezedwa).
  • New York – 3 zaka za NYSHRL zikunena kuti za deti la tsankho.
  • Florida [1] – masiku 365 olemba ndi Florida Commission on Human Relations.
  • Texts [[FLT ] --'Ayi' .Ayi , ntchito ya boma; antchito ayenera kujambula EOC m'masiku 300.

Kulephera kukwaniritsa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu kungakhale kwakupha kwa mlandu, chotero antchito ayenera kupenda malamulo a boma ndi a boma omwe.

Mankhwala: Zowononga ndi Zovala Zokongola

Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu ndi kupezeka kwa ziwongola dzanja ndi chilango.

  • California [1] FEHA imalola ziwombolo (nthenda ya maganizo, kupweteka ndi kuvutika) ndi chilango cha chinyengo, kuipidwa, kapena kutsendereza, ndi zipikiri malinga ndi ukulu wa abwana.
  • New York [[FLT :1] -The NYSHRL imalola zivulazo zosaŵerengeka ndi ziwongolero (zogonjera ku zikhoma m’makhoti ena).
  • [[FLT: 0] Massachusetts – Malo opereka chiwombolo ndi kubwerera katatu kulipira pa kuswa dala.
  • Ohio [1] – Companseration amapatsidwa $500,000 mpaka $300,000 kudalira pa ukulu wa abwana (wofanana ndi maboti a pamutu VII).
  • Florida [1] – Compensication ndi chilango amapachikidwa pa $10,0000,000 mpaka $300,000 ($30,000) yozikidwa pa msinkhu wa abwana awo, ndipo kuli ndalama za loya.

M’mayiko monga a Texas, mmene mulibe lamulo la boma la zaka zaukalamba, anthu olemba ntchito okha amangopeza malipiro, malipiro a kutsogolo, ndi zowonongeka zapansi pa ADEA.

Zovuta Zothandiza Olemba Ntchito

Mabwana amene amagwira ntchito m’mayiko ambiri amakumana ndi vuto lomvera lamulo lololedwa m’boma lina, ndipo lingachititse kuti bwanayo aziona kuti ntchito ya m’mayiko ena ndi yolakwika.

  • Mabuku a zaumoyo a chigawo cha dziko: Mabuku a ntchito otsimikizira ndi malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana amakonzedwa kuti asonyeze zofunika za lamulo la boma, makamaka ponena za kukwaniritsa antchito achichepere ndi mamasuliridwe a zaka zotetezeredwa.
  • Kuphunzitsa: [[FLT :1] Aphunzitseni ntchito zimene zikuphatikiza osati kokha za boma komanso ziletso za boma. Mwachitsanzo, ku New York, mabwana ayenera kuphunzitsidwa pa miyezo ya WYSHRL.
  • Malamulo a kuloŵetsamo zinthu: Maboma ena amafuna makampani kutsatira njira zofufuzira madandaulo, kuphatikizapo masitepe olemba ndi kupereka zotsatirika ndi malongosoledwe a zotsatira.
  • Kusunga: Ziyeneretso za kusungidwa kwa mafaelo a antchito zimasiyana; maboma ena amalamulira kusunga zolembedwa za utali wa ntchito ndi nyengo yoikika pambuyo pa kutha.
  • Kuŵerengera kwa kampani: Mukhale ndi kuŵerengera kokhazikika kwa kumene kampani yanu ili ndi antchito ndi malamulo audindo a msinkhu wofanana. Kutsimikizira kuti kulembedwa ntchito, kukwezedwa, ndi kutha kwa zigamulo n’zogwirizana ndi muyezo wodalirika kwambiri.

Olemba ntchito ayeneranso kudziŵa kuti mabungwe a boma otsutsa kusagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mbiri yowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, New York State Division of Human Rights ndi California Civil Rights Department (yakale DFEH) ali ankhanza pofufuza ndi kutsutsa zinenezo, nthaŵi zina ngakhale popanda kudandaula kwalamulo kwa wantchito.

Zoyesayesa Zothandiza Olembedwa Ntchito

Ngati mukuona kuti anthu ena akukuchitirani tsankho, muyenera kuyamba mwa kumvetsa malamulo a boma lanu.

  1. Chilembo chilichonse: Sungani manotsi a ndemanga zopotoza, machitidwe oipa, ndi kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa kusimba khalidwelo. Sungani ma-imeyili, kupenda machitidwe, ndi malamulo olembedwa.
  2. Kapenyeretsani kukwaniritsa kwanu kwa boma: Tsonya ngati boma lanu limatetezera antchito osakwana zaka 40, mabwana aang'ono, kapena ngati limapereka mankhwala owonjezereka. Webusaiti ya EEOC (eoc.gov/field Office) imapereka chidziŵitso cha boma.
  3. File yokhala ndi bungwe lolondola: M'maumboni ndi FEPA, mungafunikire kujambula choyamba ndi bungwelo. Kuthamanga ndi EEOC panthaŵi imodzi kungasungitse chuma chanu cha boma pamenenso muyambire kachitidwe ka boma.
  4. Khonsa loimira boma: malamulo a tsankho la ntchito ngovuta ndipo ngodzaza ndi misampha ya pulojekiti. Loya wodziŵa malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma angapereke malangizo a za pulogalamu ndi njira zabwino.
  5. Ganizirani ubwino wa mkhalidwe: M'maboma onga California kapena New York, mungakhale ndi lamulo lalitali la kulephera ndi kukhoza kuwonongeka kwa fungo, kupangitsa nkhaniyo kukhala yolimba.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ngati mukukhala m’dziko limene muli ndi chitetezo chochepa (mwachitsanzo, Texas, Georgia, Florida), muyenera kukhala wosamala kwambiri ponena za kusunga nthaŵi yoikidwiratu ya EEOC ndi kulingalira ngati zimene munenazo zingadzetsedwe m’malingaliro ena (monga ngati kubwezera kapena kuswa lamulo la kampani).

Tsogolo la Malamulo Opatula Ausinkhu Wake

Zinthu zambiri zikusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina:

  • Traff afutukuka m'dziko: Maboma ambiri akulingalira kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amachepetsa malire a zaka kaamba ka kufikiridwa kapena kufutukuka kwa mankhwala. Michigan, Colorado, ndi Oregon asintha posachedwapa malamulo awo.
  • Zokonza za [1] Kuteteza Ofesi Okalamba Olimbana ndi Tsankho Act (POWADA) zalingaliridwa m'Congress kubwezeretsa muyezo wotha kusiyanitsa ndi kumasulira kuti “chochititsa kufalitsa” nchokwanira. Sichinapitirirebe, koma chidakali nkhani yamoyo.
  • Tsankho ndi Al: Pamene olemba ntchito akugwiritsira ntchito AI mowonjezereka m'kulemba ndi kukwezedwa, tsankho la msinkhu lingaloŵere m'zisonyezero za maromm. EEOC yapereka chitsogozo cha kusiyanitsa ziyambukiro kuchokera ku AIP, ndi maboma ena (m., Illinois, New York City) apereka malamulo ogwirira ntchito mwachindunji ziŵiya zantchito.
  • Kusintha zinthu zocholoŵana za ntchito: ndi antchito ambiri akutali, funso la lamulo la boma limakhala lovuta. Mwachisawawa, lamulo la boma limene wantchitoyo amagwira ntchito liyang'anira, koma zimenezi zingatsogolere kusokonezeka kwa mabwana ndi timu zakutali za dziko lonse.

Kukhalabe mogwirizana ndi zochitika zimenezi nkofunika kwa antchito ndi olemba ntchito omwe. Makalata a kukonzanso mwalamulo kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] EOC kapena dipatimenti ya ntchito ya boma angathandize.

Kumaliza

Kuchepa kwa malire a tsankho la msinkhu ku United States kumasiyana kwambiri m'dziko ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti ADEA imapereka maziko ovuta, mipata yake ya ntchito yachinyamata, olemba ntchito aang'ono, ndi mankhwala ocheperapo . Kudalira kwenikweni kwa ufulu wanu kumadalira pa malo amene mumakhala ndi ntchito. Maboma monga California, New York, ndi Massachusetts amapereka chitetezo cholimba, kuchuluka kwa zaka, ndi mankhwala ambiri. Ena, monga Texas, Georgia, ndi Florida, amapereka kapena sakhala ndi chitetezo china chilichonse kuposa pansi pa boma.

Kwa olemba ntchito, ntchito imeneyi imafuna kulinganiza bwino kugonjera, makamaka ntchito za mayiko ambiri. Kwa antchito, kumagogomezera kufunika kwa kudziŵa malamulo a kumaloko ndi kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira. Pamene ntchito ya malamulo ikupitiriza ponse paŵiri m'maboma ndi m'boma, kutetezeredwa kwa nyengo kudzakula kwambiri. Kubisa kupyola m'zolembedwa zodalirika zonga AAAARP ndi Nolo

Kumvetsa malamulo oteteza anthu a zaka zimene mukukhalamo ndi njira yoyamba yopezera ufulu wanu kapena kutsimikizira ntchito yanu n’kogwirizana ndi malamulo a anthu amisinkhu yonse.