Chiphunzitso choyambirira, nthanthi yachiweruzo yakuti malamulo alamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo loyamba la anthu panthaŵi ya kutembenuza, yakhala mphamvu yaikulu m'malingaliro alamulo a ku America . "makamaka m'gulu lalamulo losunga mwambo. Ochirikiza amanena kuti amaletsa oweruza, kulemekeza dongosolo la democracy, ndi kusunga malamulo. Komabe pa zonse zimene amalemba kuti ndi zokopa, kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zake zoyambirira za chikhalidwe kumavumbula mavuto aakulu ndi osalekeza. Mafunso amakono okhudza zachinsinsi, ufulu wa kubereka, ndi chilungamo chaufuko sizinachitike mwachindunji chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, ndipo tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo lingakhale lopanda mawu kapena ngakhale lotsutsana pa nkhani zimenezi. Nkhaniyi imapenda zovuta zazikulu zimene zimabuka pamene mukuyesa kugwiritsira ntchito njira yamakono yothandiza kulinganiza zinthu za chikhalidwe, kupenda zachiweruzo, kupenda ufulu kwa kuweruza, ndi kuyang'ka kwa lamulo la lamulo, ngakhale kuyang'kulingalira kuti kuyang'ka.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Pansi pa kuyambika kwake, kuli kwakuti mawu a Konsichushoni ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo limene anali nalo pamene anatengedwa. Tanthauzo limenelo limakhazikika; silimasintha ndi kusintha malingaliro a anthu kapena zosankha za chiweruzo. Pali sukulu ziŵiri zazikulu m'chiyambi: cholinga choyambirira [[FLT:], chimene chimayang'ana pa mmene munthu wololera panthaŵiyo angamvetsere lembalo. Chotsatira, chochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Anton Scintalia ndi ena, chakhala chotchuka kwambiri m'nkhani ya jul. tanthauzo lapo lapoyera, kaŵirikaŵiri limatetezeredwa pa kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale, monga gulu laling'ono.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira kunali kutsutsana ndi kupambanitsa kwa Warren ndi Burger Courts, kumene anthu ambiri osunga mwambo anakhulupirira kuti kunatulukira ufulu watsopano (monga ngati kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba mu Roe v. Wade ]) popanda kuvomereza koyambirira kwa mbiri yakale. Olemba Malamulo atsutsa kuti malamulo a Chipangano ndi chikalata chalamulo, osati chinthu chamoyo, ndi kuti chisinthidwe chalamulo. Kudzipereka kumeneku kukhazikitsa lamulo lomveka bwino: Oweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyambirira, ngakhale ngati tanthauzolo likuchititsa kuti asinthe.

Ngakhale kuti ndi nzeru, kuyambika kwa zinthu kuli ndi vuto lalikulu: Malamulo adalembedwera chitaganya chimene sichiliponso. Tanthauzo loyamba la mawu monga “kulankhula bwino ndi chilango chachilendo,” kapena“ kutetezedwa kofanana kwa malamulo [1] kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku maluso osaposedwa ndi mayanjano opangidwapo ndi mayanjano . Kuchokera ku intaneti ndi kuyesa majini kwa mabanja a makolo amodzi ndi maukwati a anthu amodzi. Mpata pakati pa 18 ndi zaka zapakati ndi makumi aŵiri oyambirira ndi choonadi umachititsa kupsinjika maganizo kumene munthu woyamba aliyense ayenera kuyang'anizana nako.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Pothetsa Nkhani za Masiku Ano

Kutengera mfundo za m’Baibulo kukakhala kogwirizana ndi mafunso a masiku ano, pamakhala mavuto angapo. Mavuto amenewa si amaphunziro chabe ayi, koma amachititsa kuti milandu ikhale yotchuka ndiponso kuti athandize anthu kuona kuti oweruza ndi oyenera.

Zimene Mbiri Imanena

Konsichushoni inalembedwa mu 1787, ndipo Bill of Rights yake inavomerezedwa mu 1791. Dziko la oyambitsawo linali la kumidzi, kwakukulukulu, ndi lamphamvu kwambiri. Ukapolo unali walamulo, akazi analibe ufulu wa ndale zadziko, ndipo lingaliro la kukhala achinsinsi monga momwe timawonera kuti silinaliko. Kumasulira koyambirira kumafuna kuti oweruza adziloŵetse m'zamakhalidwe, zachuma, ndi mikhalidwe yalamulo ya kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, ndipo ntchito yovuta ndi yopeka.

Taganizirani za lamulo la Eighth Amendment loletsa “kuphwanya malamulo ndi chilango chachilendo.” N’kutheka kuti tanthauzo loyamba linkatanthauza chilango chimene chinatsutsidwa kwambiri pa nthawiyo, monga kujambula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chigawo chimodzi, kapena chilango chosiyana ndi upandu. Koma kodi chigamulo choyambirirachi chimaletsa kupha wachinyamata, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la imfa limene limaika moyo pachiswe chachikulu? Akatswiri a maphunziro asintha maganizo awo pa mafunso ameneŵa, ndi kunena kuti tanthauzo lake loyambirira n’lochuluka kwambiri moti limafanana ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amaumirira kuti tanthauzo lake n’lo la kupitirira 1791. Kufufuza kumeneku kuchokera ku kufunsikira kwa mbiri yakale kwenikweni kwa lonjezo la kulongosola bwino, kuyankha koyera.

Kuthetsa Makhalidwe A anthu

Imodzi ya mfundo zopitirizabe za kuyambika kwa Chilengedwe ndi yakuti siingapereke chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Pamene Amereka a 14 anavomerezedwa mu 1868, okonza mapanganowo sanafune kutetezera ukwati wofanana, ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, kapena kulingana kwa amuna m'magawo onse. Komabe anthu amakono amaŵerengera tanthauzo la poyamba la “chitetezero cholingana ndi ufulu wa munthu ndi kukhala nzika yolingana. Woweruza woyamba anakakamizidwa kugamula mlandu wonga [[FLT: 0]bergefell v. Hodges [1] (20.1) (20.5) amasankha momvetsa: kaya tanthauzo loyamba la“ chitetezero cholingana, kukana, kapena kuvomereza kuti, kumasulira kokulirako.

Mu Woweruza anagogomezanso kuti ambiri anali “opanda maziko a malemba" kaamba ka kulamulira kwake. Komabe, Woweruza Scalia anatsutsa kuti “malamulo anthambi” otetezedwa ndi Geneth Amendment amafikira ku ulemu wa munthu aliyense. Woweruza wamkulu Roberts anagogomezeranso kuti ambiri analibe“ maziko a malemba a" polamulira. Komabe, otsogozedwa ndi Woweruza Kennedy, anatsutsa kuti “malamulo a" otetezedwa ndi Genearth Amendmeter Confement amafikira ku ulemu wa munthu aliyense. [as] amanena kuti anachokera m’kumvetsa kokulira kwa mapulinsipulo a malembawo m’malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwa mbiri yakale. Kutsutsana kumeneku pakati pa njira zoyamba za moyo ndi zokhalira ndi malamulo amakono kuli ngati mbali yaikulu ya kutsutsana kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu. Monga mmene kuonekera, kuwonekera kwa anthu, ngakhale kuwonekera kwankhanza, kumene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magulu ankhanza, ngakhale kulongosola.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo ndi Zasayansi

Oyang’anirawo sanaganize kuti apeza njira yochitira zinthu ndi otsata. California [Malamulo Olamulira Olamulira] amateteza dala “kufufuza kosamveka ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, [1] koma kugwiritsira ntchito muyezo wa kuyang’anira kwa makompyuta kumafuna mtundu wa kutembenuza umene umalimbana ndi malire a chiyambidwe. M'modzi] California [2014] [1] (Mbiri, Khoti Lapamwambalo linkafuna kuti apolisi nthaŵi zonse afunikira chilo chofunsira foni ya foni imene agwidwa panthaŵi ya kumangidwa. Pamene zoweruza zachiyambirirozo zitafika pa kugwirizana, kutayana. Oyamba angafunse mmene oyambitsawo angachitire ndi umboni waumwini, koma kuti kuyerekezerakodwa. Chilungamo, kaŵirikaŵiri chikuchirikiza kutsutsana ndi mfundo yachiganitsa mfundo za malamulo amakono, potsutsana ndi mfundo za malamulo a boma.

Okhulupirira zinthu za m'chilengedwe apereka njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira mfundo zoyambirira ku mfundo zamakono . Zimene Jasitisi Scalia anatcha “wokhala moyo woyambirira” mfundo. Cholinga n’kuzindikira kufunika kotsatirapo kwa boma lopanda nzeru. Ngati tanthauzo loyamba la “kufufuza kosalolera” limachokera ku kulakwa kwa kubadwa kwa zaka za zana la 18.

Kutonthola ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu M’malemba

Malamulo sanenapo kanthu pankhani zambiri zimene zimalamulira moyo wamakono wandale ndi wa anthu. Sanena chilichonse ponena za zipani zandale, mabungwe a boma, kuyenera kwa kukhala paokha, kapena kapangidwe ka boma lamakono la zaumoyo. Pamene kuyambirira kumakhala bata, otsatira ake kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti malamulo aletsa nkhani yakuti malamulo a boma. Kutero kungakhale kosatheka m’nthanthi, koma kungatulutse zotsatira zimene zikulephera kuyembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, kusalankhula kwa malamulo a m'zandale kwachititsa akatswiri oyambirira kutsutsa kuti palibe lamulo lothandiza anthu a mtundu uliwonse, ngakhale m’nkhani zosoŵa kwambiri. Matanthauzo oyambirira a ntchito ya Claus Claus mwachionekere saphatikizapo udindo wa boma.

Ndiponso, kusalankhulana kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Ngati Malamulowo salamulira kuyendetsa kampani, ndalama za ndawala, kapena mwaŵi wapamwamba m’mawu omvekera bwino, akatswiri a chiyambi ayenera kudalira pa makonzedwe ambiri owonjezereka . Monga chitsimikizo cha “Previgalamu ya Boma” kapena kulekanitsa maulamuliro . Chinyengo cha kutsimikiza kwenikweni chimatha pamene tanthauzo lenilenilo likhala logwirizana kapena pamene magwero a mbiri yakale opikisana akutsutsana. Monga momwe Profesa Randy Barnett adanenera, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale ndi matanthauzo ambiri okhutiritsa; chosankha pakati pawo chimapangitsa kukwaniritsa mapangano odziŵika amene ali osakhala a mbiri yakale.

Kufuna Kugamulapo Poweruza

Pamene oweruza ayesa kugwiritsira ntchito kuyambika kwa chipinda choyamba ku nkhani zamakono za kakhalidwe ka anthu, njirayo ingatulutse zotulukapo zimene zili zosunga kwambiri (kukana ufulu watsopano) kapena, nthaŵi zina, modabwitsa (kusunga chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu wa mfuti, monga mu Dicurecurity of Columbia v. Heller[FLT]] [[FLT]]]. [M'malangizo], Khoti linagonjetsa chiletso cha mfuti chokhudza kupenda koyambirira kwa chiwongoletsera, kupeza kuti munthu wotetezeredwa ndi kuyenera kusungidwira zida zaumwini. Oyambirira amakondwerera kuti chipamba chake. Komabe otsutsawo sanasonyeze tanthauzo loyamba la kuchepetsa kwa kuyendetsako kwa " kuyendetsa bwino, kudalira pa kulephera kwa ufulu kwa boma kwa ufulu woyenerera.

Chilungamo china chothandiza ndicho kuopsa kwa kutsegulidwa kwa lamulo podzionetsera kuti ndi oletsa. Oweruza ongoyamba anena kuti sapanga malamulo koma amangotsimikizira tanthauzo la mawuwo. Komabe kufufuza mbiri yakale n’kopanda umboni. Kufufuza kumene kuli koyenera, kuyesa kufotokoza nkhani za m'mbiri, ndi kusanthula mlingo wa kuchuluka kumene angalembepo mfundo yachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, m'malangizo, [[FL:0] Mcdold v. Chicago. (20) , Bwalo limaphatikizapo mfundo yachiŵiri yokonza zinthu zolamulira. Akatswiri a kumbuyo anatsutsa kwambiri ngati ufulu kapena Immuniclaus kapena Kroleasssss (madyed Claus Claussme) ndi kumvetsetsa kwake koyamba kwa kukhazikitsa lamulo la Chilungamo.

Ndiponso, kukhazikitsa kokhwima kungatsogolere ku zotulukapo zimene sizigwirizana ndi kuvomereza kwamakono kwa makhalidwe abwino, mwakutero kululuza chidaliro cha anthu pa lamulo. Ngati Bwalo Lamilandu linati lilengeze kuti kuvomereza fuko n’kosagwirizana chifukwa chakuti okonza za Malamulo a 144th Amend Amendment sanafune kulola mankhwala auchiŵanda, kapena kuti malamulo a boma oletsa khalidwe la kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo amaloledwa pansi pa tanthauzo loyambirira la “malamulo,” kubwezera kukakhala kowopsa. Mantha andale angayankhe mwa kunyalanyaza lamulo la Khoti, kuletsa mphamvu zake, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo. Oyambirira ayenera kulimbana ndi kuyenerera kwa njira imene imatulutsa zotulukapo zowoneka kukhala zosalungama.

Kulinganiza Kuyamba Kwanu ndi Mapindu Amakono

Poyankha mavuto ameneŵa, akatswiri angapo apereka malingaliro osokoneza amene amayesa kusungitsa chidziŵitso chachikulu cha kuyambika kwa Chikhristu pamene akulola kuti chizolowezi choyambirira chigwirizane. Njira imodzi yotchuka ndiyo yoyambirira, imene imaona tanthauzo lake monga mphamvu yokha koma imalola kusokonezeka pamene zotsatirapo za kuyambika zikanakhala zosapiririka kapena pamene umboni wa mbiri yakale umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Woweruza Stephen Breyer, ngakhale kuti si munthu woyamba, wanena kuti oweruza ayenera kuganizira za malamulo a dziko ndi zotsatira zake. Akatswiri ena oyambirira, monga John McGnis, adatsutsa za “njira zoyambirira zoyambirira za kumasulira, zimene zimamasulira kuti zinali zofala pa nthaŵi ya kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achilengedwe.

Kusiyana kwina ndiko kwa lamulo labwino lachisawawa , limene limachokera ku kudzipereka kwa woyambirira ku kulemba koma limaumirira kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo a ndale zadziko (monga ngati chilungamo ndi ubwino wofanana) zimene sizingachepetsedwe ku ziyembekezo zoyambirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso chimenechi chasulizidwa kukhala kutsegula khomo ku mfundo zachiweruzo, chimasonyeza kuzindikira kuti kuyambirira kwenikweni kungakhale kosakwanira kwa anthu ambiri, chitaganya chamakono.

Mwinamwake kuyesa kofotokozedwa kwambiri kugwirizanitsa mawu oyambirira ndi kusintha ndiko lingaliro la “kumanga kwa chitaganya.” Omasulira akusiyanitsa pakati pa kumasulira (kutsimikizira tanthauzo la zinenero la malemba) ndi kulinganiza [kukhazikitsa] [malemba ovomerezeka] [matanthauzo alamulo pamene akutha]. Malinga ndi akatswiri onga Keith Whitton ndi Randynett, tanthauzo loyamba limakhazikitsa malire koma kutsalira mbali ya masamu omwe ayenera kudzaza ndi kulingalira kwachibadwa, chitsanzo, ndi zandale zadziko. M’kayi, lingaliro lachiyambili silithetsa vuto lililonse lamakono; limatsendeka kukwaniritsa zotsatira za anthu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo pamodzi.

Njira imeneyi imakhudzadi dziko. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani zokhudza zinthu zachinsinsi, katswiri woyambirira angagamule kuti lamulo la Lamulo Lachinayi loletsa kufufuza kosayenera limagwira ntchito, koma funso la zimene “kupanda nzeru” m’nyengo ya manambala kumasiyidwa kumanga. Makhoti amalola kudalira pa zimene anthu akuyembekeza kuti zidzachitika m’nthaŵi ya chinsinsi, malamulo, ndi malamulo.

Ngakhale ndi kuwongolera kumeneku, kulinganiza kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi mapindu amakono kumakhalabe kovuta chifukwa chakuti ziŵirizo zingaloŵe m'kutsutsana kwachindunji. Pamene tanthauzo loyamba limasonyeza bwino lomwe chotulukapo chimene chimawombana ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe amakono . "pachitsanzo, kuti kusankhana mafuko sikunaonedwe kukhala kuswa chitetezo chofanana (onani ] Plectyv. Ferguson malingaliro a, amene anali ogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso choyambirira). [vFLT] Brown . "BFFFFF: FF]

Kumaliza

Zitokoso za kugwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso choyambirira ku nkhani za kakhalidwe zamakono nzowopsa koma si zakupha kwenikweni. Kuyambirira kumapatsa chilango chamtengo wapatali: kumakakamiza oweruza kuloŵa m’malembo a Konsichushoni ndi mbiri, ndipo kumawaletsa kukhazikitsa mapindu awo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, njirayo siingapeŵe zotsegulidwa pa nthaŵi, luso la zopangapangapanga, ndi chisinthiko. Oweruza amene ali odzipereka ku chiphunzitso choyambirira ayenera kupenda mowona mtima zimenezi, kuvomereza pamene tanthauzo lake loyamba liri losatsimikizirika kapena losadziŵika, ndi kuzindikira kuti zosankha zawo zaumwini zimakhudza zotulukapo.

Kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chikhalebe nthanthi yodalirika yachiweruzo, ochirikiza ake ayenera kupitirizabe kuwongolera nthanthiyo, makamaka m'mbali za kumangidwa ndi malamulo ndi kutembenuza. Ayeneranso kufotokoza moona mtima njira yothetsera mavuto amakono . Kuvomereza kuti mavuto ena amakono sangathetsedwe ndi kusanthula kwa mbiri yakale kokha. Kulimba kwa mawu oyambirira, kumene kumalemekeza tanthauzo lake monga lotsenderezedwa pamene akuzindikira kufunika kwa kukambitsirana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi mfundo za demokrase, kungapereke njira yabwino kwambiri kutsogolo. Potsirizira pake, chipambano cha chiphunzitso choyambirira sichidzadalira pa kukhoza kwake kupereka mayankho odzifunira, koma mphamvu yake yopanga malamulo omwe onse aŵiri ali okhulupirika kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo ndi kuvomereza mtsogolo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi mavuto ake, onani: [[FLT: 0] STANford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Original [1]; "Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] [2011] ndi kutsutsana [Matanthauzo ambiri a Thurt:5]; Chiphunzitso Chatsopano cha Domigatorizimu [1] – Harvard Kaphunzitso ka [FLT:]; ndi [FLT:] ndi Barnet, “Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Chilamulo [1] [FLT]