Mawu oyamba a United States Constitution si mawu opeka okha. Ndi mawu achidule koma aakulu a zifuno zimene boma latsopano linakhazikitsa. Pakati pa zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zondandalikidwa, mawu " kukhazikitsa Chilungamo" [ imangokhala cholinga chachiŵiri, mwamsanga pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa mgwirizano wangwiro. Kuika kumeneku si chizindikiro cha pambuyo pake koma mzati wa dziko. Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti popanda dongosolo lolungama ndi lopanda tsankho, ufulu wa m’banja ungakhale wosalimba, ndipo madalitso a ufulu sangakhale otsimikizirika konse. Motero, kukhazikitsa chilungamo, kunali kofunika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amakhalidwe ndi kuyenera kwa anthu.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chiyambi chachikulu cha pangano limeneli, ikumafotokoza mmene mfundo ya chilungamo yozikidwa pa mfundo zapamwamba za m’bukuli inasinthira ndi zochitika za m’mbiri ndiponso mfundo zapamwamba za filosofi, mmene yagwiritsidwira ntchito mwa malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo ozungulira dziko, ndiponso mmene kulondola chilungamo kungakhalirebe kwamphamvu kwa anthu a ku America. Lonjezo la Pregegest la chilungamo silikhala lokhazikika; ndilo chikhumbo cha moyo chimene chakula kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti chifike anthu ambiri ndi ku mbali zina. Kumvetsa chiyambi chake ndi chisinthiko kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira ponse paŵiri zipambano ndi ntchito yosamalizidwa ya demokrase ya ku America.

Lonjezo Lalikulu la Chiyambi: “Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo”

Chiyambi cha mawu aulemuwo chimayamba ndi mawu akuti, “Ife Anthu a ku United States, mwa Kulinganiza kukhazikitsa Union wangwiro kwambiri, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kutetezera kwa pabanja, kumapereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza Chitukuko, ndi kutetezera Madalitso a Lipale, ndi Madalitso a Ufulu wathu, kuika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa a United States of America. Mawuwo [[FLT: 0] [“ Woweruza wachita chilungamo” [[FLT: 1] waikidwa mwadala, mwamsanga pambuyo pa cholinga cha kupanga mgwirizano. Lamulo limeneli limapereka lingaliro lakuti oona dongosolo lalamulo kukhala lofunika kwambiri pa zolinga zina zonse. Chiweruzo, sichingasungidwe, chotetezedwa bwino, ndi kukhala chopanda chilolezo. Limene limaperekanso lingaliro lakuti: Chiyambire: Chiyambire, ndipo sichili, chochirikizidwa, chochirikitsa, chochirikitsa, chochirikitsa. Chilunga, Chilunga, chikuchitika, chikupitiriza, chikuchitika chopitirizabe.

Mbiri Yake: Kuchokera ku Makolo Olamulira Dziko Kufika ku Malamulo

Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake chilungamo chinali chofunika kwambiri kwa oyambitsawo, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana pa zifukwa zimene zinasonkhezera Chipanduko cha America. Chilengezo cha Upotuko chimaimba mlandu Mfumu George III wa “kulamulira kwa Chilungamo” mwa kukana kukhazikitsa makhoti odziimira, kuteteza akuluakulu a Britain, ndi kumanidwa mlandu ndi oweruza milandu. Zochitika zimenezi zinasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika: boma latsopanolo linayenera kupeŵa machitachita alamulo odzilamulira mwadala, oipa amene adapanga ulamuliro watsatsatsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Oyambitsawo anaona mmene mfumu ina inachitirapo kachitidwe ka chilungamo kuti itumikire zofuna zake, ndipo anatsimikiza kupanga dongosolo limene likakhala lodziimira, loonekeratu, ndi lodziŵerengera ku lamulo la lamulo.

Kuwonjezerapo, Mabungwe a Confederation (1781-1789) adatsimikizira kukhala osayenerera kukhazikitsa chilungamo m'maiko onse. Boma la dzikolo silinakhale ndi mphamvu yothetsera mikangano ya boma, mapangano okakamiza, kapena kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa kuchenjerera. Shays Redution (1786-171787) Kuukira kwa alimi a mangawa kwa mangawa kwa mangawa a mangawa ku Massachusetts omwe anali kutsutsa kusonkhetsa ngongole ndi dziko kugwidwa ndi njirisi yamphamvu. Chipanduko chinachepetsedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la boma, koma chinagogomezera kufunika kwa dongosolo la dziko limene lingatsimikizire chiweruzo ndi kuletsa kupondereza ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787 unali m’njira zambiri, kuyankha kolunjika kwa chiganizo la chilungamo chimenechi.

Chisonkhezero cha Olingalira Mounikiridwa

Oyambitsawo anakhomerezedwa m'zikhulupiriro za anthanthi Ounike amene analemba kwambiri ponena za chilungamo, zoyenera zachibadwa, ndi pangano la anthu. John Locke, anatanthauza kuti malamulo ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho, odziŵika pasadakhale, ndi ochirikizidwa ndi chigamulo cha judiary. Montesquieus’s Mzimu wa Malamulo [FOLT:], ndi chuma, ndi kuti maboma amapangidwa kutetezera ufulu umenewo. (1748) Kulekanitsa mphamvu za ulamuliro pa ulamuliro wa andale, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa boma. Iye anatsutsa kuti malamulowo ayenera kukhala osakondera, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ya ulamuliro wa boma. Mamonasquie (maudindo amodzi) ndi otembenuzidwa m’manja achiweruzo.

Chilungamo Monga Chonulirapo Chamakonzedwe: Kulekanitsa Ulamuliro ndi Federalism

Malamulo a malamulo akusonyeza chikhulupiriro chakuti chilungamo chimafuna kugaŵiridwa mosamalitsa. Mfundo III imakhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti osafunika monga Congress angayambitse. Oweruza amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo wotsatira khalidwe labwino, ndipo malipiro awo sangachepetsedwe. Zitetezero zolinganizidwa zofuna kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yobuka pansi pa malamulo, lamulo la boma, ndi mapangano, limodzinso ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana. Mphamvu yalamulo imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti pali kuletsa kusaloŵerera kwa ndale kwa boma kapena kuphatikizapo lamulo la dziko.

Federalism imatumikiranso chochititsa chilungamo mwa kupanga miyalo yambiri ya ulamuliro. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani za kumaloko, koma malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi a boma ndi aakulu . Makonzedwe amene amaletsa kuphwanya ufulu wapamwamba. Bill of Rights, wowonjezeredwa mu 1791, anaika malire a mphamvu za boma, ndipo pambuyo pake Kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa 14495 (1868) kumapatsira malirewo ku maboma. Dongo la malamuloli limalola kuyesa ndi kubwezera mlandu: likhoza kutumikira monga “malamulo a democracycy of democracy". Pamene boma la boma likupereka malo a chitetezo chochepa. Chilungamo, m'malamulo chimenechi, sichimaperekedwa ndi ulamuliro umodzi wokha koma ndi makhoti, makhoti, ndi mabungwe ena, ndi makampani oyendera limodzi.

Mmene Lamulolo Limaperekera Chilungamo

Malamulo a m’bungweli si malamulo wamba ongopeka ayi, koma ali ndi njira zoperekera chilungamo.

Mfundo Yokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika

Masinthidwe khumi oyambirira, odziŵika monga Bill of Rights, analandiridwa pamodzi poyankha ku nkhaŵa za Anti-Federalist kuti Malamulo atsopanowo analibe chitetezo chenicheni cha ufulu wa munthu. Ambiri a masinthidwe ameneŵa amalongosola mwachindunji za kuyang'anira chilungamo. Ndende za Fourter imateteza ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Lamulo la Demendment limakhazikitsa mlandu waukulu wa ajuli, kuletsa ngozi zoŵirikiza kaŵiri ndi kudziika wekha m’kauni, ndi kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu “adzachotsera moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Yachisanu ndi chimodzi Yosintha zinthu imakhazikitsa kufulumira ndi mlandu wapo, juli wosakondera, ndi uphungu woyenerera kuyang'anizana ndi mboni. Malamulo achisanu, ndi chilango chankhanza, ndi chankhanza.

Mawu akuti “ Kutsatira malamulo kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwakhala chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'lamulo lachimereka. Kuli ndi zonse ziŵiri zikulu ndi zidutswa. Njira zoyenerera zofunikira kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama zisanamanitse munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, kumva, ndi kupanga chosankha chosakondera. Kukhazikitsa chilungamo, pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kutsutsana, kumatetezera zoyenerera zina zazikulu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati njirazo zili zolungama. Malamulo onse aŵiriwo ali ndi malamulo oyenera, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lawagwiritsira ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa ku ufulu wa kubala. Chilungamo cha kuweruza, monga choonekeratu, chitetezero cha kumbuyo, monga kutetezera mphamvu za boma.

Chitetezo Cholingana Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14

Ataikidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Demetrime ya 14th inasintha kwambiri unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. Its Acumime Protection Claus imati: “Palibe Boma... limene lidzakana munthu aliyense m'manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawuwa adakhala ndi cholinga chotetezera ufulu wa Aafirika ongomasulidwa kumene, koma lakhala chitsimikizo chokulira choletsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu a ku Russia. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira chitetezo chofanana kuti liletseretu fuko ([FLT: 0]bn v. Board ya maphunziro [FL:1], 1954], tsankho lachimuna (kuyambitsa ndi [FLGON:] kachitidwe kalamulo ka boma kopale. [FLD]]], ndi mitundu ina yambiri yosagwirizana ndi mapangano.

Chikalata cha Figate Protection Claus chikusonyeza mwachindunji kudzipereka kwa Pregesary ku chilungamo. Chimafuna kuti malamulowo agwire ntchito mopanda chifundo ndi kuti pasakhale gulu lililonse lokhala ndi vuto popanda chifukwa chomveka. Mawuwa athandiza kuti pakhale kupambana kwakukulu pa nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo, kuwonjezeka kwa ufulu wosankha, ndi kuvomereza kuti ukwati uli wolingana. Komabe lonjezo lake n’lopanda ungwiro: kusagwirizana pa maphunziro, chuma, ndi chilungamo chikupitirizabe kuyesa kukhulupirika kwa mtunduwo kuti utetezedwe mofanana.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu m’Kumasulira Chilungamo

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . . Ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo osakhala alamulo . sunatchulidwe mwachindunji mu Malamulo koma unakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu lomwelo mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall ananena kuti ndi “mwachidule chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kutchula lamulolo. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa judiary kukhala myang'yang'anira wamkulu wa malamulo ndi, kuwonjezera, kudzipereka kwa Pregbage ku chiweruzo. Kupyolera, Bwalo lingakane malamulo oswa njira yoyenerera, chitetezo, kapena malamulo ena alamulo.

Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba lapanganso zigamulo zimene zinachirikiza chisalungamo m'nkhani zosaŵerengeka. Latetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, laletsa boma kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, linakhazikitsa malamulo opatula ozikidwa pa fuko kapena mwamuna, ndi kufutukula ufulu wa oimbidwa mlandu. Khoti Lalikulu lapanganso zosankha zimene zinapititsa patsogolo kupanda chilungamo mu . Sandford [1857], kugonjetsa fuko mwa [FLT:] Plavelv] v [FLT]. [18], ndipo poyamba kutsutsa kusintha kwa zachuma. Mbiri ya Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo ndilo liri la nkhondo yolimbana ndi kumasulira kwa chilungamo.

Ntchito Yosatha: Chilungamo mu Amereka Amakono

Ngakhale kuti malamulo anapangidwa ndi malamulo ndiponso kuti ayambitse malamulo, kukhazikitsa chilungamo sikunathe. Pambuyo pake, anthu ambiri akuvutika ndi kusalingana kwa chuma ndipo akuponderezedwa ndi kusankhidwa pa zinthu zachuma. Kuthetsa mavuto amenewa kumafuna kuti anthu asinthe malamulo komanso kuti agwirizanenso ndi mfundo zachilungamo zimene oyambitsa malamulowo analemba kumayambiriro kwa malamulo a m'dzikolo.

Chilungamo Chaupandu Chisintha

United States ali ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha kumangidwa kwa dziko lirilonse lotukuka, ndi anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni m'ndende za boma ndi boma. Anthu a mafuko ndi mafuko aang'ono amaimiridwa mosayerekezeredwa: Akuda Aamereka amaponyedwa m’ndende kuŵirikiza pafupifupi kasanu chiŵerengero cha Azungu. Nkhondo pa Mankhwala, chilango chokakamiza, ndi mafaelo a ndalama za ndalama asulizidwa chifukwa cha kululuza lamulo lachilungamo. Activolits ndi opanga malamulo aitanira kaamba ka kusintha konga ngati kuchotsako kuchepetsako kuchepa kwa lamulo, kutha kwa ndalama kwa opalamula osakhala achiwawa, kusungitsa maprogramu a programuzi a , ndi kukonzanso chilungamo, ndi kusamalira mizu ya upandu wonga ngati umphaŵi ndi kusoŵa mwaŵi.

Bipartisan ayesayesa mofanana ndi First Step Act (208) apanga kupita patsogolo koyenera mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi maprogramu ofutukulidwa. Koma kusintha kwa chigawo cha boma kumasiyana kwambiri. Kulondola chilungamo kumafuna kupenda kosalekeza kuti dongosolo lalamulo lisamasamasamale anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za chuma, fuko, kapena chiyambi. Chonulirapo cha Woyamba kukhazikitsa chilungamo sichingakwaniritsidwe pamene mbali yaikulu ya anthu iwona dongosololo kukhala ngati lakubwezera m’malo mwa kutetezera.

Chilungamo cha Zachuma ndi Mwaŵi

Chilungamo sichili kokha m’khoti; chimaphatikizapo mwaŵi wa zachuma ndi kuyendayenda kwa anthu. Kupempha chilungamo kwa Pregedge , limodzi ndi kuwonjezera kwa pambuyo pake kwa “kukonzanso Welfare,” kumapereka lingaliro lakuti chitaganya cholungama chiyenera kutsimikizira kuti nzika zonse ziri ndi mwaŵi wabwino wa kupambana. Komabe kusalingana kwa chuma mu United States kwakula kwambiri kuposa theka la zaka zapita za Aamereka olemera ndi osauka kwambiri ziri pakati pa zokulira m'dziko lotukuka. Mabanja ambiri akulimbana ndi ndalama zowonongedwa, ngongole zamankhwala, ndi za ophunzira, pamene kuli kwakuti chuma chambiri chiwonjezetsa chuma.

Chilungamo cha zachuma chimaphatikizapo maphunziro abwino, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi ntchito pa malipiro abwino. Chimaphatikizapo kutetezera ku kubwereketsa kwa apandu, tsankho lakuntchito, ndi kudyerera. Lingaliro la magulu a mafuko oweruza, monga momwe madera a mitundu amatsutsidwa mipata yomangira chuma yomwe ilipo kwa azungu. Chikhalidwe chonga ngati msonkho wopita patsogolo, kukwera kwa malipiro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chapadziko lonse, ndi nyumba zokhoza kusungidwa monga njira yopitira patsogolo chilungamo cha zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pa ntchito yeniyeni ya boma m'zopereka chuma, lamulo lakuti chitaganya chanzeru chimapereka mpata kwa onse chikhomerezetsa kwambiri m'zo za mbiri ya ku America .

Magulu Oweruza Mayanjano ndi Kufutukula Ufulu Wanu

M'mbiri yonse ya America, magulu a kakhalidwe asonkhezera dziko kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake zokhazikitsidwa. Gulu la oletsa kuchotsedwa kwa dziko, gulu la akazi, gulu la antchito, gulu la ufulu wa anthu, LGBTQ+ , ndi magulu amakono a chilungamo cha fuko ndi kusintha kwa anthu a kusamuka lakhala likufuna kuti lonjezo la chilungamo liperekedwe kwa awo amene kale sanapatsidwe. Magulu ameneŵa agwiritsira ntchito chinenero cha Malamulo [1] Makamakamaka Chilengezo cha Ufulu, ndi Declaration of Independence, ndi Demendment ya 145th .

Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chifuniro cha Chifuniro cha 1964 ndi Choinga ku Zoyenera za mu 1965 zinali zipambano zapadera zimene zinaletsa kusiyanitsa anthu ndi kugamula mlandu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] ukwati wovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la dziko lonse, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri. Lerolino, magulu onga Black Lifence Confective ndi ndawala ya ufulu wa kutsutsa ufulu wa kusoŵa kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu. Preggedge’s aitanira ku “Chilungamo cha " sindiko cha mbiri yakale; ndi lamulo lokhala ndi moyo limene mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira ndi kukwaniritsa.

Kumaliza: Kufunafuna Umodzi Wangwiro Kwambiri

Mawu a Pregge a “ kukhazikitsa Chilungamo” ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi boma lawo(a) lonjezo lakuti dongosolo la lamulo ndi la ndale zadziko lidzakhala lolungama, losakondera, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa aliyense. Kuchokera ku nthanthi za Kutseguka zimene zinaumba maziko a malamulo a maulamuliro ogaŵanika ndi kupendanso zachiweruzo, kuyambira Bill of Rights mpaka ku Geneth Amendment, United States yapanga maziko ochititsa chidwi kaamba ka chilungamo. Komabe, nyengo yatsopano siinathetsedwa. Nyengo iliyonse imabweretsa zitoko zimene zimayesa kudzipereka kwa mtunduwo ku malamulo ake a maziko.

Kukhazikitsa chilungamo kumafuna kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse, kukhala nzika yokangalika, ndi kufunitsitsa kuyang'anizana ndi chowonadi chosakondweretsa ponena za kumene dongosolo likuphonya. Kumafuna kuti tidziŵe ulemu wa munthu aliyense ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo atumikira zabwino zonse mmalo mwa zikondwerero zamphamvu. Monga momwe Pregedge ikutikumbutsa, cholingacho sichiri chabe mgwirizano, koma mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri umodzi womayandikira kwambiri ku chilungamo mwa kuyesayesa kwadala ndi chipani. Kulondola kwa zimenezo ndiko thayo lachikhalire la Aamereka onse.

Kwa awo amene akufuna kufufuza malemba oyambirira ndi nkhani yake, National Archives imapereka mawu onse a Konsola ndi mawu apamwamba. Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi anthu angawonenso [[[FLT:] Constitution Center [[FLT:] Constitution ] ya National Center ya zinthu zogwirizana. Chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chofanana, chakuyalunjika kwa kamvedwe kamakono ka chilungamo, chafotokozedwa bwino mu [[FLT:] Controgn Information Institute of at Office Institute [FLT:] [FFFEC] yosanja]. Chokhudza lamulo cha , chimatsimikizira ndi kulongosola kwa chiganitsiri chowonjezereka. [FFFMF]