Kumvetsa mmene boma limalinganizidwira m'milingo yosiyanasiyana n’kofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse mmene dongosolo landale limagwirira ntchito, mmene amapangira zosankha, ndi mmene amachitira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti maina ndi mphamvu za mtundu uliwonse zimasiyana kuchokera ku dziko ndi dziko, maiko a democracy ambiri amalinganiza utsogoleri wawo kukhala mizere itatu yoyambirira: boma (lokhala m'dziko lonse), boma, ndi malo ake. Mlingo uliwonse umachita maudindo osiyanasiyana, mphamvu, ndi kulephera kumene kumayambukira moyo wa nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku mtundu wa misewu ndi sukulu ku mapangano a dziko lonse. Chitsogozochi chimapereka kuyang'anira kothandiza, m'mbanguli, mmene amachitira zinthu, mmene amachitira, ndi chifukwa chake amachitira zinthu zimenezi zosiyanitsa anthu odziŵana ndi odziŵa bwino.

Kodi Boma Limatsogolera Pati?

Kuzungulira, mabungwe a boma amatsatira chitsanzo chotsatizana chimene chimagawanitsa ulamuliro pakati pa bungwe lapakati la dziko ndi mabungwe a chigawo kapena malo. Magawo a mphamvu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro ukhalabe wogwira ntchito ndi wolabadira zosoŵa zosiyanasiyana m'dera lalikulu. Miyezo itatu yaikulu ndi:

  • Boma la Faderal (Utundu): mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa boma, likulu la zinthu zimene zimakhudza dziko lonselo .Monga ngati chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo achilendo, kusamuka, ndi malonda apakati pa maiko.
  • Boma la za chigawo: mlingo wapakati umene umalamulira maboma, zigawo, kapena madera. Maboma ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro pa madera amene saapadera osungidwira boma la boma, monga maphunziro, ziwitso za zoyendera, ndi thanzi la anthu m’malire awo.
  • Boma lakufupi ndi dzikolo: Ulendo wapafupi kwambiri ndi nzika, mizinda, matauni, mabwinja, ndi makampani olemba. Maboma akugwira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku monga kusonkhanitsa zinthu, misewu, misewu, mapaki, malo, ndi madipatimenti a polisi ndi amoto.

Kugaŵanikana kwenikweni kwa maulamuliro pakati pa milingo imeneyi kumafotokozedwa ndi malamulo a dziko kapena zikalata zalamulo. M'madongosolo a boma monga United States, Canada, Australia, ndi Germany, maboma a boma ndi maboma amagawana uchifumu, limodzi ndi maulamuliro osiyana amene wina sangathe kugonjetsa. M'madongosolo aunyinji monga Falansa kapena Japan, boma la dzikolo lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu, ndipo maboma akugawana nawo ndi boma lalikulu.

Chiyeso cha Maboma: Ulamuliro pa Mlingo wa Dzikolo

Boma la boma ndilo ulamuliro wapamwamba koposa m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene zimadutsa malire a dziko kapena likufuna kugwirizana kwa dziko. Mlingo umenewu wa boma uli ndi thayo la kuika zitsogozo za malamulo ndi kusunga uchifumu ndi chisungiko za dziko.

Udindo wa Boma la Federal

Maboma a boma kwenikweni amasamalira ntchito zimene mwachibadwa zili m’dzikolo.

  • National Defense and Security: Kusunga magulu ankhondo, kuyendetsa ntchito zankhondo, ndi kutetezera dziko ku ziwopsezo zakunja. Izi zimaphatikizaponso mabungwe a luntha ndi ntchito za chisungiko cha dziko.
  • Affairs ndi Diplomacy: Kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga maunansi ndi mitundu ina, kukambitsirana mapangano, ndi kuimira dziko m’mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga ngati United Nations.
  • Kusuntha ndi kuletsa Boma: Kukhazikitsa malamulo a amene angaloŵe m'dziko, kupatsa unzika, ndi kuyang'anira malire.
  • Interstate ndi Malonda a Padziko Lonse: Malonda olamulira amene amadutsa dziko kapena malire a dziko, kuphatikizapo mapepala a boma, mapangano a malonda, ndi miyezo ya zinthu zogulitsidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma.
  • [[MLT: 0] Policy ndi Sayansi: Kulamulira ndalama ya dziko, kukhazikitsa ziŵerengero za chiwongola dzanja, ndi kulamulira kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kupyolera m'banki yapakati (monga Federal Reserve ku United States).
  • Lamulo la Pansi ndi Chilungamo: kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kusunga dongosolo la khoti la boma, ndi kuweruza milandu imene imagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Sacial Security and National Welfare Programs: Addis a maprogramu a dziko lonse monga Social Security, Medicare, ndi mapindu a ulova a boma.

Malo a Boma la Federal

M’madongosolo aboma a democracy ochuluka, boma la dzikolo limagaŵidwa m’nthambi zitatu zosiyana kutsimikizira dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganizika.

  • Nthambi yoyendera: Yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti (kapena Nduna Yaikulu m'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo), nthambi imeneyi iri ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsogoza malamulo a maiko ena, ndi kulamulira asilikali. Mtsogoleriyo amaphatikizaponso kabati ya advisors ndi mabungwe a boma ambiri.
  • Nthambi ya [1] Mwachibadwa bungwe la bameral (monga ngati Congress ya U.S., yopangidwa ndi Khoti ndi Nyumba ya Oimira) ili ndi thayo la kulemba mapulani, kukambitsirana, ndi kutsalira kwa malamulo a boma. Bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo limalamuliranso bajeti ya boma ndi ndalama zimene limawononga.
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Itsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ndi lochirikizidwa ndi makhoti a boma ang'onoang'ono, nthambi imeneyi imamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, imapenda kuyenera kwa malamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma.

Zitsanzo za Kupangidwa kwa Zosankha Zaukulu wa Gawo

Pamene boma la boma likhazikitsa nkhondo, likambirana pangano la malonda ndi dziko lina, kapena kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu ya mpweya, ilo likuchita mphamvu zake zopatsidwa mwalamulo. zosankha zimenezi zimakhudza nzika iliyonse m’dzikolo ndipo sizingatsutsidwe ndi boma kapena boma la kumaloko.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri ponena za mmene boma la boma la boma limagwira ntchito, mkulu wa boma USA.gov alongedzere ku nthambi za boma akupereka mafotokozedwe okwanira a ntchito ndi mathayo a nthambi iliyonse.

Mkhalidwe wa Boma: Kulamulira m’Chigawo

Boma kapena maboma a chigawo ali ndi mpambo wapakati wa ulamuliro. Iwo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zimene zili za m'dziko ndipo nzolinganizidwira kukhala ovomereza ku zosoŵa zachindunji, miyambo, ndi mikhalidwe ya zachuma ya nzika zawo. M'madongosolo a boma, maboma saali kokha magawo a boma; iwo ali maulamuliro olamulira okhala ndi malamulo awoawo, malamulo, mabwalo a malamulo, ndi mabwalo amilandu.

Mathayo a Maboma

Maboma amayendetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa anthu okhala m’deralo, kuphatikizapo:

  • Maphunziro a Chitukuko: Kuwona mopambanitsa dongosolo la maphunziro, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kuchirikiza masukulu a boma, ndi kuyang'anira mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji.
  • Mayalo opatsiratu: Malo ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, milatho, madoko, ndi madongosolo oyendera anthu onse amene amagwira ntchito m’boma.
  • Public Safety and Law Enictment: Apolisi a boma ogwirira ntchito, oyang'anira malo owongolera, ndi oyang'anira madongosolo a milandu a milandu ya boma.
  • Kusamalira ndi Mautumiki a Mayanjano: Maprogramu ophunzitsa Medicaid, kuyang'anira ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi kuyendetsa ubwino wa ana ndi mautumiki abanja.
  • Kukonza ndi kugamula: [[FL:1] Kutulutsa malaisensi aukatswiri (madokotala, maloya, omanga nyumba), kuyang'anira inshuwalansi ndi zipangizo zothandizira, ndi kuyang'anira masankho ndi ovota.
  • Natural Resources ndi Environment: Amayang'anira mapaki a boma, kuyang'anira kugwiritsira ntchito madzi, kukhazikitsa malamulo a chitetezo cha malo okhala m'malire a boma, ndi kuyang'anira kuyang'anira nyama zakuthengo.

Malamulo a Boma

Kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amawunikira kapangidwe ka boma koma pamlingo wochepera, ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana:

  • Governor: [[FLT :1] Mtsogoleri wosankhidwa wa nthambi ya boma, woyang'anira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kukhazikitsa bajeti, ndi kutsogolera boma. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu pa malamulo a boma m’maboma ambiri.
  • State Legislature : "[FLT ] Mwachibadwa bungwe la bimear (kusiyapo Nebraska, limene lili ndi nyumba yoikiziramo munthu) yokhala ndi mlandu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kuvomereza bajeti ya boma, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma.
  • Makhoti adziko: Dongosolo lachiweruzo limene limasamalira milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo milandu ya upandu, mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni, ndi nkhani za banja. Boma lililonse lili ndi bwalo lake lalikulu koposa monga ulamuliro wa boma pa mafunso alamulo.

Zitsanzo za Kugamulidwa kwa Boma

Pamene boma likweza malipiro ochepa pamwamba pa chipinda cha boma, likhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa mpweya kaamba ka magalimoto (monga mmene California imachitira), kapena kugamula mmene msonkho wa malonda umasonkhanitsidwira ndi kuwonongedwa, ilo likugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zosungidwa. Maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu wa kuyesa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuwapezera dzina laulemu lakuti "Maluso a demokrase.

Kuzindikira za mmene maboma a boma amasiyanirana ku United States, Conference of State Legislatures imapereka kufufuza kokulira ndi chidziŵitso cha malamulo a boma ndi ntchito za malamulo.

Mmene Anthu Akukhalira: Kulamulira M’madera Okhala Anthu

Boma la kumaloko ndilo mlingo wapafupi kwambiri kwa nzika ndipo ndi umene umayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Limaphatikizapo mizinda, matauni, midzi, malo a tauni, ndi zigawo zapadera. Mosiyana ndi maboma a boma ndi maboma, amene amakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, maboma a kumaloko amapangidwa ndi lamulo la boma ndipo amapatsidwa ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku boma. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "Matumbo a boma.

Udindo wa Maboma Akomweko

Maboma a m’derali amachita zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene anthu okhala m’derali amachita nthawi zonse.

  • : Kuyang'anira madzi, mankhwala otayirira, magetsi (m'madera ena), ndi kusonkhanitsa ndi kutaya zinyalala.
  • Misewu ya Kumchere ndi Transport: Kumanga ndi kusunga makwalala a kumaloko, njira, zizindikiro za magalimoto, ndi njira zoyendera za anthu monga mabasi ndi njanji yopepuka.
  • Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa: Kujambula mapaki a onse, malo oseŵera, malo a chitaganya, malo a maseŵera, ndi kulinganiza maprogramu a zosangulutsa za nzika.
  • Kutetezera: Kujambula madipatimenti a apolisi akwanuko, madipatimenti a moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala ofunikira chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi amene ayankha mafoni 911.
  • Dziko Ligwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zoning: Kulamulira mmene nthaka ingagwiritsidwire ntchito kupyolera mwa malamulo omanga, kupereka zilolezo za kumanga, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi chitukuko.
  • Maphunziro a m'madera ambiri, madera a sukulu odziimira okha amayendetsa sukulu za boma, ndipo amalipira kwambiri ndi misonkho ya malo, ndi kuyang'anira makomiti a sukulu osankhidwa.
  • [[ML:0] Kuchiritsidwa ndi Kuyera: [[FL:1] Kuyang'anira malesitilanti ndi malo osungira chakudya, kuyang'anira zipatala zaumoyo, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo yaukhondo.

Malamulo a Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’deralo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi kukula ndi mtundu wa chitaganya, koma anthu ambiri amachita zinthu izi:

  • Mayor-Council System: Meya wosankhidwa amatumikira monga mkulu wamkulu, pamene bungwe losankhidwa la mzinda litumikira monga bungwe la malamulo. Dongosolo limeneli lingakhale "moya wamphamvu" (pamene meya ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa boma) kapena "meya wofooka" (pamene bungwe limakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka).
  • Komiti ya Fayili- Fayili: Bungwe losankhidwa limakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kulemba manijala wa tauni waluso kuti achite ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zauyang'anira. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimakhudza kwambiri mabwana aukatswiri mmalo mwa utsogoleri wa ndale zadziko.
  • System yolengeza : Oimira onse oikidwa amayang'anira dipatimenti yakutiyakuti (monga apolisi, moto, kapena ntchito za anthu) ndipo onse pamodzi amatumikira monga bungwe la malamulo. Chitsanzo chimenechi nchosafala lerolino.
  • Boma la quality: Mofala] likulamuliridwa ndi bungwe losankhidwa la oimira kapena oyang'anira, limodzi ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa apadera kaamba ka mbali zapadera zonga ngati sheriff, wofufuza, ndi kalaliki.

Zigawo za Sukulu ndi Magawo Apadera

Mtundu wina wa boma lakumaloko umaphatikizapo zigawo zapadera. Magawo a sukulu ndi ofala kwambiri, ndi mabungwe osankhidwa amene ali ndi udindo woyang'anira sukulu za boma m’malire awo. Madera ena apadera angayang'anire zonse kuyambira ku madzi ndi kuletsa udzudzu kufikira ku malaibulale a anthu onse ndi zigawo za zipatala. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro wawowa wokhoma msonkho ndipo amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe osankhidwa kapena oikidwa.

Mmene Boma Limathandizira

Ngakhale kuti boma lililonse limachita zinthu palokha, siligwirizana kwambiri ndipo zimene limachitirana ndi anthu ena zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano, kukambirana, ndiponso kukangana kwa nthawi ndi nthawi.

Mafuko ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Maulamuliro

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma umafotokozedwa ndi lamulo lalamulo la boma, limene limagaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa mlingo wa dziko ndi boma. Mu United States, Konsichushoni imapatsa mphamvu zina zoŵerengedwa ku boma la boma (monga ngati kuponya ndalama ndi kulengeza nkhondo), kusungitsa maulamuliro ena ku maiko (monga ngati kuyendetsa masankho ndi kutsogoza malonda a zamalonda a boma), ndipo imaletsa milingo yonse iŵiri kuchokera ku machitidwe akutiakuti (monga ngati kudutsa malamulo a papositi).

Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, mphamvu zasintha. Boma la boma lakula kwambiri kuyambira nyengo ya New Deal, kuchita mbali zowonjezereka m'madera monga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Komabe, maboma amakhala ndi ufulu wokwanira ndipo akupitiriza kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma Kukuchitidwa

M’zochitika, milingo itatu ya boma imachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika:

  • Kusintha ndi Mafuko: Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zazikulu kwa boma ndi maboma akomwe kupyolera mwa maprogramu a ndalama zoperekedwa. Ndalama zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe, zikumafuna maboma kugwirizana ndi miyezo ina ya boma posinthanitsa ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama za boma zapamsewu zimadalira pa maboma amene atenga msinkhu wochepera wa zaka 21.
  • Madeti ndi Kuwomboledwa: malamulo a boma angachotse kapena kuchotsa malamulo apamwamba. Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limakhalapo pansi pa Supremacy Claus ya U.S. . Mofananamo, malamulo a boma angachotse malamulo a kumaloko pa nkhani za boma.
  • Coftivation Administration : maprogramu ambiri amaperekedwa mogwirizana ku mlingo uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, Medicaid amachirikizidwa ndi maboma a boma ndi boma, limodzi ndi maboma kutsogolera programuyo m'zitsogozo za boma. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a m'miyezo yonse amagwirizanika pa mphamvu ndi chidziŵitso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuyesa kwa polisi: Madziko kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga maziko oyesera malamulo atsopano asanatengedwe monga a mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha ndi mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo zinayambitsidwa pa mlingo wa boma asanaikidwe m'dziko lonselo.

Zitsanzo za Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Kusamvana

Chitsanzo choonekeratu cha kugwirizana kwa boma ndi kubwezera tsoka. Mkuntho kapena moto wamoto ukaphulika, makampani a boma ayamba kuyankha, akuluakulu a boma amagwirizanitsa zinthu ndi kupempha thandizo la boma, ndipo Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imathandizira anthu, antchito, ndi mapulogalamu a m'makampani.

Chitsanzo cha mkangano ndicho kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a malo okhala. California wayesayesa kuika miyezo yokhwima ya kutulutsa galimoto kuposa boma, kutsogolera ku nkhondo za lamulo ponena za kaya maboma angapereke miyezo imeneyo kapena kaya ngati lamulo la boma limaithetsa. Mikangano imeneyi imathetsedwa ndi makhoti, amene amamasulira kugaŵana kwa malamulo a maulamuliro.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kumvetsa mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa boma si njira yamaphunziro ayi. Kuli ndi zotsatirapo zenizeni za moyo wa nzika iliyonse. Kudziwa kuti ndi boma liti limene limachititsa nkhani inayake kumathandiza anthu kutsogolera nkhaŵa zawo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo, ndi kudandaula ku malo oyenera.

  • Kuthandiza: Pamene nzika zizindikira mlingo wa misewu ya boma, sukulu, kapena chisungiko cha anthu, zingavote modziŵa bwino kwambiri m'malo, boma, ndi masankho a boma ndi kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa oyenerera.
  • Kusintha kwa kampani: Ngati mukufuna kuwongolera paki yanu, kulembera msonkhano wa mzinda wanu nkogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa kulankhula ndi woimira wanu wa boma. Ngati musamala za lamulo la kusamukira, kuphatikizidwa ndi opanga malamulo a boma ndiko njira yoyenera.
  • Kuzindikira Ufulu ndi Zitetezero: Milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma imapereka ufulu ndi chitetezo chosiyana. Kudziŵa kaya lamulo linayamba ku boma, boma, kapena mlingo wa kumaloko kumathandiza nzika kumvetsetsa zoyenera zawo zalamulo ndi mathayo awo.
  • Kupanga '''''anazi': [[FLT :1] Zisankho zimachitika pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana ndipo zimaphatikizapo oyembekezera ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa mbali za chiŵalo cha bungwe la mizinda ndi chiŵalo cha boma ndi kutsutsana ndi chiŵalo cha Congress kumathandiza ovota kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa bwino.
  • Kumvetsetsa Policy Impacts: Lamulo la msonkho la boma limayambukira aliyense, pamene kuli kwakuti chosankha cha malo chakumaloko chingayambukire kokha malo. Kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kuyembekezera mmene malamulo adzayambukirira miyoyo yawo.

Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza Zolakwika za Maboma

Kuwafotokoza bwino ameneŵa kumathandiza kukulitsa chidziŵitso cholongosoka cha dongosololo.

  • Miscreeption: Boma la boma limalamulira zonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu m'madera ambiri, maboma ndi madera ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa maphunziro, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, lamulo laupandu, ndi mbali zina zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.
  • Miscroption: Maboma a m'dziko ali kokha nthambi za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma akumeneko apeza ulamuliro wawo ku boma, ambiri ali ndi maulamuliro a panyumba amene amawapatsa ufulu waukulu wosamalira zinthu za kumaloko popanda kuloŵerera kwa boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Miscrect: Milingo yonse ya boma njosiyana kotheratu. Kwenikweni, mlingowo umagwira ntchito pamodzi mwa makonzedwe a ndalama, maprogramu a mgwirizano, ndi mathayo a kusungitsa. Dongosololi limagwirizanika kwambiri kuposa kuyang'anira madera onse.
  • Miscception: Malo ake ngofanana kulikonse. Maulamuliro amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa maiko ndipo ngakhale pakati pa maiko mkati mwa dziko limodzi. United States ndi Canada ali ndi madongosolo amphamvu a boma, pamene maiko onga United Kingdom ndi France amapereka mphamvu zowonjezereka ku boma lapakati.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa boma nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kukhala nzika yodziŵa ndi yotomerana. Deti lililonse . "federal, boma, ndi malo akwawo" mathayo osiyanasiyana amene amaumba mmene anthu amagwirira ntchito ndi mmene nzika zimakhalira ndi moyo wapoyera. Kuchokera ku dziko ndi malamulo achilendo pamlingo wa boma, kupita ku maphunziro ndi zoyendera, ku mapaki, apolisi, ndi ku malo ena a m'deralo, mizera imeneyi ya ntchito ya boma pamodzi , ndipo nthaŵi zina kukhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu ndi loyendetsera zinthu.

Mwa kudziŵa kuti ndi mlingo uti umene umasamalira zimene, nzika zingalunjikitse nkhaŵa zawo kwa akuluakulu oyenerera, kuvota ndi kuzindikira kwambiri, ndi kuchirikiza mogwira mtima masinthidwe amene akufuna kuwona. Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza zomangidwa pakati pa milingo limaperekanso chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa ochenjerera, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvuzo zidakali zogawidwa ndi kuŵerengera. Kwa awo ofuna kukulitsa chidziŵitso chawo, chuma chonga .gov imatsogolera ku boma ndi maboma akuno.