Demendulo la 14th Constitution ku United States ndi limodzi la zikalata zalamulo zotsatirapo kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera mu 1868, pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, inapangidwa kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu omasulidwa chatsopano ndi kukonzanso unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Pazaka 150 zapitazo, makonzedwe ake akhala maziko a zigamulo za Supreme Court pa zoyenera za nzika, njira yoyenerera, ndi chitetezo chofanana. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu za kumasuka kwa ufulu umenewu nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa malamulo amene amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense lerolino.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Kufotokoza Zinthu Mwachidule

Demendment ya 144 inali imodzi ya malamulo atatu okonzanso zinthu zowonjezera amene anavomerezedwa pakati pa 1865 ndi 1870. Mpumulo wa 13th Amendment inaletsa ukapolo; Pempho la 15 linaletsa tsankho losankha anthu lozikidwa pa fuko. Malamulo 144th Amendment anakhala pakati pawo monga maziko a nyumba, kufotokoza unzika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Pambuyo pa kukonzanso mapangano kwa Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson kololera kulolera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a ku Southern Sower kupitirira malamulo a ku African America, Congress / [Congress]

Chigamulo choperekedwa ndi Congress pa June 13, 1866, ndi kuvomerezedwa pa July 9, 1868, chisinthiko chinathetsa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha mbiri yoipa Dered Scott v. Sandford [1857], chimene chinanena kuti anthu a m'Afirika sangakhale nzika za U.S. . Chigawo 1 cha chikalatacho chinatsutsa mwachindunji kugamulako mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwira kapena obadwa mu United States ndi nzika za dzikolo lomwe iwo amakhalako.

Makonzedwe Ofunika a Kukonzanso kwa Zaka 14

M’chikalata cha 14 cha Amendment muli zigawo zisanu, koma Chigawo 1 chili ndi chinenero champhamvu kwambiri ndiponso chofala.

Ufulu wa Unyinji

Chigawo 1 chimayamba: "Anthu onse obadwa kapena opangidwa ku United States, ndi olamulidwa ndi iwo, ali nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala. Chiganizo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa ufulu waufulu . Chinsinsi chimene chidakali mutu wa mkangano walamulo ndi wandale lerolino. Chitsimikiziro chakuti mwana aliyense wobadwa ku U.S. (pansi pa malire ake, monga ana a nduna zachilendo) amakhala munthu wa boma la U.S., mosasamala kanthu za malo a makolo osamukira. Mtengowo unali chivomerezo chachinduku ku [[FLT:] Scott .

Mmene Claus Amayendera

Chigawo chimodzimodzicho chikupitiriza: "... ndipo Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Mawu ameneŵa amagwira ntchito yofanana kuti Kusintha kwa Gawo Loyamba kumakakamiza boma ku maboma. Kusinthaku kuli ndi mipatu iŵiri: njira yoyenerera [[[FLT:] imateteza ufulu, ngakhale njira zoyenerera. Kupyolera, kumva, kukondera, kuweruza kopanda tsankho, kusanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu; [[FLT:] kugonjetsa njira yoyenerera yoyenerera imateteza ufulu wina wa boma, ngakhale ngati njirazotsatirazo ziri zoyenera. Kupyo, Koti bwalo la Supt Court, likudziŵa ufulu, ufulu, ndi kulanda ufulu wa munthu, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zina za m'Gromalamulo la Boma Croma: [Ftmalamulo:] Malamulo ambiri]

Kuteteza Claus Kofanana

Chigawo 1 chimalamulanso kuti: "Kunena zoona, amakana munthu aliyense m'dzikolo kutetezeredwa mofanana ndi malamulo. Mawu osavuta ameneŵa akhala chida chachikulu chopezera malamulo osoŵera milandu. Malamulo ogwirizana ndi ufulu wa anthu amafuna kuti boma likhale ndi ufulu wofananawo wokhudza anthu. Tanthauzo lake lakhala lotsekerezedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kukhazikitsa mipatuko ya zamalamulo. Malamulo ambiri amapendedwa pansi pa maziko oyenera a kuyesa zinthu. Kusankhanako kumaonedwa kukhala koyenera ngati ali ndi kugwirizana koyenera ndi nkhani za boma. Koma malamulo opatula a fuko, kapena chipembedzo chodzutsa kuyang'anitsa, kupenda kwakukulu, ndipo amachitidwa nthaŵi zonse popanda kuyang'anira chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kuikidwa mwachisayeza. Kutetezera kwa pakati, kutetezera kwa lamulo la fuko la fuko. Chilamulo chachikuluikulu chinali kutsimikizira kwa fuko la fuko mu: [Froptmoved .[4] ndi ku [1] Malamulo ogwirizana ndi ku .[4]

Mwayi Kapena Kuika Claus Pansi

Chikalatachi chinaikidwa pakati pa Chigawo cha Claus ndi Act Claus ndi Act Classias ndi mawu akuti: "Boma silidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena kuteteza nzika za United States . Chikalata chimenechi chinali ndi cholinga chotetezera ufulu wa dziko ku kuphwanya kwa boma. Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu la 1873 liyenera kupita ku mpando wa boma kapena ku khoti la boma. Chigamulocho chinachotsa mlandu wa ku ufulu wa dzikolo [ . [Imodzi] imaŵerenga lamulo limeneli mochepera, polingalira kuti limatetezera ufulu wa "ufikira unzi wa dziko" (momwe ali kuyenera kupita ku malo a boma kapena ku khoti la boma). Chigamulochocho chimatulutsa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa zaka za zana lino, koma chimaumirirabe kumbuyo kwa kuyenera kuchirikiza kuyenera kwake kwa kuyang'ast.

Ufulu wa Malamulo Unatetezedwa ndi Lamulo Lokonzedwanso

M’malo mwake, bungwe la Boma la ufulu wachibadwidwe la Malamulo la 14, limapereka mfundo zimene khoti lagwiritsa ntchito poteteza ufulu wambiri. M’munsimu muli ufulu waukulu umene anthu avomereza kuti ndi woyenerera.

Ufulu wa Kukhala Nzika ndi Ufuko

Unzika wobadwa bwino pansi pa Thungwe Claus umatanthauza kuti munthu aliyense wobadwa ku United States (ndipo wolamulidwa ndi iye) ali nzika. Ufulu umenewu sungachotsedwe ndi Congress kapena maboma kusiyapo njira zochepera zoperekedwa m'Chigawo 1. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira zimenezi mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark [[FLD] [1898]), kunyamula kuti mwana wabadwa ku United States kwa makolo a ku China anali U.S. nzika ya nzika, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma pa nthaŵi imene anthu a ku China analetsedwa kusakhala achilengedwe. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimakhalabe lamulo labwino ndipo chili maziko a mikangano yamakono yokhudza kukhala ufulu wa ana osamukira ku dziko la Zambia.

Chitetezo pa Malamulo Otsutsa Upo

Kutetezera Khirisimasi kofanana ndi kuteteza Claus ndi chitetezo chachikulu pa tsankho la boma. Kwakhala kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amaletsa tsankho la fuko, fuko, mwamuna ndi mkazi, ndi magawo ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu Obergefell v. Bolmer . Hodges[FLT:] (2001]], Khoti limene linavomereza kuti ukwati uletsedwe ndi maukwati amodzi. Momwemonso, [FLT:]] Gritaute v. Bolmer . [FLT:] [200]]) (200) kulola kulowa m’maphunziro apamwamba pansi pa maphunziro, pamene pambuyo pake zosankha zofanana [FT:] Actstionstionsss .[4]

Kuyenera kwa Kupitiriza Mwalamulo

Kulinganiza koyenera kwa lamulo kumafuna kuti boma lisanachotse ufulu wa munthu, munthuyo ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wakumva m’njira yatanthauzo. Izi zimagwira ntchito ku kuzenga mlandu kwa upandu, kutayikiridwa kwa boma, kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu wa makolo, kuchotsedwa kwa mapangano, ndi ntchito zina zambiri za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba limagwiritsira ntchito mayeso olinganiza bwino okhazikitsidwa mu Mathews v. Eldidge [1] [16] kugamula zimene malamulo amafunikira: chikondwerero chaumwini, upandu wa kukana molakwa kolakwika pansi pa malamulo amakono, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma.

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu

Kupyolera mu Nsoko ya Zaubwino ya Kulamulira kwa Zaka 14 yapangitsa kuti ambiri a Malamulo a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe alimbitsidwe. Njira imeneyi, yotchedwa [[FLT: 0] yosankha kuikidwa kwa zida , inayamba moona mtima kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Maufulu Oyamba a kulankhula, sindikiza, msonkhano, ndi chipembedzo zinakhala zoikidwa mwamsanga. Maufulu ena, monga kuyenera kunyamula zida (] kusankhidwa ndi zida. Chicagonjelo , 2010) ndi kuyenera kwa mlandu wa anthu m’boma wa milandu yaikulu. Monga momwe chitetezero cha posachedwapa. Monga momwe masiku ano, ufulu uliwonse mu ufulu wa Bill Woyenerera wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kuwonjezera, umayendera ndi mbali zochepa chabe (zofunika za Oyendetsa zinthu zazikulu, monga ngati zopiti, oweruza aakulu, ndi oweruza oweruza oweruza milandu, ndipo owonjezera owonjezera milandu.

Ufulu Wofunika Kwambiri ndi Njira Yosafunika

Pambuyo pake, bungwe la Akazi lija likupitiriza kuteteza ufulu wa kulera, kulakwa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zimene zazikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko limeneli ndi mwambo. Ngakhale zitatchulidwa m'Malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kulera ana, kuyenera kwa kulera ana monga momwe munthu akuonera kukhala woyenera, kuyenera kwa kulera, kuyenera kwa kuchita zachinsinsi, ndi kuyenera kwa kugonana kwachinsinsi, ndi kuchotsa mimba (momwe anakhazikitsidwa mu [[FL: 0]]] Roe v. [Akazi:]][FLT:] 1973] ndi kukonzedwa ndi [[FLT:]] kuperekedwa ndi [FLT]] kulakwa kwa m'pasanja. Kukhotakukukukukukukukukutetezera kwa kulakwakukukutetezera. Komabe, m'kusintha kwa banja ndi kudalira pa kulakwa kwa kulakwakuchotsa chikhomo.

Chiyambukiro pa Ufulu wa Nzika ndi Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe

Kupanda kutero, kupambana kwakukulu kwa bungwe lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe la LGBTQ, ndi LGBTQ+ kukanakhala kosatheka.

Kuthetsa Tsankho la Fuko

[Folessy v. Ferguson[FLT: 1] (196], Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza tsankho la fuko pansi pa "kusiyana ndi" chiphunzitso, likumati Chitetezo Cholingana Claus sichinaswedwe ngati ziŵiya zofanana. Chigamulo chimenechi chovomerezedwa Jim Crow ku South kwa zaka pafupifupi 60. Khoti Losanja Loyamba linagwedezeka mu Brown v. Body ya Maphunziro [FLT:] (11954]), yosunga kuti kusankhana mitundu m’masukulu kunali kosayenera. Woweruza wamkulu Earl Berrenster analemba kuti "malo amaphunziro ali osalimba," ndi "Genera kuchepetsa mtima wawo... ndipo angayambukire maganizo awo olakwika. [F.]

Kuteteza Ufulu Wopatsa Ena

Chikalata cha Evolution cha 145, kuphatikizapo Demetrimendi, chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa tsankho la 15. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa misonkho ya kuvota Harper v. Virginia Board ya Evolutions [1] (1966) (pansi pa Kuteteza kwa Secial Protection Classie, ndi milandu ina yochepetsedwa ya fuko ndi kugamula milandu ya ovota. Komabe, zosankha zaposachedwapa zonga Shelby County v. Haker . (20) inafooketsa Zoyenera za Volct Act Act ya 1965, zimene zinazikidwa pa mphamvu ya bungwe la Couragestion kusungitsa malamulo ochirikiza ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Nkhondo yachiŵirinso ndi ufulu wapakati pa ufulu walamulo.

Kutetezera Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment kumafuna maboma kuvomereza maukwati a kugonana ndi kuzindikira maukwati amodzi. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linadalira ponse paŵiri Claus (kuchinjiriza kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira) ndi Kutetezera Claus (kutsutsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana). Chigamulo chinali choyambirira cha LGBTQ+ zoyenera ndi kusonyeza kulolera kwa kulolerana kwa anthu polankhula ndi kumvetsetsa ufulu ndi kulingana kwa anthu.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira ndi Chitetezo Chofanana

Chitsimikizo cha 14th Amendment cha chitetezero chakhalanso chiwonjezero cha nkhondo ya kulola. Machenjezo a University of California v. Bakke [1988], Bwalo linagamula kuti magawo a mafuko anali osagwirizana koma kuti fuko lingakhale chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zikanaloŵa. Zochitika zapambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo [[FLT:] v. Bollinger [2003] [malamulo] (2003]), kuchirikiza malamulo a fuko osadziŵa kanthu. Komabe, [mapanga mapangano a Faictives . [v] [FLT] [FFFF:] [FT] [FLT] [2], [2] pa kuweruza kwa mpikisano wafuko, kutsutsa njira yokhudzana mpikisano, imene iyenera kuchirikiza kuchirikiza anthu kuti adzichirikitse.

Mafotokozedwe ndi Mikangano Yamakono

M’nthaŵi ino, makambitsirano angapo ayamba kusonyeza kufunika kwake.

Kubadwa ndi Unzika Wovuta

Anthu ena andale ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo akayikira ngati Cintuizity Claus ayenera kugwira ntchito kwa ana a anthu osalembedwa. Iwo amatsutsa kuti ana oterowo sa "kugonjera ku ulamuliro" wa United States m’lingaliro lokwanira. Komabe, lingaliro lalamulo lofala , lochirikizidwa ndi malemba, Wang Kim Ark , ndi malamulo a boma lakuti ufulu wa munthu uli lamulo ndipo ungasinthidwe kokha kupyolera mwa malamulo ena. Kuyesa kulikonse kumasuliranso mawu oimira lamulo kapena lamulo kungayang'anizanadi ndi chitokosokoso.

Zofunika Kutsatira Pambuyo pa Mabala

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Madobs atsegula khomo la kutokosa ku zoyenerera zina zapansipansi za ntchito. Malamulo ena a boma ndi zigamulo za khoti zakhala kale zikukaikira kuyenera kwa kuletsa kutenga mimba ([[FLT:]]]. Connecticut[FL:3] 1965]) ndi kuyenera kwa kugonana kwachinsinsi ([FLT:] Lawrence v. [[FLT]] ndi kuyenera kwake kwapadera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyoku. Texas [FLT:] 2003]. Pamene kuli kwakuti [FLT:] Madobs [2] ambiri] sanali kukaikira kumbuyo, malingalirowo amene sanagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Zotsatira za lamulo lina lofunika kwambiri.

Kutetezedwa Kofanana ndi Kudziŵika kwa Anthu Osiyana M’mikhalidwe

Makhoti akugwiritsa ntchito mowonjezereka Supreme Protection Claus kuti anene kuti amasankhana chifukwa cha mmene amaonera kugonana ndi chiwerewere. M' Bostock v. Clayton County [[FLT:] (2020]), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Dipo ya Chilolezo cha Chisungiko cha Chigawo cha Chitetezo imaletsa tsankho kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ogwira ntchito yogulitsa amuna ndi akazi ena. Mlanduwu unali wozikidwa pa kumasulira kwa malamulo, osati Demendement. Koma tsopano khoti laling'ono likulingalira kuti kaya kuchepetsako kutsutsa anthu, chitsanzo cha maseŵera, masukuti, kapena chisamaliro cha zamankhwala. Malamulo ameneŵa angafikire ku Khoti Lapamwamba ndi kulongosolanso malire a chitetezo.

Kodi Mwayi Wochita Zinthu Kapena Kubwereranso M’mbuyo?

Gulu laling'ono koma lotchuka la akatswiri ndi oweruza likutsutsa kuti Malo Oikidwiratu kapena ma Immunities Claus ayenera kubwezeretsedwa monga galimoto yoyamba yotetezera ufulu wofunika. Iwo amanena kuti Nyumba yoseka [1] Nyumba [ inagamula molakwa ndi kuti tanthauzo loyamba la mawuwo linali kutetezera ufulu wofunika wa U.S. nzika zotsutsa ufulu wa boma. Woweruza Clarence Thomas wachirikiza mobwerezabwereza lingaliro limeneli m’malingaliro ogwirizana ndi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo silinatengerebe njira imeneyi, kusintha chiphunzitso kukakhala ndi matanthauzo aakulu kaamba ka ufulu wa mfuti, ufulu wa zachuma, ndi malo ena. [FL.] [FL: M. [F.D.c.V.[FT.] [2]

Kukakamiza ndi Chigawo 5

Chigawo 5 cha Geneth Amendment chimapereka Congress "mphamvu ya kukakamiza, mwa lamulo loyenerera, makonzedwe a nkhani ino. Kupatsa kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Act ya 1964, Voting Rights Act ya 1965, ndi Fair Hom House Reconvect ya 1968. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu zochepetsedwa za Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu [Fogne v. Flemures [FLT.FLT] [1997], Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la Religious Religious Reconvective Act (1997) monga momwe linagwirira ntchito ku maboma, kutanthauza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kusungitsa mphamvu ya kuchuluka kwa malamulo a boma, osati kuchuluka kapena kuonjezera. The "Fokration of Declation Act 5) yokhudza lamulo lakutsutsa za kugonana kwa anthu ambiri, malinga ndi chikalata chakunja chaku

Kumaliza: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Lamulo la 14

Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha wa Zam'malamulo unasintha malamulo kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa pakati pa maboma ndi boma kukhala chikalata cha ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Ufulu wa kubadwa kwa munthu unakhazikitsa muyezo wa ufulu wosapezeka pakati pa mitundu. Malamulo ake a Aust Process Claus aphatikiza pafupifupi Bill of Rights yonse ndi ufulu wotetezedwa umene oyambitsawo sanaganizire. Chitetezo chake cha Agenic Claus ndi chitetezero kwa mibadwo ya anthu a ku America akumenyera chilungamo ndi kuphatikana. Ndipo ufulu wake kapena Immunious Claus, ngakhale kuti wakhala woleka, angayambebe kuchita mbali yatsopano yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Pamene dzikolo likupitiriza kutsutsana za tanthauzo la kulingana, ufulu, ndi unzika, Chisinthiko cha 14ne chidzakhalabe pakati pa makambitsirano amenewo. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zake zazikulu sikuli kokha kupenda chidziŵitso cha maphunziro . Nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kutengamo mbali m'projective democracy yopitirizabe ya American. Kuŵerenganso za democracy. [FLT:] kupitiriza kuŵerenga za mbiri ya kukonza ndi mbiri ya malamulo, onani [[FLT:] [4]] Malembo alamulo a Chidziŵitso ndi mbiri yonse ya mbiri: [FTT:]. Mkaikizonse. M'nkhani yapamwamba ya kuganiza za demokrala ya ku America ikupezekapo [[FLT:] [FF] [5]