Chiyambi: Nyumba Yopangira Malamulo

Makomiti a malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala chipinda cha injini ya kukonza malamulo . Pansi pa bungwe lalikulu la malamulo limene limachita kukweza kwakukulu kofunikira kwa kukonza, kuyeretsa, ndi kuvomereza ndalama zoikidwiratu. Pamene kuli kwakuti magawo a zipinda zokwanira amalandira chisamaliro chachikulu koposa kwa anthu onse, ndi m’zipinda zimene ntchito zambiri za malamulo imachitidwa. Popanda makomiti, nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko kapena nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kugonjetsedwa ndi unyinji wa malamulo olinganizidwawo ndi kulephera kuchititsa kupenda mosamalitsa kwatsatanetsatane kwa malamulowo. Kumvetsetsa mmene makomiti amagwira ntchito, amene amatumikira pa izo, ndi zitsenderezo zimene amayang'anizana nazo nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa mmene malamulo amapangira.

Komiti ya komiti si yopangidwa posachedwapa. British House of Commons inayamba kugwiritsira ntchito makomiti osankhidwa m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States inakhazikitsa makomiti ake oyambirira oima, kufunika, makomiti a democracy iliyonse padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti mabungwe awo ndi mphamvu zawo zimasiyana kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kuwonjezereka, kuyang'ana m'makomiti a malamulo (makomiti awo, ntchito, ntchito, zisonkhezero, kufunika, ndi mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo m’maulamuliro amakono.

Kodi Makomiti Otsatira Malamulo Nchiyani?

Komiti ya malamulo ili ndi maziko a komiti ya malamulo a m'bungwe lalikulu la malamulo, yoyang'anira, yopereka lipoti lovomereza. Makomiti amalola bungwe loyamwitsa kugawa ntchito pakati pa mamembala ake, kutheketsa chisamaliro chapadera ku madera ena monga ulimi, chitetezo, thanzi, kapena ndalama. Mamembala a komiti amakhala ndi luso lochuluka m’madera awo ogawiridwa, limene limatsogolera ku kupanga zosankha zodziŵika bwino kuposa ngati zikanatheka ngati lamulo lililonse linatsutsana ndi chipinda chonsecho.

Makomiti angakhale achikhalire kapena a kanthaŵi. Nthaŵi zambiri a m'zipani za ndale amagawidwa molingana, kusonyeza mbali yonse ya bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Mpando wa komiti . Nthawi zambiri munthu wa chipani chochuluka . Amapanga mapulogalamu, kukonza zoti amve, ndi kusankha kuti ndi ngongole ziti zimene zikufuna kumvetsera. Chiŵalo cha anthu ochepa kwambiri (kapena mpando wa mthunzi) chimagwira ntchito monga mawu otsogolera otsutsa.

Kusinthika kwa Mbiri Yakale kwa Komiti

Makomiti amakono anasintha zinthu monga makhomagewo omanga nyumba zoikika ndipo ntchito zinawonjezeka. Mu Congress ya U.S., makomiti oyambirira oima anakhazikitsidwa mu 1802, koma njira yosinthira inakhaladi yofutukulidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni kuyang'anira madongosolo ocholoŵana a malamulo a dziko lotukuka mofulumira. Malamulo a Legislative Reorgantation Act ya 1946 anagwirizanitsa kwambiri kakonzedwe ka makomiti mu Congress, kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha makomiti ndi kumasulira maulamuliro awo. Kusintha kofananako kunachitika mu democracy [1] Mwachitsanzo, masinthidwe a UK House of Commoctive analimbitsa makomiti osankha kuwongolera boma.

M’mabungwe a nyumba ya malamulo monga ngati a ku Canada, Australia, ndi India, makomiti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito zonse ziŵiri za malamulo ndi uyang’aniro, kutsanzira mwambo wa Westminster. Komabe, mlingo wa kudzilamulira kwa makomiti umasiyana: m’makomiti ena, makomiti ali ndi mphamvu zolimba zobwezera ngongole ndi kukakamiza umboni; m’maiko ena, iwo amatumikira monga mabungwe ofunsira okhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa.

Makomiti Otsatira Malamulo

Mabungwe a malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito magulu angapo a makomiti osiyanasiyana, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi chifuno chapadera ndi moyo. Pansipa pali masinthidwe owonjezereka ndi zitsanzo zenizeni ndi mbali zina za dziko.

Makomiti Oima

Makomiti oima ali okhazikika ndi malamulo apadera. Iwo akhazikitsa madera a ulamuliro ndipo alipo kuchokera ku msonkhano umodzi kapena mawu a nyumba ya malamulo kufikira ku tsatira yotsatira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Komiti ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States ya za Ndalama, Komiti ya Commons ya Public Accomplifial akhawunti, ndi Komiti ya Palamente ya Ulaya ya za Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. Makomiti a Disty ndi antchito a ntchito ya dongosolo la malamulo, kusamalira mapepala ndi mayeso.

Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Nyumba ya Apulofesa ya ku United States ili ndi makomiti 12 aang’ono, ndipo aliyense ali ndi udindo wopereka ndalama kwa mabungwe a boma. Makomiti aang’ono ameneŵa amalola kuti anthu aziganizira kwambiri nkhani zochepetsa malamulo.

Makomiti Ogwirizana

Makomiti ogwirizana amaphatikizapo makomiti a nyumba zonse ziŵiri za malamulo a mabadamaral . Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zimene zimafuna kuti zigwirizanire zipinda, monga kuyang'anira laibulale ya Congress kapena Office ya Boma ya Udindo. Chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino ndi Komiti Yogwirizana ya Mabungwe a ku United States, imene imakhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho. Makomiti akugwirizana salemba mwachindunji ngongole za ndalama za m'makampani a boma koma amatumikira ntchito kapena ntchito zauyang'aniro.

Makomiti a Msonkhano

Makomiti a msonkhano ndi a kanthaŵi opangidwa kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo a lamulo limodzimodzi. Pamene chipinda chilichonse chipita ku matembenuzidwe osiyana, osankhidwa kuchokera ku makomiti oyenerera . Nkhosazo ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi makomiti aŵiri opanda kubwezeredwa. Makomiti a Msonkhano ndiwo otsutsa, kaŵirikaŵiri opikisana, malo a mchitidwe wa malamulo, makamaka kaamba ka malamulo aakulu onga ngati bajeti kapena kusintha kwa zaumoyo. M'madongosolo ena a nyumba ya malamulo, madongosolo ofananawo akukhalapo kupyolera mwa “paip" ndi kubwerera kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa misonkhano yalamulo mmalo mwa misonkhano yalamulo.

Makomiti Apadera Kapena Osankha

Makomiti apadera (kapena osankhidwa) amakhazikitsidwa kaamba ka chifuno chinachake ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi nthaŵi yochepa. Angakhale ofufuza m’chilengedwe, monga ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States Yosankha Komiti ya Nzeru kapena Komiti Yosankha ya Panyumba. Makomiti ameneŵa saali ndi ulamuliro walamulo wa kupereka malipoti koma angatsogolere kugamula milandu, malipo, ndi kupanga zivomerezo. Zopeza zawo zingasonkhezere kutsutsana ndi kusonkhezera malamulo otsatirapo.

Makomiti a Atolankhani

Makomiti a d hoc ndi a kanthawi kopangidwa kuti athetse nkhani inayake yofulumira kapena yachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, pakachitika tsoka lachilengedwe, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lingapange komiti yokonza hoc kuti ifufuze mmene boma lidzayankhire ndi kukonzanso. Ntchito yawo ikatha, komiti yokonza hoc imasungunuka. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kuti malamulo a boma ayambe mwamsanga popanda kusintha makomiti.

Ntchito ya Makomiti Opereka Malamulo

Makomiti amachita zinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri.

Kufufuza ndi Kukonza Malamulo

Ntchito yowoneka kwambiri ndiyo kusanthula mapepala. Makomiti amalandira lamulo lolingaliridwa, kupenda makonzedwe ake, ndi kuweruza milandu kuti asonkhanitse umboni waluso. Komitiyo itatha kumvetsera “chizindikiro” pulogalamu imene mamembala ake akupereka zikalata, masinthidwe, ndi mavoti kuti alembe ngati lamulolo liyenera kuikidwa m'chipinda chonse. Zimenezi zimalola kukonza zinthu mwatsatanetsatane pa ndandanda ya zinthu zimene sizingagwire ntchito pansi. Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Nyumba ya Admishoni ya ku United States imatha milungu yambiri kujambula bungwe la National Defense Ivect Act , kulingalira mazana ambiri a zikalata zogwirizana.

Kuyang’anira Maboma

Makomiti amayang'anira mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma. Mwa mayeso, mafomu, ndi kufufuza, makomiti amaŵerengera nthambi ya akuluakulu. Ntchito imeneyi yauyang'anira imaikidwa m'malamulo alamulo ndipo ndi mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya U.S., imayang'anira zikwi zambiri za oweruza chaka chilichonse. Boma Accounting Office ([[FLT: 0] GAO) imachirikiza ntchito zimenezi ndi ma a a a pilo ndi malipoti.

Kufufuza ndi Kupeza Choonadi

Makomiti ali ndi mphamvu zokakamiza umboni ndi zikalata zochokera kwa apolisi. Angafufuze zimene amati ndi kusadziletsa, kulephera kwa malamulo, kapena nkhani zimene zikubuka. Zitsanzo za mbiri yabwino zimaphatikizapo Komiti ya Nyumba ya Watergate ndi Nyumba Yosankha pa Desert . Kuzenga milandu kungasinthe maganizo a anthu ndi kutsogolera ku kusintha malamulo kapena ngakhale apandu.

Kuchita Umodzi ndi Ena Ndiponso Maphunziro

Anthu ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pophunzitsa anthu komanso pomvetsera umboni wokhudza ntchito yawo.

Mchitidwe wa Komiti Yopanga Malamulo: Yendani Panjira

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amasiyanasiyana, ulendo wofanana wa lamulo kudzera m’komiti umatsatira njira yogwirizana ndi malamulo.

  1. Bill Referral: Mtengo umayambitsidwa ndi kugawiridwa ndi mkulu woyang'anira chipinda kapena nduna ya malamulo ku komiti ya ulamuliro waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata chonena za lamulo la maphunziro chidzatumizidwa ku komiti ya maphunziro.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Initial Review ndi Scheding : mpando wa komiti imasankha ngati angatenge ndalama. Mapepala ambiri sazengedwa mlandu . Ndi “mabocket ventot ". Mwa kusachitapo kanthu. Mayaya ali ndi luntha lapadera posamalira ndalama.
  3. Kumvetsera: komiti imakhala ndi kumvetsera kumodzi kapena kuposerapo kuti itole nkhani. Mboni zingaphatikizepo akuluakulu a boma, maphunziro, oimira maindasitale, ndi ochirikiza. Kumvetsera kungakhale kwa chidziŵitso (auporporation) kapena malamulo (olunjikizidwa pa pepala lachindunji).
  4. Markus: [[FLT :1] Pambuyo pa kuweruza, komiti imakumana m'chigawo cha kuulutsa. Ziŵalo zimapereka kusintha, kukambitsirana, ndi voti. mpandowo umalamulira malongosoledwe koma kaŵirikaŵiri umatsatira dongosolo la kukonza.
  5. Committee Vote: Atalandira mpando, komiti imavota kaya kulengeza lamulolo movomerezeka, molakwika, kapena popanda chivomerezo. Ochuluka afunikira kutumiza chikalatacho kuchipinda chonse. Komitiyo imatumizanso lipoti lofotokoza ndalama ndi kufikitsa makambitsirano aakulu.
  6. Dislation kapena Referral ku Makomiti Owonjezera: Nthaŵi zina, lamulo lingalozedwe ku makomiti ambiri ngati adutsa madera osiyanasiyana. Kapena, ngati komitiyo yalephera kuchitapo kanthu, pempho lingakakamize lamulolo pansi (Kuchokera ku mlingo wa zimenezi n’kosapezeka).
  7. Kulingalira : [[FLT :1] Atasimbidwa, lamulo lipita ku malo onse kaamba ka mkangano ndi voti. M'madongosolo ambiri, malamulo a m'mikangano yapansi amapangidwa ndi zivomerezo za komiti (m' lekuatiso, “lamulo” kuchokera ku Komiti ya Nyumba mu Nyumba ya U.S.).

Kuti makomiti apereke malamulo ofunika kwambiri, angafulumize maadiresi a nthawi, koma kuti afufuze bwinobwino pamafunika kukambirana mozama.

Zinthu Zimene Zimasonkhezera Zosankha za Komiti

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tifotokoze chifukwa chake ndalama zina zimafa pasadakhale ndipo zina zimafa.

Chipani cha ndale Chichita Zovuta

Chipani chimodzi chimakhudza kwambiri mavoti a komiti. Mamembala a chipani chachikulu kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri za utsogoleri wa chipani, pamene ziŵalo zachipani chochepa zingawatsutse. Komabe, makomiti nthaŵi zina angalimbikitse bipartishani pamene ziŵalo za gulu zikulitsa maunansi ogwira ntchito ndi ukatswiri wina. Digiri ya chilango cha chipani imasiyana: m'Chipani cha U.S., kukhulupirika kwa chipani n’kwapamwamba koma sikuli kopanda malire; m'malamulo onga UK, mavoti ovuta kuchirikiza n’ngofala kwambiri.

Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Ena ndi Kungowamana Masuku pamutu

Magulu achisangalalo amadzipereka kwambiri m'komiti chifukwa chakuti zosankha zimene zimachitika panthaŵi ino zingagamule choikizira cha lamulo. Ofufuza apereka chidziŵitso, kukonza mapulani, ndi kusonkhanitsa. Pamene kukopa kuli kololedwa ndi kophunzitsa, kumayambitsa nkhaŵa za kupezeka kochepa. Center for Responsive Political states zothandizira ndi zopereka za komiti ([FLT: 0]] Opensets ).

Umboni ndi Kufufuza kwa Akatswiri

Umboni wotsimikizirika wochokera kwa asayansi, akatswiri a zachuma, ndi akatswiri ena angasinthe malingaliro a makomiti. Nthaŵi zina Makomiti amaunika maphunziro kapena kudalira ku mabungwe opanda mbali monga Congregational Bacculture Office (] CBO ]) kaamba ka kuyerekezera kwa mtengo. Mu Palamente ya Ulaya, malipoti a komiti amadziŵitsidwa ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu.

Zimene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza Ndiponso Nkhani Zofalitsidwa

Ma email otchuka, mafoni, ndi zionetsero zingasonkhezere makomiti, makamaka pankhani zapamwamba. Kufalitsa nkhani kumachepetsa chitsenderezo cha anthu. Makomiti atha kuchitapo kanthu pa ndalama zimene zimakopa anthu ambiri, monga zija zokhudza zaumoyo, misonkho, kapena zoyenera za anthu.

Atsogoleri ndi Atate a Komiti

Mphamvu yokonza mpando ndi yaikulu. Masuki amasankha kuti ndi ngongole ziti zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomvetsera, mmene njira zowongolera zimasamalidwira, ndi kaya kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo zapansi. mpando waluso ungapangitse kapena kutsekereza lamulo popanda kufunsa. M'nyumba ya U.S., mipando ya komiti yomwe inakhala pafupi ndi mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito, koma kusintha zinthu mu 1970 ndi 1990 kuchepetsa zimenezo mwa kupatsa mphamvu anthu ndi atsogoleri a zipani.

Kufunika kwa Makomiti Okhazikitsa Malamulo ndi Kuwakhudza

Dongosolo la komiti siliri kokha loyenerera la kulamulira; liri magwero a kulamulira kwa demokrase kogwira mtima.

Kugwira Bwino Ntchito Ndiponso Kukhala Wapadera

Mwa kugaŵa ntchito pakati pa mabungwe apadera, makomiti amalola makomiti omanga nyumba za malamulo kukonza makampani mazanamazana a ngongole chaka chilichonse. Popanda makomiti, makambitsirano a m'chipinda chapansi akakhala ogwirizana ndi osafunika. Kudziwitsa kumathandizanso ziŵalozo kukulitsa ukatswiri wakuya, umene umawongolera mtundu wa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Nyumba ndi Maluwa imaphatikizapo ziŵalo zambiri zokhala ndi chiyambi m’lamulo la msonkho.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino

Kuzenga mlandu kwa anthu kumakakamiza akuluakulu a boma kuteteza zochita zawo ndi kuyankha mafunso olumbira. Ntchito imeneyi imaletsa ziphuphu ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito. GAO ikusimba kuti uyang'aniro wa gulu wachititsa mabiliyoni a madola m'kusunga ndi kuwongolera pulogalamu.

Kuimira ndi Kugamula

Makomiti amapereka pulogalamu yokambirana mwatsatanetsatane pamene malingaliro a anthu ochepa angamvedwe. Makomiti ang'onoang’ono amalola opanga malamulo kukhala ndi phande lopindulitsa. Komitiyo imatheketsanso oyendetsa malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magulu a anthu, maukwati, ndi makampani.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kachitidwe Kovuta Kukasamalira

Kudutsa kwa Affordal Care Act (ACA) mu 2010 kunagogomezera mphamvu za komiti. Lamulolo linalandira ndalama zambiri m'makomiti atatu (Mayeso ndi Malonda, Magetsi ndi Commerce, Education , Education , ndi makomiti aŵiri (Fance, Health, Education, Labor and Penssions) ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mazana ambiri a kukonza zinthu analingaliridwa, ndipo kulolera kulolera komaliza kuchitika kwa miyezi yosonyeza kukambitsirana kwa komiti. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo inali yotsutsana ndi yogwirizana ndi yogwirizana, inalola kuphatikiza ukatswiri wa za malamulo kuchokera ku malo ambiri.

Mavuto Amene Makomiti Oona za Malamulo Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti makomiti ali ndi nyonga, sikuti ali ndi zophophonya.

Kuwonjezereka kwa Ndege ndi Kutsekeredwa kwa Magalimoto

Kusintha kwa malamulo kwapangitsa makomiti kuvuta kuti agwirizane.

Nthaŵi Imasoŵa Ndiponso Imakuta

Kupanikizika kopita ku makomiti okonza ndalama ndiponso kukachita pulojekiti kumathandiza kuti anthu asamagwire ntchito yomanga nyumba mothamanga komanso kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri.

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okhala

Makomiti amadalira pa antchito kuti afufuze, akonze, ndi kulemba mapulani. Makomiti aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri alibe zofunikira zokwanira zochitira kufufuza kosamalitsa. M'malamulo a boma, ntchito za akatswiri nzosoŵa kwambiri, kuchititsa kuti pakhale uyang'aniro wochepa. Congregational Research Service ([[FLT: 0]]]CRS ) imagaŵira mapendedwe osasintha, koma ngakhale amene achilikiza amachepa.

Kusadalirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuzindikira Kusadziŵa

Kukayikira kowonjezereka kwa mabungwe a boma kungafooketse makomiti. Pamene zikondwerero zamphamvu zilamulira mameseji kapena pamene mipando ya komiti igwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu zawo, anthu amasiya kukhulupirirana. Kuwonjezeka kwa ofalitsa nkhani kwachititsanso kuti makomiti azinenezedwa kuti “amasonyeza kuti akumvetsera” mmalo mopeza zenizeni.

Kusintha

Akatswiri ambiri ndi ochiritsa apereka masinthidwe kulimbitsa makomiti. Ideas imaphatikizapo kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha makomiti a komiti pa chiŵalo chimodzi, kupatsa makomiti ufulu wowonjezereka kwa atsogoleri a zipani, kufuna kuti ngongole ziikidwe kwa nyengo yochepa pamaso pa kutumiza ndalama, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zothandizira antchito a komiti. Malamulo ena, monga ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Ulaya, atsatira kale malamulo amene amakulitsa kuonekera kwa komiti ndi kupenda.

Kumaliza: Makomiti Monga Chigwirizano cha Demokrase Yodzifunira

Makomiti a malamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo osati chabe ndi malamulo. Iwo ali otchuka kumene makomiti amapangidwa kukhala lamulo logwira ntchito. Mwa kukhala apadera, uyang'aniro, ndi kuvomerezana kwapoyera, makomiti amapereka ukulu ndi kulimba kwa demokrase imene imafunikira. Komabe kukhoza kwawo kumadalira pa chifuno chandale zadziko, makonzedwe a gulu, ndi kukhulupirika kwa anthu. Monga nzika, kuzindikira mmene makomiti akugwira ntchito kumatikonzekeretsa kuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi dongosolo la genicism (* mwa kupita ku makutu, kupereka ndemanga, kapena kuchititsa oimira ntchito yawo ya komiti. M'nyengo ya kusintha kofulumira ndi kovuta, yolimba, yosadalirana ndi anthu.