Malamulo a boma olamulira apolisi ogwirizana ndi mafuko a Eni America ndi malo oloŵera m'modzi wa malo alamulo ovuta kwambiri mu United States. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumachokera ku dongosolo logaŵanika la mphamvu za boma, kulamulira kwa mafuko, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma. Malo olamulira, kaŵirikaŵiri ofotokozedwa monga dipatimenti yoyang'anira, amayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa mabungwe osungitsa malamulo. Kumvetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kuti anthu akhale otetezeka, kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulimbikitsa maunansi aulemu a boma a ku madera amene amalemekeza ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a mafuko.

Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Ufumu ndi Mpandu

Uchifumu wa fuko ndi ufulu wachibadwa wodziŵika ndi Malamulo a U.S., mapangano ambiri, ndi malamulo a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Georgia [1831]) (1831) imalongosola mafuko kukhala "mitundu yodalirana ndi boma," kukhazikitsa ubale wa boma umene unayamba pasadakhale malamulo a boma. Uchifumu umenewu kaŵirikaŵiri umapatsa mafuko ufulu wakudzilamulira okha, kulongosola mamembala awo, kuyang'anira chuma chawo, ndi kulamulira khalidwe lawo m’magawo awo. Komabe, ulamuliro umenewu suli mphamvu yotheratu. Nyumba za malamulo za malamulo zikhoza kuchepetsa kapena kukhazikitsa ufulu wa mafuko mwa kachitidwe kalamulo.

Bungwe la General Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 76 1152) ndi Major Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 1153) ndi zitsanzo zazikulu za lamulo la boma lodziika lokha pamaiko, kaŵirikaŵiri logwirizana ndi kapena kutha kwa boma. Kulinganiza kotsatiraku kumadalira kwambiri ngati boma lakhala ndi ulamuliro pa Chilamulo cha Public 280, mkhalidwe wa upandu, malo a wokhawondedwa ndi wopalamula (Indian kapena Indian), ndi malo ake enieni a chochitika (ndanda, malo osonkhetsa kapena gawo). Zimenezi zimapangitsa dongosolo lochovuta laulendo kumene boma, boma, logwirizana, ndi maboma amtundu uliwonse, ndi kulongosola, ndi kugaŵana kwa malamulo, nthaŵi zambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo.

Udindo wa Kukhulupirirana kwa Federal ndi Chilango Cha Upandu Waukulu

Boma la boma limapereka thayo lakutetezera chuma cha fuko ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa fuko. M'chiweruzo chaupandu, ichi chimatembenuzira ku boma ku kuzenga mlandu milandu ina yaikulu yochitika ku Indian Country. Major Crimes Act imandandandalika milandu 15 imene boma la boma lili nayo yokha pamene lichita ndi Aindiya kapena kutsutsana ndi Aindiya m'Chilamulo chosakhala cha Publiclic 280. Maupandu ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kupha, kupha, kuba, kugwirira chigololo, kuukira ndi cholinga cha kupha, arson, ndi kuba. Ngati Andiya achita upandu umenewu motsutsana ndi boma lina la Aindiya pa chigawo chosagwirizana ndi lamulo cha boma la Uniaul Bureators (FFB), ndi U.

Ntchito Zopanga Maufumu: Zosangalatsa za Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Ulamuliro wa boma pa maiko a mafuko suli wofanana. Ukulu wa mphamvu za boma za apolisi umasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mbiri ya boma ndi kukonzanso kwa lamulo 280 ndi kusintha kwa malamulo kotsatirapo.

Chilamulo cha Onse 280 States

Mu 1953, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka Lamulo la Public 280[FLT , lomwe linasintha ulamuliro wa upandu pa Indian Country kuchokera ku boma la boma kupita ku maboma ena. Maboma a Mandatory anali kuphatikizapo California, Minnesota (kusiyapo Red Lake Reservation), Nebraska, Oregon (kusiyapo Thuping Springs Reservation), ndi Wisconsin (pambuyo pa 1968). Mabomawa anawonjezera upandu waukulu, kuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito ya boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amachepetsa ulamuliro wa khoti la polisi pa milandu yaikulu.

  • Apolisi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wosungitsa malamulo pa zinenezo, kaŵirikaŵiri zofanana ndi ulamuliro wawo m’mbali ina iriyonse ya boma.
  • Apolisi a mafuko m’maboma a PL - 280 kaŵirikaŵiri alibe ulamuliro wa kusungitsa lamulo la boma motsutsana ndi anthu osakhala Aindiya, akumayambitsa dongosolo la zinthu ziŵiri zocholoŵana.
  • M’mabwalo a milandu mungakhale mipata ya milandu, makamaka yokhudza anthu osakhala Aindiya amene amachitira milandu Aindiya kumene boma lingakane kuzenga mlandu ndipo fukolo silili ndi ulamuliro wa upandu.
  • Pambuyo pa 1968, Nyumba ya Malamulo inafuna kuti mitundu ivomereze malingaliro atsopano a PL - 280, koma maboma ambiri okakamiza akanatha kusankha, ndipo zimenezi zinayambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kudzipha kwa mafuko.

Maboma 280

M’maiko otsala, monga Arizona, New Mexico, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, ndi South Dakota, boma la boma limasunga ulamuliro waukulu pa upandu waukulu wochitidwa ndi Aindiya kapena kutsutsana nawo. Maboma mwachisawawa ali ndi ulamuliro pa maupandu ophatikizapo Aindiya ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana m'madera ena oletsedwa mwalamulo kapena mogwirizanitsidwa. Makhoti a Tribuni m'maiko ameneŵa amasamalira zolakwika ndi nkhani za anthu, ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wawo wopereka chilango wakhala ukulekezedwa. Apolisi akulowa m'mabungwe a boma m'maboma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna chilo cha mafuko, chivomerezo cha mwamsanga, kapena chivomerezo cha mwamsanga kuti aperekeze ulamuliro.

Kusiyanitsa Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Oweruza Aupandu

Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma wa fuko ndi ulamuliro wake waupandu. Mafuko angapereke ulamuliro wa boma pa anthu onse m’dera lawo, kuphatikizapo Aindiya, pankhani zonga kugawira, kusaka, ndi kupha ndi kupha. Komabe, ulamuliro wa upandu pa anthu osakhala Aindiya uli wochepa kwambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lolamulira mu [FLT: 0] Oliphant v. Sucamish Tributh ya India [1] [1] , ndi kutumiza malamulo a kudzikolo, ndi kuphanga ndi kupha nsomba. Chigamulochi chimapangitsa mpata waukulu wapo wa anthu, monga ngati wosakhala wa kuukira milandu ya boma kapena kulephera kuweruza.

Kuletsa Malamulo Adziko Aakulu ndi Mapangano a Mlandu wa Mtanda

Kuti athetse mavuto amene amabwera chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa boma la boma la boma la dzikolo, maboma ambiri ndi mafuko agwirizana mwadongosolo kuti afotokoze bwino za ulamuliro ndi kuti agwirizane.

Kuikidwa kwa Mtanda ndi Malamulo Apadera

Mapangano a kukhazikitsa chigwirizano ali pakati pa ziŵiya zogwira mtima koposa kaamba ka kusungitsa lamulo popanda msoko ku malire a madera. Mapangano ameneŵa amalola apolisi afuko kusungitsa malamulo a boma ndi apolisi a boma kusungitsa malamulo a mafuko. Pali zitsanzo zingapo:

  • Fractal Mutual Aid Adcts: yotsogozedwa ndi lamulo la boma, ndandanda imeneyi pamene maofesala angagwire ntchito kunja kwa ulamuliro wawo waukulu. Washington’s Revised Code (RCW 10.93) iri chitsanzo chotchuka.
  • Makhoti a Lamulo la Malamulo: amalandira maoda kuchokera ponse paŵiri kufuko ndi boma, kuwapatsa mphamvu zonse za apolisi kumbali zonse za ulamuliro mogwirizana ndi chivomerezo.
  • Mapangano a malo akwawo: Mapangano pakati pa mafuko ndi magawo kapena maboma a m'maboma a boma kaamba ka mautumiki alamulo, onga ngati 911 kutumiza kapena kugwirizanitsa ntchito za mankhwala.

Mapangano Othandizana ndi Mabungwe Ogwirizana

Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza poyera kuti magawo andale azigwirizana ndi maboma a mafuko. Mabungwe ameneŵa angaphimbe chilichonse kuchokera ku zigamulo zamwadzidzidzi ndi umboni wokhudzana ndi chidziŵitso. Mwachitsanzo, Boma la Montana lakambirana mapangano 638 ndi mafuko ambiri, kulola mafuko kukhazikitsa ntchito zosungitsa lamulo zimene kale zinachitidwa ndi Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna boma ndi mabungwe a mafuko kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana a kulondola zinthu motentha, zikalata, ndi zikalata zowonjezera.

Chiwawa Cholimbana ndi Akazi Act (VAWA) ndi Chiwawa Chapadera cha Pabanja

. "Kusintha kwa 2013, 2019, ndi 2022 kwa [[FLT:] Kulimbana ndi Akazi ndi ntchito zachiwawa zapachiweniweni zosintha kwambiri m'magulu a anthu aupandu. Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuyambira Oliphantt , mafuko angapereke ufulu kwa oimba mlandu, mwaulere, ndi mwalamulo. Boma limazindikira malamulo a kuteteza a mafuko ndi kutumiza ziwawa, kutchire, kutsendereza, kapena kuswa malamulo otetezera m'mayiko. Chiwa chapadera cha ku Californiachifwamba Juriscirigition (SDJJ) chimafunikira kupereka ufulu kwa oimba mlandu, kuphatikizapo uphungu walamulo wogwira ntchito ndi waupo. Boma limazindikira kuti malamulo a mafuko akuteteza ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa mafuko pakati pa zisudzuwa ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa ufulu wa kuteteza fuko.

Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi ndi Malamulo Ofuna Kufunafuna Anthu Motentha

Malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri pa kutsata koopsa. Maboma ena amalola akuluakulu a boma kuloŵa m'malo kuti agwire popanda chifukwa chotsatiranso milandu yatsopano. Ena amafuna pempho lachindunji la chilolezo cha fuko kapena pangano la chithandizo limene lidakalipo. Apolisi amtundu wina amaletsedwanso akafuna kuganiziridwa m'dziko losakhala la fuko. Kusiya, malamulo olembedwa ovomerezeka kuti ayankhe mwamsanga, kuphatikizapo malamulo ambiri otsata anthu otsatizana milandu ndi kugwirizanitsa wailesi, n’ngofunika kuti ateteze ndi kuteteza anthu onse.

Mavuto Opitirizabe m’Chilamulo cha Dziko la Amwenye

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ndiponso mgwirizano, m’Dziko la Aindiya la Apolisi muli mavuto ambiri.

Vuto la Anthu Adziko Osoŵa ndi Ophedwa (MMIP)

Kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro womveka ndi kugawana matanthauzo kwa masamu kwadziŵika kukhala chochititsa chachikulu ku mavuto a MMIP. Julidical "akuna munthu," kumene kulibe bungwe lonena bwino za ulamuliro, kukhoza kuchedwetsa kapena kupitirizabe kufufuza. Not Act yosasaoneka ya 2019 ndi [FLT] ndi Savanna's Act cholinga cha kuwongolera zopereka chidziŵitso, kugwirizana, ndi kuyankha kuzungulira chigawo, boma, ndi ziungwe za boma. Malamulo a boma amalengeza za panthaŵi yake ya 2019 [2] ndi kulowa kwa anthu osoŵa ndi kuloŵa m'dzikolo za kumakhalabe la kukwaniritsa ntchito za MPP.

Kusonkhanitsa Maumboni ndi Umboni Wotsutsa Mtanda

Kugaŵana chidziŵitso pakati pa kusungidwa kwa fuko, boma, malo, ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumadodometsedwa ndi dongosolo la zolemba za kampani losagwirizana, miyezo ya zolemba zolakwika, ndi nkhaŵa za ulamuliro wa masamu wa fuko. Maboma angaletse kupezeka kwa matheki a mbiri yakale ya makhoti a fuko kapena apolisi, kutsekereza kuyang'anira ndi kufufuza.

Kusiyana kwa Ndalama ndi Zinthu Zosiyana

Mabungwe osungitsa lamulo a mafuko amadedwa mokhazikika poyerekezera ndi boma lawo ndi anzawo a kumaloko. Ofesi ya BiA ya Mautumiki a Chilungamo imapereka ndalama, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kupeza zofunika zolembedwa. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku malipiro otsika a apolisi, maofesala ochepa pa munthu aliyense, zipangizo zachikale, ndi kuchepa kwa kupezeka kwa malabolabu a zachipatala ndi maphunziro apadera. Malamulo a boma amene amapereka ndalama zowonjezera kapena chithandizo chamakina kwa mabungwe a mafuko angakhale ndi chiyambukiro chabwino pa zotulukapo za chisungiko cha anthu onse.

Kukhulupirirana Koipa m’mbiri Ndiponso Kufunika kwa Kufufuza Mwachikhalidwe

Mbiri yaitali ya mapangano oswedwa, kukakamiza kubwezera, ndi zochitika za chiwawa cha boma zochotsedwa zachititsa kusakhulupirira kwakukulu kwa kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaiko ambiri. Malamulo a boma amene amalamulira kuti mwambo ukhale wopikisana ndi maofesala, amafunikira kukambitsirana ndi maboma a mafuko, ndi kuchirikiza kulembedwa kwa maofesala a Onembala a America kuli masitepe opindulitsa. Kudalirana kwa boma kumafuna kusasinthasintha, kwaulemu kwa nthaŵi ndi kudzipereka kosonyezedwa kwa ku ku kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Khalidwe Labwino Kwambiri

Masiku ano, malamulo angapo apolisi akusintha njira zimene apolisi akuchitira zinthu m’mayiko ena.

Kupereka Mlandu Wowonjezereka Pansi pa Lamulo ndi Dongosolo la Fuko

Law ndi Order Act (TLOA) ya 2010 imalola mafuko kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenerera zotetezera kukhazikitsa zigamulo za zaka zitatu (kapena zabwino $15,000) kaamba ka mlandu umodzi, ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi za milandu. Uku kunali kukula kwakukulu kuchokera ku malire a chaka chimodzi chaka chaka chimodzi chaka. Maboma tsopano ayenera kuyambitsa madongosolo ozindikira ndi kugwirizana ndi zigamu za makhoti ameneŵa owonjezereka, kuphatikizapo njira zoperekera milandu ya mafuko m’boma kapena zigawo.

Kukula kwa Chiwawa Chapadera cha Pabanja

Pamene mafuko ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito SDVCJ pa VAWA, njira zabwino kwambiri zikubuka. Zimenezi zikuphatikizapo kuyambitsa malamulo otetezera a fuko, chiwawa chapadera m’nyumba, ndi kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi oweruza a boma kwa milandu imene ilipo panthaŵi imodzi. Malamulo a boma amene amazindikira bwino malamulo a kutetezera ndi njira za kutsalira a fuko ndi kuchepetsako afunika kuchititsa olakwa kukhala ndi mlandu.

Ntchito ya Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Justice Services

BOA OJS imakhazikitsa mautumiki a lamulo m'madera ambiri kumene apolisi a mafuko kulibe kapena kulibe. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo la boma la zikhalidwe za anthu kumafunikira kudziŵa ntchito ya BiA m’chigawo chilichonse. Malamulo a boma amene amathandizira kugawana chuma cha boma, monga ngati malabola ochitira upandu ndi kuphunzitsa ana a polisi, ndi BiA ndi apolisi a mafuko awo ndi opindulitsa kukonza ntchito za apolisi m'dziko la Indian Country.

Kumaliza: Kukhazikitsa Njira Yotsogolera ku Magulu Ogwirizana

Kugwirizana kwa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi ulamuliro wa fuko wachibadwa kumayambitsa umodzi wa malo alamulo amphamvu koposa m'malamulo a ku America. Masiku a malamulo opepuka atha kalekale, mmalo mwake ndi kufunika kwa maulamuliro ogwirizana omwe amalemekeza kudzipha kwa mafuko pamene akutsimikizira chisungiko cha anthu onse. Kwa boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko, zimenezi zimatanthauza kusungirira kuposa pa kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma kumanga mokangalika maunansi aulemu a boma ndi mitundu ya mafuko.

Polishi yogwira ntchito ku Indian Country imafunikira mapangano okonzeketsedwa bwino operekera thangata, kuzindikira bwino za malo apadera m'chigawo chilichonse, ndi kuyenerera kwa chikhalidwe, mapangano ovomereza kusokonezeka kwa maganizo. Mwa kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi kuyenera kwa mafuko kudzilamulira okha, maboma ndi mafuko angapange chitaganya chotetezeka, cholungama kwambiri kwa nzika zonse m'madera ndi m'madera akufupi.