Chiyambi: Kuumirira Malamulo a ku America

Malamulo a United States amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la ulamuliro wa aŵiri, kumene maboma a boma, boma, ndi akumaloko aliyense ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana zosungitsa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti milingo yonse itatuyo imachirikiza malamulo, maulamuliro awo, zofunika, ndi njira zochitira zinthu. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira a chiweruzo chaupandu, aphunzitsi amene akukula pasukulu, ndi aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa mmene chilungamo chikuyendetsera dziko lonselo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda maziko a malamulo a miyalo itatu imeneyi, ikufufuza mmene chipangizo chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito, ndi kusanthula kusiyanitsa kwa malamulo kumene kumachokera ku dongosolo laungwe locho.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko ndi Kukakamiza Lamulo

Malamulo a ku America amazikidwa pa lamulo lalamulo, limene limagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi boma. Mpando wa Khumi wa ku United States usungire ku maboma onse amene sapereka malamulo ku boma la boma, kukhazikitsa maziko a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Kusungitsa lamulo, mwa kusiyanitsa, kumadalira pa mphamvu zotchulidwa zonga Commerce Claus, mphamvu yolamulira kusamuka, ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa malamulo aupandu. Lamulo limeneli limafotokoza chifukwa chake apolisi akomwe akugwira ntchito zauchiŵembu, pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a boma asumika maganizo pa milandu ya boma kapena zikondwerero za boma. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa malamulo, [FL: 0]. [FL: U.U.PT.]

Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha Khumi ndi Mphamvu za Apolisi

Bungwe la Akatolika la Tenth Amendment likunena kuti maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi boma, amangokhala ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Zimenezi zamasuliridwa kuti zipereke mphamvu za apolisi . Udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuwakakamiza kuti akhale athanzi, otetezeka, ndi otetezeka kwa nzika zawo. Maboma amalandira ulamuliro wawo wosungitsa malamulo a boma, amene amatumiza mphamvu za boma kwa makampani ndi kuŵerengera. Zimenezi zachititsa madipatimenti a apolisi a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu wa pamsewu ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku zipwirikiti zapa, pamene maofesala a boma sayendera madera osunga bwino. Kupatukana kwalamulo kumathandiza kuti anthu ayang'anira nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku lakutalikitsa.

Kukakamiza Lamulo Lakumene Amakhala: Mfundo Yofunika Yoteteza Anthu

Kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko kumaphatikizapo madipatimenti apolisi a m'boma, maofesi a boma, ndi mabungwe apadera a kumaloko onga apolisi onyamula anthu kapena apolisi a koleji. Ndi mabungwe apolisi oposa 18,000 m'dziko lonselo, kusungitsa lamulo ndiko mlingo wowonekera kwambiri ndi wopezeka kaŵirikaŵiri. Malinga ndi Bureau of Justice Statistics, apolisi akumamanga pafupifupi 70% ya mabwalo onse mu United States, makamaka chifukwa cha maupandu onga kuba, kuukira, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi makhalidwe oipa. Kugwira ntchito kwa apolisi a m'dzikolo kumadalira kwambiri pa kudalirika kwa anthu, kupezeka kwa zinthu, ndi miyezo yophunzitsa.

Udindo wa Ntchito za M’mayiko Omwe Mumachitika

Apolisi a m’deralo ndi apolisi, ndipo amalabadira mapempho osiyanasiyana a utumiki.

  • Kutsegulira madera ndi magawo a malonda kuti athetse upandu
  • Kuyankha pafoni yamwadzidzidzi, monga kumenyedwa m’nyumba, kuba, ndi ngozi zapamsewu
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kutchula mawu
  • Kufufuza milandu yaing’ono ndi yaing’ono
  • Kugwira ntchito zapolisi m’deralo kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhulupirirana ndiponso kuti anthu aziganiza bwino

Oyang’anira a boma, monga nduna zosankhidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mathayo owonjezereka onga ngati kugwira ntchito m’ndende, kutumiza zikalata za khoti, ndi kupereka chitetezo kwa nyumba za khoti. M'madera akumidzi, ofesi ya bwanamkubwa ingakhale bungwe lalikulu losungitsa lamulo, lokhala ndi ulamuliro kumadera amene sanatumikidwe ndi apolisi a mzinda.

Kudziŵerengera Mlandu M’chitaganya

Polishi ya boma ndi nthanthi imene imagogomezera mavuto owonjezereka ndi kugwirizana kwa apolisi. Makampani amene amatsanzira maofesala ameneŵa oikidwa kwa magawo ena, kuwalimbikitsa kumanga maunansi ndi anthu okhala ndi eni mabizinesi. Njira imeneyi ingachititse upandu wokulirapo, kugwirizana koposa, ndi kuchepetsa mantha a apolisi. Komabe, mavuto opitirizabe: ndalama zochepetsera ntchito zimene zimalepheretsa antchito oyenera a m'chitaganya, ndipo kupempha utumiki kungapatutse apolisi kuchoka ku kumanga unansi. Dipatimenti ya Woweruza ya Office of Community Orientive Policial Services [FLPS] imapatsa ndi kuchirikiza zoyesayesa zimenezi, makamaka pansi pa zipanizo.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Potsatira Lamulo Lakumeneko

Mabungwe a boma akulimbana ndi mavuto a zandalama, makamaka m'mayiko aang'ono. Madipatimenti ambiri a apolisi alibe luso lamakono, monga makamera ndi zinthu zothandizira kuwala, zimene zingawongolere kuonekera kwa zinthu. Kuphunzitsa kulinso vuto lina: pamene mayiko ena akulamula kuti chikalata chikhale chachikulu, ena amafunikira maola ochepa. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 wa anthu osoŵa antchito ndi mavuto a maganizo pakati pa a apolisi. Kuwonjezera apo, apolisi a m'deralo ayenera kulimbana ndi ziyembekezo zowonjezereka za kuŵerengera mlandu, monga zochitika za kugwiritsa ntchito kwamphamvu yokhudza malamulo apolisi m'dziko lonse. Mapangano monga malamulo ndi mabungwe oyang'anira boma apeza pepala, koma ntchito zawo zaumoyo zimasinthasintha kwambiri.

Lamulo la Boma: Kuletsa Malamulo a Malo a M’malowo ndi Achigawo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma ali ndi mizera yapakati, ndi ulamuliro umene umalamulira maboma onse koma amaima pambali za boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi gulu lapolisi kapena magudumu a misewu, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwirizana ndi boma lofufuza lomwe limasamalira upandu waukulu. Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chithandizo ku madipatimenti a kumaloko omwe alibe zipangizo zofufuzira modabwitsa, ndipo amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma pa misewu yaikulu ndi m’madera akumidzi. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo California Highway Patrol, Texas Rangers, ndi Florida Department of Law Enforcement.

Ntchito Zazikulu za Apolisi a Boma

Maudindo a kusungitsa lamulo a boma amasiyana malinga ndi boma, koma mathayo onse amaphatikizapo awa:

  • Kutsegulira misewu yaikulu ya m’chigawo chakunja ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu
  • Kufufuza za malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, umbanda, ndi ziphuphu
  • Kuyang’anira malo osungiramo zigawenga ndi malaboletale a zaupandu
  • Kupereka magulu a machenjera (SWAT) kaamba ka malo ogwidwa kapena okanidwa kutsekeredwa
  • Kuthandiza anthu kuti akumane ndi tsoka ndiponso kuwathandiza pakagwa ngozi

Apolisi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga osungitsa malamulo aakulu m'malo osagwirizanitsidwa ndi apolisi a mzinda. M'maiko ena, apolisi a boma amafufuzanso zida zobisa ndi kuyang'anira malonda a juga kapena zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Ulamuliro wawo umatengedwa ku malamulo a boma, ndipo amagwira ntchito pansi pa chitsogozo cha kazembe kapena bungwe lachitetezo cha boma.

Kugwirizana ndi Mautumiki Akumaloko ndi Achigawo

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga ogwirizanitsa pakati pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo lakumaloko ndi la boma. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a ntchito za mankhwala amapatsidwa ndalama ndi luntha ndi boma kuchokera ku DEA, pamene akugawana zotsogolera ndi apolisi a kumaloko. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumaikidwa mwa mitu miyanda-juristional Task Forces (MTF) imene imalimbana ndi mavuto a upandu. Komabe, kugwirizana kungacholoŵeretsedwe ndi zinthu zofunika: mabungwe a boma angasumikire pa milandu ya m’khwalala, pamene boma ndi a boma akulimbana ndi anzawo akulimbana ndi milandu yaikulu. Kufufuza kogwirizana kumafuna malamulo otsimikizirika kuti apeŵetseke mikangano yoyang'anira ndi umboni wotsimikizirika kuli koyenera m’makhoti.

Mavuto a M’boma

Kusungitsa lamulo la boma kuli ndi njira yakeyake ya zopinga. Maboma angaletse kuti makampani asasunge kuyendera malo okwanira m’madera akumidzi, kumene nthaŵi za chivomerezo zingakhale zazitali. Zitsenderezo zandale monga ngati kutsutsana kwa lamulo la kusamukira kapena kukhazikitsa chamba mwalamulo . Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena alola kuti ntchito zachisawawa zikhale zovomerezeka, koma lamulo la boma likumaikabe malo amodzi monga Segeometge I, zimene zimachititsa nkhondo pakati pa boma ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mabungwe a boma amalimbananso ndi kufunsira antchito oyenerera, makamaka m'mabungwe apadera monga a pakompyuta kapena a kuŵerengera mlandu, kumene malipiro a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa malipiro a boma.

Lamulo la Malamulo: Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Dziko ndi Ulamuliro Wapadera

Mabungwe osungitsa lamulo a boma la United States akugwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma kapena amaphatikizapo zikondwerero za boma. Mabungwe aakulu amaphatikizapo Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firmorms ndi Exlosives (ATFFF), ndi DHS, zimene zimaphatikizapo Immigration and Custommentment (IE) ndi Customs and Bource Protection Protectional (CB). U. Margatals Service alinso ndi mbali yaikulu yaikulu ya chitetezo ndi ku polisi ndi kuopalawa kwa boma. Malinga ndi bungwe la Bureaust of Justice, bungwe loyang'agement, loyang'aunitsa malamulo 132, ndi anthu ogwira ntchito kwa anthu 1322, DH.

Maziko a Kukakamiza Opatulidwa a Chilango

Gawo la malamulo la boma lakhazikitsidwa ndi mphamvu za Malamulo. Commerce Claus amalola malamulo a boma a malonda a mayiko, kuphatikizapo malonda a mankhwala ndi mfuti. Ulamuliro wa boma umawonjezeranso upandu wochitidwa pa zinthu za boma, maupandu a boma, ndi milandu imene imadutsa m'mizere ya boma (m’mphindi, kuba kwa anthu a galimoto). Mabungwe a boma ali ndi udindo waukulu wolimbana ndi chigaŵenga, spicage, Internetcrime, ndi katangale. Mwachitsanzo, FBI, imafufuza kuswa malamulo oposa 200 a boma. Komabe, apolisi a boma sangakhale ndi ulamuliro walamulo wa boma; iwo sangathe kuyang'anira makwalala aakulu kapena kusungitsa malamulo a boma a za magalimoto kusiyapo zochitika zina.

Ntchito Zaukulu za Maboma ndi Maulendo Ake

  • FBI: chisungiko cha dziko, uchigaŵenga, upandu wa pa intaneti, upandu wa azungu, upandu wolinganiza, kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • [[FLT :0] DEA: Kulamulira malamulo a zinthu, kusokoneza magulu ozembetsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, kuyang'anira kufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
  • ATF: Kuyang'anira ndi kufufuza mfuti, mabomba, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi upandu wochititsidwa ndi fodya.
  • ICE: [ Kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka, kulimbana ndi kuzembetsa ndi kuzembetsa anthu, kufufuza magulu a maiko.
  • U.S. Marshals Service:[[FT:1] chitetezo cha khoti la Federal, kuwona chitetezero, kuopa kuthaŵa, kutayikiridwa chuma.

Bungwe lililonse lili ndi zipangizo zapadera, kuphatikizapo malabola ofufuza zinthu, maluso a zofufuzafufuza, ndi madongosolo a nzeru zimene zimaposa zimene mabungwe ambiri a boma ndi a m'dzikolo angakwanitse. Oyang’anira boma amalandiranso maphunziro okhwima: Oimira FBI amapita ku FBI Academy ku Quantico Virginia, pulogalamu ya mlungu 20 yogogomezera malamulo, malamulo, zida, zida, ndi kulimbitsa thupi. Kusintha kumeneku kungatsogolere ku zotsatira zosiyanasiyana poyerekezera ndi apolisi a m'dzikolo.

Kugwirizana ndi Mphamvu za Ntchito

Kuthetsa upandu wocholoŵana, mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga magulu a ntchito pamodzi ndi boma ndi anzawo a m'malo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs), High Intensity Drug Trafficing Areares (HIDTA) Authriging , ndi zigawenga zachiwawa. Magulu ameneŵa amalola kuti anthu akhale anzeru, zipangizo zogwirizana, ndi maluso ogwirizana. Komabe, ntchito zingawonjezere nkhaŵa za ulamuliro wa kumaloko ndi ufulu wa anthu, makamaka za kuyang'anira ndi kutsata anthu oloŵa m'dziko. National Indial Inding Wirences Providence Sy (NBS) imasonyeza kuti kutenga nawo mbali m'mabungwe a boma a boma lakwawo kwa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, makamaka kwa mankhwala ndi mfuti.

Kusiyana Kokakamiza: Zofunika za Boma

Chimodzi cha kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuweruza. Zilango za Federal za milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuswa mfuti, ndi chinyengo kaŵirikaŵiri nzanthaŵi yaitali kuposa zija zoikidwa ndi makhoti a boma, chifukwa cha malamulo apamwamba a boma ndi kuweruza. Mwachitsanzo, munthu womangidwa kukhala ndi magalamu 5 a crack cocaine m'bwalo la boma angayang'ane ndi zaka zosakwanira 5, pamene mlandu ungakhale ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka zofanana m'bwalo la boma kwa Black ndi Aspanics chifukwa cha milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwathandizanso kusiyanitsa mafuko ndi chuma cha anthu m'dziko. Malinga ndi ntchito ya kumangidwa kwa anthu amalonda a m'makwalala, ngakhale kuti ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu a m’makwalalang'ono.

Kuyerekezera Njira Zopimira Kuposa Mafuko

Tsamba lili pansipa likufotokoza mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko, boma, ndi boma:

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction Cities, towns, counties Entire state Nationwide (interstate or federal)
Primary focus Community safety, traffic, minor crimes Highway patrol, major crimes, support National security, organized crime, federal violations
Resources Variable, often limited Moderate, with state budget High, federal budget
Training standards State-certified; varies State academy, specialized tracks Federal academy, advanced specialization
Sentencing severity Generally lower Variable by state Often longer, mandatory minimums

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana Pamodzi ndi Zilango

Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana kuli kofala, kusagwirizana kungabuke chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo a boma osungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko ndi malo opatulika a kumaloko kumasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angachitire nkhondo. Madipatimenti ena apolisi akumalo akumeneko amakana kulemekeza ICE, akutsutsa kuti lamulo la boma loletsa anthu kusamuka limachepetsa chidaliro ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Mofananamo, kuikidwa mwalamulo kwa m'maiko ambiri kwachititsa kuchotsedwa kumene lamulo la boma limalola kugulitsa ndi kukhala ndi malo ake, koma lamulo la boma lapitiriza kuwaletsa. Dipatimenti ya Justice ya boma yapereka chitsogozo pansi pa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana olangiza oimba mlandu wa cha cha chamwadzimalamulo ndi malamulo, koma kutsutsana kwa malamulo kumakhala kosatsutsidwa.

Kuthandizana ndi Kumanga Chidaliro Kumbali Zonse

Kudalirana pakati pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi anthu amene amatumikira kuli maziko a ntchito yapolisi yogwira mtima. Mabungwe a m’malowo ali ndi mwaŵi waukulu wokulitsa chidaliro mwa olondera apansi, maprogramu oyendera anansi, ndi nzika zoyang'anira. Nthaŵi zambiri boma ndi mabungwe a boma samakhala ndi anthu ogwirizana kwambiri. Koma angayambitsebe kudalirana mwa njira zoonekera bwino, monga ngati kufalitsa zogwiritsira ntchito mfundo za boma kapena kufalitsa anthu ena. Apolisi akamaona kuti ndi oyenera, amamvera lamulo, ndi kupenda milandu, ndipo amatsogolera mabungwe ambiri.

Mavuto Amene Akhalapo Pambuyo Pake

Milingo yonse itatu ya kusungidwa kwa lamulo imayang'anizana ndi mavuto. Pamlingo wakumaloko, makambitsirano a apolisi oluluza kapena osokoneza ndalama asonkhezera kuyesa ndi zitsanzo zina za mayanjano kapena akatswiri a zaumoyo ku mafoni opanda chiwawa. Mabungwe a boma akulimbana ndi kulephera kwa kutsutsa kwauchigaŵenga ndi kupempha kuti apolisi adziyang'anira mlandu, kutsogolera maboma ena kuti apange malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a mphamvu, kuletsa kuletsa, ndi kuyesa kudziimira kwa apolisi oimba mfuti. Kusintha kwalamulo kwa boma kukulimbana ndi nkhani monga chiwawa chapanyumba, chiŵembu, ndi kuchuluka kwa mfuti zachifwamba. Kupanga maluso a luso opanga ndi luso lapamwamba la pakhungu kuyang'ononga kwa pa polisi, kuchititsa mavuto atsopano okhudza zachinsinsi ndi kusagwirizana ndi tsankho. Kusintha kwa polisi kotere, monga momwe Georgel, monga momwe malamulo a boma akusinthira ku Chilungamiko m'malamulo cha boma, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma pakati pa mizinda ya mizinda ya chivoli, ndi kukhazikitsa chivoti, ndi kukhazikitsa chi

Kumaliza: N’kofunika Kumvetsa Kuti Zinthu Zizisiyana

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo ku United States sikuli njira yosagwirizana ndi boma koma njira yopangidwa ndi malamulo, yoyambirira, ndi yothandiza. Malamulo a kumaloko amasamalira kusungika kwakukulu kwa chitaganya; mabungwe a boma ndi kuyang'anira milandu yaikulu; ndipo maulamuliro asumika maganizo pa ziwopsezo za dziko ndi milandu ya dziko. Mlingo uliwonse umabweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, maphunziro, ndi zofunika kwambiri, kutsogolera ku malamulo osiyanasiyana. Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika popenda malamulo a upandu, kuchotsapo machitidwe ndi kugamula, ndi kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zina. Chikhalidwe chodziŵika bwino chimene chimatsimikizira mmene malamulo amagwirira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse n’ngoyenerera bwino kuloŵerera m’kulamulira ndi kusunga malamulo a democracy ndi kuyang'anira. Pamene malamulo akuyang'anira zinthu zalamulo akusinthasintha ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ka ka kagwiritsidwe ka ka ka ka ka kagwiritsidwe ka ntchito ka ka ka ntchito ka ka ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndi kusintha kwa masinthidwe a polisi, ndi kuyendetsa kwa boma kwa boma, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa oyendetsa kwa ma