Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kukupitirizabe kukhala limodzi la mavuto owonjezereka ndi okwera mtengo amene ayang'anizana ndi mizinda ndi m'midzi mu United States. Malinga ndi 2023 Urban Mombility Report, kuchuluka kwa chuma kwa United States kumawononga ndalama zoposa $179 biliyoni pachaka m'kuwonongeka kwa zokolola, kuwononga mafuta, ndi kuwonjezera ntchito za galimoto. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) ali pa mizera ya patsogolo ya nkhondoyi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera njira zoyendera, kuwongolera njira zoyendera, ndi kupanga migwirizano yochirikiza kuyendetsa galimoto. Zoyesayesa zimenezi sizili chabe za kuyendetsa galimoto mofulumira kwambiri; iwo akuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi kuwonongeka, ndi kuchirikiza chitukuko chachuma.

Kufufuza kofutukula kumeneku kukusonyeza njira zogwira mtima kwambiri zimene ma DOT akupanga masiku ano, kukusonyeza njira zatsopano zochitira zinthu m’tsogolo, ndi kufufuza kafukufuku wokhudza zochitika zenizeni za padziko lonse zimene zimasonyeza kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino ndiponso kuti mavuto amene akupitirizabe.

Makhoti Ochepetsa Chilango

Maboma a Malo amagwiritsira ntchito njira yophatikiza zinthu monga kukonza zinthu zamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, ndi kukonzanso mapulogalamu. Mapulogalamu achipambano kwambiri amayendera limodzi njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera vutoli pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Pansipa pali njira zikuluzikulu zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.

1. Kufutukula ndi Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Anthu

Kukulitsa mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka anthu ndi kufalitsa ndi imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri zochepetsera chiŵerengero cha galimoto zokhala ndi galimoto imodzi pamsewu. Ma DOT akuikamo ndalama:

  • Madongosolo oyenda mofulumira a m'zochitika za ma BRT [[FL:1] amene amapereka utumiki wofulumira, wodalirika kwambiri kudzera m'njira zopatulidwa ndi malo oyamba a zizindikiro.
  • Kuwonjezera kwa njanji ya magetsi imene imagwirizanitsa midzi yomakula ndi madera apakati a malonda ndi malo a ntchito.
  • Kuwongolera njanji za m'magalimoto kuphatikizapo kuchuluka, magetsi, ndi malo oyendera bwino oyendera ndi opalasa njinga.
  • Zothetseratu zokhala ndi zokhala ndi zokhala ndi zokhala zoyamba [1] monga microtranstit, mayanjano oyenda ndi kukwawa, ndi masiteshoni a njinga amene amapangitsa ulendo kukhala wosavuta.

Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo ku Washington State yagwirizana ndi mabungwe a m’madera oyenda alendo kuti awonjezere sitima zonyamulika za m’dera la Seattle, pofuna kuchepetsa galimoto zoyenda mtunda wautali kwambiri m’tauni ya Seattle podzafika m’chaka cha 2035.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo Oletsa Kugonana ndi Kutopera

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira anthu m’misewu ya anthu ambiri panyengo yapamwamba. Njira imeneyi yathandiza kwambiri m’mizinda monga London ndi Stockholm ndipo tsopano ikupezeka kwambiri ku United States. Njira zofunika kwambiri zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kuchuluka kwa anthu pa misewu yoyendetsedwa: Mitengo isintha nthaŵi yeniyeni yodalira pa mlingo wa magalimoto kuti ikhalebe ndi liŵiro laulere.
  • Khordon prigency: Foes adalamula kuti ayendetse galimoto m'madera otchuka oikika, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mu New York City.
  • Ndalama zoikizidwa: [[FL:1] A njira kumene oyendetsa galimoto amalipira pa mtunda wa makilomita imodzi pa ulendo wa maola apamwamba, tsopano akuyendetsedwa ku Oregon ndi California.

Federal Highway Administration imapereka chitsogozo pa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto hehere [1]. MaDOT ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa nkhaŵa za kuchuluka, monga momwe kuyendetsa galimoto kungathere kusokoneza mokulira madalaivala olandira ndalama zochepa amene ali ndi njira zina zopereŵera.

Malata Omanga Okhala ndi Mazira

Misewu yoyenda [1] kuphatikizapo misewu ya galimoto yokwera kwambiri (HOV), misewu yapamwamba ya HOV, ndi njira zosonyezera kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi misewu yopatulidwa imene imaika patsogolo galimoto ndi anthu ambiri kapena amene amafunitsitsa kulipira ndalama. Misewu imeneyi imalimbikitsa kuyendetsa galimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto, ndi kupereka njira zodalirika zimene zimadutsa mlingo wa kampani.

Department of Transportation ya Texas yakhazikitsa kwambiri njira zoyendetsera ku Houston ndi Dallas, ndi North Tarrant Express ikugwira ntchito monga chitsanzo cha dziko. Mapindu aakulu amaphatikizapo munthu wowonjezereka (kusintha anthu ambiri, osati kungowonjezera galimoto) ndi ndalama zimene zingasungitse kuwongolera kayendedwe ka anthu.

Kuwonjezera Madongosolo Oyang’anira Gawo la Pamsewu Ogwiritsa Ntchito Luso Lamakono

Malo a boma akufufuza zinthu zenizeni zokhudza nthawi, nzeru zopanga, ndi luso la zoyendera kuti apangike bwino komanso kuti pasachedwe. Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimapangitsa kuti galimoto ziziyenda bwino. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi izi:

  • Kulamulira kwa kayendedwe ka galimoto [[FT:1] kumene kumasintha nthaŵi yosonyeza zizindikiro zozikidwa pa mavolyumu enieni a magalimoto, kuchepetsa kuima ndi kudikira nthaŵi.
  • Zizindikiro zamphamvu za uthenga zopereka nthaŵi yeniyeni ya ulendo, machenjezo a zochitika, ndi zikalata zina za njira.
  • Kuyendetsa korishi yoikidwa [[FL:1] kumene kumagwirizanitsa zizindikiro, lamppmita, ndi kutumiza malo oyamba kudutsa pa khomo kuti payende bwino.
  • Makompyuta otulukira mwamsanga kugwiritsa ntchito makamera ndi zipangizo zodziŵira kuti aone ngozi kapena magalimoto oletsedwa ndi otumizira mwamsanga.

Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Utah Department of Transportations Center” limagwiritsa ntchito makamera, radar, ndi makina pophunzira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu pa Wasatch Front ndi 12 peresenti pa maola ambiri, malinga ndi lipoti la UDOT.

5. Kupititsa Patsogolo Zoyendera Zopanda Ntchito ndi Zokangalika

Kulimbikitsa anthu kuyenda, kukwera njinga, ndi njira zina zogwira ntchito kumachepetsa maulendo apagalimoto autali ndi kuwongolera thanzi la anthu.

  • [[FLT :0] Njira za njinga zotetezeredwa ndi kuzungulira njira zolekanitsidwa ndi galimoto.
  • Kuwongolera kayendedwe ka ndege ndi milatho ya anthu oyenda pansi kuti atseke mipata pa Intaneti.
  • Programu za Bike ndi zigawo za njinga] kaŵirikaŵiri zogwirizana ndi makompyuta oyendera.
  • Maprogramu osatetezereka a sukulu amene amachepetsa kutsika kwa magalimoto a makolo.

Bungwe la Colorado Department of Transportation lapereka ndalama zoposa madola 400 miliyoni m’makonzedwe ake a zaka khumi a posachedwapa a ntchito za anthu oyenda pansi ndi njinga, zikumalinganiza maulendo oŵirikiza katatu opangidwa ndi njira zochitira zinthu zolimbitsa thupi podzafika 2040.

Njira Zodziŵira ndi Zolinganiza Zamtsogolo

Pansi pa njira zokhazikitsidwa, ma DOT a boma akufufuza masinthidwe a mfundo zimene zingasinthe zoyendera. Kuyang’ana patsogolo kumeneku kumafuna kuikizira ndalama zambiri, kusintha kwa madongosolo, ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu, koma amalonjeza kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kutulutsa utsi.

Kuloŵerera Kodziimira Pawokha

Magalimoto olumikizidwa komanso odziimira okha (CAVs) angathe kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa galimoto kothamanga kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto odzaza kwambiri, ndiponso kuyendetsa bwino galimoto. Ma DOT akukonzekera ndi:

  • Kuthandiza nawo pa ntchito yokonza ndege za CAV.
  • Kukweza njira yapamwamba yochirikizira kulankhulana kwa galimoto zopitira ku intracracture (V2I).
  • Malamulo opanga njira zoyesera ndi kutumiza zombo zodzilamulira zokha ndi roto-tixis.

Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Florida ya Zoyendera ikutsogolera ndege za magetsi za magetsi [1] m'misewu ya m'madera osiyanasiyana ku Tampa yomwe imagwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono za V2I kuti ipereke chidziŵitso chenicheni cha magalimoto okonzeka, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto panthaŵi ya zochitika.

Maola a Ntchito Osinthasintha ndi Kulimbikitsa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Galimoto

Kuchepetsa kukwera kwa maola mwa malamulo a ntchito osinthasintha kwapeza mphamvu, makamaka pambuyo pa mliriwu. Maboma a DOT akuthandizana ndi owalemba ntchito:

  • Kugwira ntchito monyanyira kumayambitsa nthawi yochuluka yowanditsa anthu kwa nthawi yaitali.
  • Muzikhala ndi zipangizo zamakono zoyendetsera ntchito.
  • Kulimbikitsani masabata a ntchito opanikizidwa (m’njira, masiku anayi a maola 10).

Bungwe lina loona za anthu oyenda ku United States linapeza kuti ngati anthu 10 pa 100 alionse amene amapita ku United States asintha kuchoka pa 8:30 AM kufika pa 9:30 AM, ndiye kuti nthawi yochedwa kwambiri ikhoza kuchepa ndi 17 peresenti.

Kuthamanga Mothamanga Kwambiri Ndiponso Kuyenda Pamsewu

Boma la DOTS m’makoriji okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu likufufuza njanji yapamwamba (HSR) yopereka njira ina yopikisana yoyendera ndege ndi kuyendetsa galimoto lalitali. Maprojekiti amaphatikizapo kulakalaka kwa California (ndi kutsutsana) kugwirizanitsa Los Angeles ndi San Francisco, ndipo Brightline West pakati pa Las Vegates ndi Southern California. Californ Rail Authority akusimba kuti kamodzi kamodzi kagwiritsidwe ntchito, dongosolo lidzanyamula anthu 40 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa galimoto pa Interstatel 5.

Kusokosera

Mapulatifomu a MaaS amaphatikiza tchuthi, kukwera njinga, ndi gawo la galimoto ku apulogalamu imodzi yogwirizana ndi malipiro. Maboma a DOTS akuyendetsa maprogramu a MaaS kuchepetsa kukhala ndi galimoto ndi kulimbikitsa maulendo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Department State of Transport iri kuchirikiza ndalama za woyendetsa ndege wa MaaS m'chigawo cha Seattle amene amagwirizanitsa oyendetsa galimoto onse m'njira imodzi, akumafuna kuyendetsa galimoto limodzi ndi 30% podzafika 2030.

Kufufuza za Kuthetsa Chilango

California: Kupita Patsogolo Kochititsa Chidwi ndi Kupanga Mapikica

California ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse woyesa njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo sikunayende bwino. Bomalo lapereka ndalama zokwana mabiliyoni ambiri:

  • njanji ya magetsi ndi BRT zofutukulidwa ndi mabungwe onga Los Angeles Metro ndi Sacramento Regional Transit.
  • Kuyendetsa ndege ya Consitentition [[FL:1] pa Interstate 25 ku chigawo cha Bay (panjinga I 880) pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosiyanasiyana za njira za mabasi zothamanga kwambiri.
  • Kupereka Bill 1 (2017) imene imapatsa $54 biliyoni [10] zaka zoposa khumi za kuwongolera kwa msewu ndi thumwi, kuphatikizapo maprojekiti a chithandizo chochulukitsitsa.

Ngakhale kuti pali zoyesayesa zimenezi, kuchuluka kwa anthu m’mizinda yaikulu kukupitirizabe chifukwa cha kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi kuchepa kwa nyumba pafupi ndi ntchito. Chokumana nacho cha California chikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kutchinjiriza kwamphamvu kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo a kugwiritsira ntchito malo kuti achepetse galimoto zoyenda mtunda wautali.

Texas: Okhala ndi Nyumba ya Ndege ndi Zoyendera za Anthu Onse

Texas yagwirizana ndi anthu achinsinsi (ma P3) kupanga njira zoyendetsera. North Tarrant Express ku Fort Worth ndi LBJ Express ku Dallas ndi zitsanzo zazikulu. Maprojekiti awa:

  • Anthu ambiri onyamula anthu anawonjezera pa 80% popanda kukulitsa njira za anthu wamba.
  • Anasunga ndalama 40% zosungidwa pa ulendo wa pagalimoto ndi m’magalimoto oyenda m’misewu ya HOV.
  • Ndalama zopezedwa kuchokera ku ndalama zimene zimaikidwanso m’njira ndi m’kusamalira misewu.

Komabe, chitsanzocho chachititsa kusuliza nkhani za kuchuluka kwa zinthu, popeza kuti ziŵerengero zingapose $20 m’nyengo zachiwonkhetso.

Oregon: Piloga ya Olegina

Programu ya Oregon’s Road Identified Glay (RUC) ndi yoyamba ya mtundu wake mu U.S., yolipiritsa madalaivala $0.018 pa kilomita imodzi mmalo mwa msonkho wa mafuta. Kufikira kumeneku sikumangopereka njira yosungira ndalama komanso kugaŵira njira yomangira ndi kusinthasintha malingana ndi kuyendetsa ndege pa nthaŵi ndi malo. Zotulukapo zoyambirira kuchokera kwa woyendetsa ndege wokhala ndi 2,000 zimasonyeza kutsika kwa 7% ya ola lakuyendetsa galimoto. Dipatimenti ya Oregon ya Zoyendera ikulinganiza kufutukula pulogalamu yonse, monga momwe kuliri kongo pa webusaiti yake [[FL:0]] UC.

Mavuto ndi Kulingalira za Maseŵera a Boma

Kumvetsa mavuto ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akonze zinthu zoyenera ndiponso kuti agwirizane ndi anthu ena.

Kulephera Kupereka Ndalama

Makampani a zamalonda apeza ndalama zambiri zothandizira kugula magalimoto. Nkhoma zanga zanga, ndalama zolipirira galimoto, ndalama zimene boma limapatsa . Mayiko ambiri akusintha n’kuyamba kulipira ndalama, kulipira msonkho, ndi P3s kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira kugula makampani. Kulephera kwa mitsinje ya ndalama zimenezi kungachedwetse kapena kuchepetsa kuwongolera kolinganizidwa.

Chitsutso cha Zandale ndi Chapoyera

Kutsekereza, njira zopitira, ndi misonkho yatsopano ya kudutsa kaŵirikaŵiri imayang’anizana ndi chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera kwa madalaivala, mabizinesi, ndi atsogoleri andale amene amawawona kukhala mtolo watsopano. Kulankhulana kogwira mtima ponena za mapindu (m’chitsanzo, maulendo ofulumira, kupambana kwa malo okhala) ndi kupangidwa kwa kachitidwe kopangidwa ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu kungathandize, koma chitsutso chidakali chopinga chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, makonzedwe ochulukitsitsa a New York akhala akuchedwetsa kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa cha mavuto alamulo ndi kulimbana kwa ndale zadziko.

Kuyenera ndi Kupezeka

Magulu a anthu olandira ndalama zochepa ndi anthu a mitundu yapadera kaŵirikaŵiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi ziwopsezo, chifukwa chakuti iwo sangakhale ndi njira zoyendera kapena nyumba zokwera mtengo pafupi ndi malo a ntchito. Maboma a DOT ayenera kupanga maprogramu ndi kulinganiza ndi nzeru, monga kupereka ndalama zotayidwa kapena kupereka ngongole za ndalama kwa oyendetsa galimoto olandira ndalama zochepa. Kugwirizana kwa chitaganya m’kachitidwe ka kulinganiza kuli kofunika kupeŵa kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu amene alipo.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malo ndi Kumenyana

Kukula kwa transissionevement (TOD) . Kumanga nyumba zambiri, ntchito, ndi mautumiki ku malo oimizira [1] ndi chinthu champhamvu chothandizira kuwonjezera madera. Komabe, malamulo a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa kuchuluka kwa TOD kuti igwire ntchito. MaDOT a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi maboma a kumaloko ndi mabungwe a zigawo kuti agwirizane ndi kuyendetsa malo ndi zoyendera.

Kupambana: Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera

Kupenda kupambana kwa njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zinthu, ma DOT amadalira pa zizindikiro zazikulu zosonyezera kugwira ntchito (KPIS). Izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Chosonyezera nthaŵi (TTI): Chiŵerengero cha nthaŵi ya kuyenda ya nthaŵi ya ulendo waulere. [1] [1] [1] Zilembo za nthaŵi zimene zimayendera kutsogolo kumatanthauza maulendo 30% a kukwera kwa phiri.
  • Nambala ya anthu oyenda pa khomo pa ola limodzi, osati galimoto chabe.
  • Vehicle [VMT] pa munthu aliyense: Muyeso wa kuyendetsa galimoto yonse, umene umatchedwa California ukufuna kuchepetsedwa ndi lamulo (SB743).
  • Njira ya Transit imagawana: Sesenti ya maulendo otengedwa ndi thumwi lapoyera.
  • Pa nthaŵi ya ntchito: ya makampani oyendera, mlingo wodalirika kwambiri.

Ma DOT ambiri amafalitsa ma darkboard a kaimbidwe ka chaka ndi chaka. Dipatimenti ya Transportation imatsatiranso njira za dziko kudzera m'programu yake ya kuyendetsa zinthu.

Njira: Kuwonjezera ndi Kukulitsa

Njira imodzi yokha siingathetseretu kuchuluka kwa anthu.

  • Kukonza malo oyendera, msewu, ndi kukonza malo amodzi pa chigawo.
  • Luso la zopangapanga lochepa kuti lithe kudyetsera zinthu zofunika panthaŵi yeniyeni.
  • Kuthandiza anthu a m’deralo mwamsanga ndiponso nthaŵi zambiri kuti apeze njira zowathandizira ndi kuwalembera nkhani zachilungamo.
  • Kuchirikiza kukhazikika, ndi kudzipereka kwa ndalama kupyolera m’malamulo kapena njira za kufunsira.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu m’mizinda kukupitirizabe ndipo njira zoyendera zikusintha ndi luso latsopano, madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera ayenera kukhalabe otsogola, atsopano, ndiponso osumika maganizo pa zinthu zimene zimafunika kwambiri: kuyendetsa bwino anthu, mosavulazidwa, ndiponso mosawononga.