Chiyambi: Zipilala Ziwiri za Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimakhala chimodzi cha zikalata za mtendere zazikulu kwambiri za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Chinatha zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo yachiwawa ku Northern Ireland yodziŵika monga mavuto, nyengo imene inapha miyoyo yoposa 3,500 ndi kusiya zipsera zachikhalidwe. Pamene Chipanganochi kaŵirikaŵiri chimasungidwa chifukwa cha mapangano ake ambiri. Kugwirizanitsa pamodzi mgwirizano ndi magulu a anthu a dziko, limodzinso ndi mbali zake za dziko, limodzi ndi kumvetsetsa kumene kuli kofunika ndi kukwaniritsa kwake, ndipo kuvuta kwake kunali, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi ntchito za boma.

Boma la Britain ndi Ireland linabweretsa katundu wosiyana kwambiri, malamulo a chitaganya, ndi malamulo ake ogwirizana ndi . Boma la Britain, monga ulamuliro wachifumu ku Northern Ireland, linayenera kuyang'anira chisungiko, kupolisi, ndi tsogolo lalamulo la chigawocho. Boma la Ireland, ndi lamulo lake lonena za chisumbu chonse cha Ireland pansi pa Zigawo 2 ndi 3, linayenera kusonyeza kudzipereka kwake ku mtendere wa democracy pamene onse aŵiriwo anachirikiza cholinga chachikulu: chokhazikika, cha mtendere ku Northern Ireland kumene midzi yonse ingakhale ndi ulemu. Kugwirizana kwawo sikunali kosavuta nthaŵi zonse, koma kunachirikizidwa ndi kuzindikira kuti kugwirizana kwawo kukhoza kutulutsa chigonjeko chachikhalire.

Chikalata cha panganolo ndi chovuta kwambiri kukhala ndi "timandalatu": Strand 1 (yapakati ya Northern Ireland mabungwe), Strand 2 (Mabungwe a ku Southern), ndi Strand 3 (Mabungwe a ku East-West akugwirizanitsa zisumbu ziŵirizo). Maboma aŵiriwa anali oloŵetsedwa kwambiri m'zigawo zitatu zonsezi, koma anali ku Strand 3, kukhazikitsa [FLT: 0] kugwirizanitsa [kulimbana kwa madera a] British-Irish Conference ndi bungwe la [FLT:] Brish-ish Council . Mabungwe ameneŵa anakhazikitsa mgwirizano umene ukupitirizabe kuyang'anira mbali za kutsutsana ndi kugwirizana. Mgwirizano wa boma uliwonse ukutsatira kufufuza ndi kufufuza mbali yaikulu.

Mbali ya Boma la Britain

Boma la Britain, lotsogozedwa ndi Nduna Yaikulu Tony Blair kuyambira 1997, linabweretsa kugome kufunitsitsa kukonzanso unansi wake ndi Northern Ireland . Izi zinafuna kusintha kwakukulu kuchoka ku lamulo lachindunji kupita ku mudzi wogaŵanika umene unalemekeza ponse paŵiri zikhumbo za mgwirizano ndi zautundu. Kudzipereka kwa Briteni ku Chipanganocho kunachirikizidwa ndi malamulo aakulu angapo.

Kulankhulana ndi Kuzima

Mwinamwake chopereka cha mwamsanga cha boma la Britain chinali kuyambitsa mikhalidwe ya nkhani zosapezeka. Nkhondo ya 1994 inagwira ntchito zolimba kuchotsa moto (koyamba ndi IRA, ndiyeno ndi magulu okhulupirika) inali yofooka, ndipo kusweka kwa moto woyamba mu 1996 (kuphulitsa mabomba kwa Wory Warf) kunasonyeza kuti kachitidweko kanatha kuchotsa msanga. Boma la Britain linachita ntchito zolimba kubwezeretsa moto ndi kubweretsa zipani zonse kuthengo. Kuikidwa kwa amene kale anali mkulu wa US Senator George Mitchell monga mpando wa kudalira pa nkhanizokha mu 1996 (ndipo ku Ireland). Boma linachitanso chosankha chachikulu: Sinaumiriretu kuchotsa zida zankhondo kumbuyoku, monga kulowa m'kambira m'gulu la Sin Féin, koma linakwiya ndi kupita patsogolo kofunikira. Kufikira kumeneku, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kotchuka kwa “Irgen ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Prison (M) kupitirizabe kuchotsapo kutsutsa chidansi kwa boma, ndi kulola kulowa kwa chipani cha boma kulowa cha boma la boma la boma la boma ku .

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Mfundo Yovomereza

Kwa ogwirizana, chitsimikizo cha boma la Britain cha malo a lamulo a Northern Ireland mu United Kingdom chinali chachikulu. Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsa [FLT: 0] mwachindunji] lamulo lachivomerezo : kuti malo a Northern Ireland monga mbali ya UK angasinthe kokha ngati anthu ake ochuluka asankha kugawana Ireland. Boma la Britain panthaŵi imodzi linasintha lamulo lake lalamulo pakati pa Northern Ireland Act 1998, kuti likhale lothandiza kuchotsapo zimenezi. Linachitanso kusintha kwakukulu kwapadera mwa kuchotsa lamulo la Ireland Antict 1920 kuchokera ku buku la malamulo, kuchotsako ndi mphamvu zatsopano zogwirizana ndi mphamvu za dziko. Motero boma la Britain linavomereza kuti “kusintha lamulo lake lachi chimodzi pakati pa anthu aŵiri a kuwonjezera pa madera ena, ndipo linalowera kuchirikiza kutsimikizira kuthekera kwa dziko lonse la dziko lapansi la Britain.

Kusintha ndi Kuloŵerera m’Magulu Oteteza

Chimodzi cha malo ovuta kwambiri chinali chitetezo. Boma la Britain linayang'anira masinthidwe aakulu a Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC), yomwe inalengedwa modabwitsa ndi Aprotestanti ndipo inalingaliridwa ndi okayikira kwambiri ndi aunyinji. Patten Commission, inapangidwa monga mbali ya Chipangano, inalimbikitsa kuti pakhale protestanti ya Apolisi ya Northern Ireland. RUC adatchedwanso kuti Service ya , Bungwe latsopano la Policial Budia linapangidwa ndi kuimira kowolo-komyunizimu, ndipo masitemu anayambitsidwa kuwonjezera ntchito yachikatolika. Boma la Britain linadziperekanso kwa [FLT:] kutumiza ntchito yokhudza nkhondo , imene inathandizanso kuteteza magulu onse ankhondo. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la United States linathandiza kuyendetsa ntchito ya boma kwa zaka zambiri kwa zaka za ku Britain, mpaka 2005 mpaka kuwonjezera kwa boma la Ireland, linathandiza kukhazikitsa chikalata chankhondo chakukhazikitsa chakumbuyo chaku.

Chisinthiko ndi Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland

Kupangidwa kwa Northern Ireland Assembly ndi Udministration kunali kupangidwa kwapakati kwa ndale za m'dziko kwa Strand 1. Boma la Britain linalinganiza maluso omanga nyumba ozikidwa pa mphamvu yogwirizanitsa pakati pa zipani za chigwirizano ndi chipani cha dziko. Crucily, kayendetsedwe ka ka kagwiridwe ka ntchito yotchedwa ka chivomezi kapena [[FLT]] communct - commonyvvvv [[FLT3]], kutanthauza kuti zosankha zazikulu zimafuna kuchirikiza kwa onse aŵiri oimira chigwirizano ndi chipani cha dziko. Boma la Britain linasunganso mbali ya“ kuima kwapansi kwa" – ngati devoldddived inagwa (momwe anachita zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa zaka zambiri), chikalata cha boma la Northern Western Westin. Chilamulo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulamuliro cha 2000, chikalata cha boma cha boma cha Britain, ndi chikulu chaku

Mbali ya Boma la ku Ireland

Boma la Ireland, loyamba kulamulidwa ndi Taoisiach Bertie Ahern kuyambira 1997, linapereka zopereka zazikulu zofananazo.

Zonena za Malamulo ndi Kusintha kwa Nkhani 2 ndi 3

Mwinamwake kusintha kwakukulu kokulira kuchokera ku mbali ya Ireland kunali kusintha kwa Nkhani 2 ndi 3 za Irish Constitution . Nkhani zimenezi zinadzinenera kukhala ufumu pa chisumbu chonse cha Ireland, chinenezo chimene chinali chonyansa kwambiri kwa ogwirizanitsa ndi chokhumudwitsa ku kulinganiza kulikonse. M'limodzi la mamenti ochirikizidwa tsiku limodzi monga Northern Ireland a lija la Northern Ireland alotterendandeum (22 May 1998), anthu a ku Ireland anavotera kuchotsa nkhanizo ndi mtundu watsopano umene unazindikira kuyenera kwa anthu a ku Northern Ireland ku kudzigwirizanitsa okha ndi lamulo la chivomerezo. Mfundo yatsopanoyi ikunena poyera kuti Ireland ingakhale yogwirizana mwamtendere mwa kuvomereza anthu ochuluka m’zigawo. Mgwirizano umenewu unali wogwirizana ndi chigamulo chachikulu cha boma la Ireland, ikuchita chigamulo cha chigamulo cha mtendere chisanafike chigamulo cha dziko la Ireland.

Mgwirizano Wapakati wa 2 ndi Wakumpoto ndi Kumpoto kwa South

Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsa Msonkhano wa ku North- South Anustry Council (NSMC) ndi mitundu ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwa makampani osiyanasiyana ozungulira madera monga malonda, zoyendera, zoyendera, ulimi, ndi malo ozungulira. Boma la Ireland linachita mbali yaikulu poyambitsa mabungwe ameneŵa, zimene zinathandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa dziko la Ireland logwirizana koma pa maziko a mgwirizano. NSMC ikukumana m'mafomu osiyanasiyana (makampani, zigawo, zigawo) ndipo inamangidwa ndi atumiki ochokera kumbali zonse ziŵiri. Boma la Ireland linathandiziranso kupereka ndalama zothandiza kwambiri kuti athere kudutsa mpikisano wogwirizana. Kumpoto Kumpoto kunali chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene chinathandiza kugulitsa mayikowo, kusonyeza kuti kusaloŵerera kwa dzikolo ku Northern Ireland kunalibe ufulu ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma.

Kulamulira Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kulingana

Maboma a ku Ireland adatsutsa kwanthaŵi yaitali mbiri ya boma la Britain pa ufulu wa anthu ku Northern Ireland, makamaka pa nthawi ya Mavuto (m’chitsanzo, kuikizana, khoti la Diplock). Pankhaniyi, boma la Ireland linaumirira kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale wamphamvu ndiponso kuti agwirizane. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale bungwe la Bill of Nurd Human Rights Commission ndi bungwe la Esitere la United States (monga momwe linalonjezezeze ku Komiti ya ufulu wa anthu ku Northern Ireland. , Komiti ya Mapanganowo inafunanso kuti boma la Britain lilowetse pangano la ufulu wa anthu ku Northern Ireland (kuyambiranso lamulo la UK). Boma la ku Ireland likupitiriza kuchirikiza ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu wa ku Northern Ireland (momwe analonjezedwa ku progionssionsiony). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, boma la Ireland linachita ntchito yaikulu yokonzanso malamulo a boma la boma la chigaŵeru, kuphatikizapo malamulo otsutsa malamulo a Oud ndi kuletsa milandu yotsutsa za U.

Kuloŵa Umodzi ndi A Republicans

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la Britain linasunga kukambitsirana kwachindunji ndi atsogoleri a Republic, boma la Ireland kaŵirikaŵiri linatumikira monga nkhoswe yowopsa, makamaka ndi mbali zolimba kwambiri za gulu la republic. Kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa boma la Ireland za zidandaulo za chitaganya cha dziko ndi kuchirikiza kwake kwa mbiri yakale kwa Ireland kunapereka chikhulupiriro chakuti boma la Britain linasoŵa. Linali boma la Ireland lomwe linasonkhezera kuphatikizidwa kwa [FLT: 0] mikhalidwe ya ndende ndi kumasula kwa gulu lankhondo lankhondo kwanthaŵi yoyamba [FLT:] ndi kuphatikizapo magulu onse aŵiri ankhondo [FLT] kukhala mbali ya chigwirizano ndi lamulo lokhulupirika la boma, kuona zimenezi kukhala zofunika kubweretsa dziko la madera onsewo. Zimenezi zinali zotsutsana kwambiri, koma boma la Ireland linafuna kuti pakhale chiwopsezo cha mtendere. ndi kuphatikizapo andende zachigawake ku Britain ndi lamulo lokhulupirikalo linagwirizana ndi boma la ku Britain.

Zoyesayesa Zogwirizana ndi Makonzedwe a Chipanganocho

Maboma a Britain ndi Ireland sanangochita zinthu zofanana.

Msonkhano wa Boma wa Britain (BiIGC)

Bungweli limasonkhanitsa atumiki ochokera m'maboma onse aŵiri kuti akambirane nkhani zosakhudzana ndi msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland, monga ngati chitetezo, ntchito zapolisi, ndi chilungamo (kufikira pamene maulamuliro amenewo anachotsedwa mu 2010). . Komiti ya BiIGC imagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo lakuti boma la Ireland lingayambitse nkhani zokhudza gulu la utundu ndi kuti boma la Britain lidzawaganizira mokwanira. Linachotsa Anglo-Irish Interbacy Council (Iyakhazikitsidwa mu 1985) ndipo ndi lokhala lokhalitsa kaamba ka kukambitsirana ndi kugwirizana. ZiGC yakumana nthaŵi zonse ngakhale panyengo za ndale zadziko ku Northern Ireland, ikutsimikizira kuti kukambitsirana pakati pa maboma aŵiri sikutha konse kusweka.

Bungwe la Britain (BiC)

Also known as the “Council of the Isles,” the BIC includes representatives from the British and Irish governments, the devolved administrations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, plus the Isle of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey (the Crown Dependencies). It meets twice a year, rotating locations, and discusses areas of common interest such as energy, transport, health, and the environment. The BIC is a tangible symbol of the new cooperative relationship, transcending the old focus on Northern Ireland’s constitutional status. It has fostered practical collaboration on issues like renewable energy grids and shared approaches to climate change, proving that the Good Friday Agreement’s reach extends far beyond Northern Ireland.

Ochirikiza Chipangano

Mwinamwake mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ali a bungwe lachilolezo a pangano lonselo. Maboma onse aŵiri ali ndi ntchito yochirikiza kudalirika kwa makonzedwe ake onse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amagwirizana pamene gulu limodzi kapena chitaganya chimodzi chikuwopseza kusokoneza dongosolo la mtendere. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2017-20, pamene Northern Ireland msonkhano unaledwa kwa zaka zitatu, linali boma la Britain ndi la Ireland limene linakambirana ndi “Zaka za Thupi, Zatsopano , zikugwirizana ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri zimene zikugwirizana nazozo zimakhazikitsa madongosolo andale. Ubalewu unayesedwa kwambiri ndi Brti, koma wasinthanso kwambiri. Maboma aŵiriwo anayang'anira [FFF: FUS: Ogwirizana ndi ASCUT) Ogwirizana pa Komiti ya Malo: [2] [2] Ogwirizana: [2]

Mavuto ndi Ntchito Yopitirizabe

Maboma a Britain ndi Ireland akhala akulimbana ndi mavuto ambiri kuyambira mu 1998, ndipo aliyense wa iwo akuwakakamiza kusintha zochita zake.

Kusokonezeka kwa Malingaliro a Born ndi Lamulo

United Kingdom adachoka ku European Union inapanga vuto lalikulu pa pangano la Mapangano m'mbiri yake. Pangano la Pangano la Northern Ireland (tsopano Windsor Framewor ), loyambidwa pakati pa UK ndi EU, makamaka linakhala ndi Northern Ireland mkati mwa msika umodzi wa EU's kuti apeŵe malo ovuta kusungirira chisumbu cha Ireland. Zimenezi zinayambitsa malire atsopano a malonda pakati pa Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland, amene anachititsa kutsutsa lamulo la UK ndi umphumphu wa dziko la . Boma la Britain, pokhala ndi Breti yolimbana ndi Bretiein, inapeza malo otsutsana kwambiri: Lina kutetezera Protoko. Komabe, pamene dziko la Spanishi linkayesanso kudandaula. Iriet, boma la Ireland linatsutsa lamulo la dziko lonse la Britain, logwirizana ndi logwirizana ndi dziko la Britain, likugwiritsidwa ntchito pavutikana kuwonjezera pa nkhondo yosawo. Komabe, mayiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti mayiko 2020.

Kufunika Kopitirizabe kwa Kugwirizana

Kupitirira Brexit, maboma aŵiriwo akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha: polimbana ndi mavuto obwera ndi mavuto (kuzunza, kufufuza, Chikalata Chatsopano), polankhula ntchito ya asilikali (ngakhale kuti alipo, achepetse kwambiri), kuchirikiza maphunziro ogwirizana ndi nyumba, ndi kutsimikizira kutukuka kwa chuma kwa Northern Ireland. Maboma a Britain ndi Ireland akhazikitsa njira zothandizira ndalama zothandizira, monga ngati [FLD:0] Chisumbu chosungidwa [[FT:1] ndalama zoyendetsera ndi Ireland] ndi kugwirizanitsa kwake kwa anthu onse, ndi kuyendetsana kwa ku Northern Ireland.

Kumaliza

Good Lachisanu Advrence siinali ntchito ya chipani chimodzi kapena boma limodzi. Chinali chipambano chogwirizana chimene chinafuna kuona zinthu zachilendo, kulolerana, ndi kulimba mtima kwa ndale kwa akanema ambiri. Komabe, maboma a Britain ndi Ireland anachita mbali yosiyana ndi ena onse: iwo anali omanga nyumba za malamulo, omanga mabungwe ake, ndi oyendetsa mapangano ake a ndale zawo, ndi oyendetsa mipikisano yawo yandale. Boma la Britain linapereka malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ofunikira kukhazikitsa chitukuko, pamene boma la Ireland linasiya kukhazikitsa ufulu wake ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano popanda kupambana kwake. Maboma onse pamodzi, anamanga mabungwe a BiIC, NSC, NC, BC, BC , kuti lipitirize kuyendetsa ndi kupambana. Chipambano cha ku Ireland chilibe kupambana kwake kwamphamvu kwa nkhondo ya nkhondo ya nkhondo ya nkhondo ya chipatso cha nkhondo. Koma kuwonjezera kupambana kwa ufulu wa chivomerezo, ku kudalira pa kugwirizana kwake kwa ufulu wa chivomerezo cha chiwo chaku, chivoti chaku, chivomeretso chimodzi chaku, chiwo. Chi