Dongosolo la ndale zadziko ku United States ndilo likulu kwambiri kuposa chiyambukiro cha kusankha kwa ofunsira . Ndilo mphamvu imene imapangidwa, kuyesedwa, ndi kukonzedwanso. Mwakutheketsa mamembala a gulu la ndale zadziko kuvota pa wotsogolera wawo wokonda, ma primetation amapanga chisonkhezero champhamvu ndi chosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mapulatifomu a malamulo amene magulu a anthu amatsatira. Kuzindikira mphamvu imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mmene magulu andale a ku America amasinthira, mmene amapezera kutchuka kwa dziko, ndi mmene malire a mapulogalamu a magulu aŵiri aakulu amapangidwiranso mpangidwe uliwonse wa chisankho.

Kumvetsa Upandu wa Ndale: Chiyambi ndi Maluso a Zamankhwala

Upandu sunali kutchuka nthaŵi zonse. Kwa mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 19, akuluakulu a gulu ndi nthumwi za msonkhano anasankha zipinda zamwambo "zodzaza " . Magulu a kusintha zinthu kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, osonkhezeredwa ndi zofuna za demokrase yopita patsogolo, pang’onopang'ono anayambitsa masankho aakulu monga njira yochepetsera ulamuliro wapamwamba. Lerolino, boma lililonse limakhala ndi mtundu wina wa maziko kapena caucus, ngakhale kuti malamulo ake amasiyana kwambiri.

Mitundu ya Upandu ndi Zotsatira Zake

  • Atsegula: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka angatengemo mbali m'chigawo chachikulu. Izi zimalimbikitsa ofunsira kufunsira kwa chivoti chachikulu, choyenerera, kuphatikizapo osankha odziimira okha. Komabe, kungadzutse nkhaŵa za "kuvota kwa pagulu lina" . Ziŵalo za gulu losankhidwa mwapadera kusanthula mdani wamkulu wa gulu linalo.
  • Otsekedwa: Osankha okha olembetsedwa ndi gulu angavote m'mbali yaikulu ya chipani chimenecho. Izi zimapanga manyunesi opambanitsa, popeza kuti dziŵe la wovota limapangidwa ndi ziŵalo za chipani choikizidwa kwambiri (makamakamaka zowonjezereka). Kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT:] Pew Research Center [
  • [[FLT: 0] Semi- Otseka ndi Semi- Open Pribial: Madongosolo a Hybrid amalola ovota osavala kutengamo mbali m'chipani chimodzi chachikulu pamene otembenuza akukhala oletsedwa ndi awo okha. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kulinganiza kulimba kwa maganizo ndi kuwona mtima kwa pagulu.
  • Kumwamba - Aŵiri ndi Aunyinji Apamwamba: Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma onga California ndi Washington, "Jingle primes" zimenezi zikupititsa patsogolo oyembekezerawo apamwamba mosasamala kanthu za chipani, kukakamiza obatizidwa kufunsira kupyola pa maziko awo. Akhoza kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha otsutsa a chipani komanso kupanganso mphamvu zapadera zosanthula.

Kusankha mtundu waukulu sikungokhala tsatanetsatane wa puloced; kumakhudza kwambiri amene amathamanga, zimene amalonjeza, ndi amene amavota amachititsa gawo la phwando. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu chachikulu m'chigawo chotchuka kwambiri chingapatse mphamvu otembenuzidwa 10% a osankhidwa kuti alamulire malamulo a gulu, pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wowonekera m’mkhalidwe wampikisano angakakamize ofuna kulinganiza mawu awo.

Kusiyana Koyenera Kupangidwa

Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri amagwirizanitsa, primmial ndi kapus amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Caucuuses . Caucill wogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Iowa, Nevada, ndi mayiko ena angapo . "require in-person , kaŵirikaŵiri amakopa odzipereka kwambiri, amene angapangitse zotsatirapo za maganizo opambanitsa. Malamulo, ndi kusiyana kwake, ndi otsika posanthula malo ndipo motero amakopa mbali yaikulu (odzisanthula okha) ya gulu la anthu. Kusintha kuchoka ku caucs kupita ku malo apamwamba kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri m'zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo kumasonyeza kukondeka ndi kutembenuzidwa, koma otsutsanso kuchepetsako, kusankhidwa kwa anthu.

Makina Amene Magulu a Anthu Amasintha

Chikalata cholembedwa m’chipinda chakumbuyo si chikalata cholembedwa mwapadera; ndi chisonyezero cha mgwirizano umene umachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Kugogomezera Nkhani za Chikaikiro ndi Kuika Maganizo pa Nkhani Yofuna Kuzikumbukira

Pankhondo zazikulu, oyembekezera kubatizidwa ayenera kudzisiyanitsa okha m'malo odzaza. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amafikira pa nkhani zochepa za anthu oyendayenda , kusamuka, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena malonda . zimene zimamveka ndi mbali yawo. Pamene zofalitsa zikugwirizanitsa mfundo zimenezi, gulu la chipani lizindikira. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 2020 democratic Primeters, Elizabeth Warren analongosola mwatsatanetsatane za misonkhozo ya chuma ndi mangawa a ophunzira omwe anakakamiza anthu otsatapo maudindo aakulu monga Joe Biden kuti atenge malo owonjezereka pa nkhanizo, zimene pambuyo pake zinawonekera m'gulu la 2020. "Kudzitukumula" kungakweze nkhani zapamwamba, gulu la abweranso kwa zaka zambiri.

Kukangana pa Nkhani Yosapitirira Malire Ndiponso Kupanikizika

Mapangano oyambirira amatumikira monga magome apamwamba kumene oyembekezera kubatizidwa ayenera kugwirizana ndi kutuluka kwa gululo. Wofuna kubatizidwa amene amakhumudwa ndi nkhani yaikulu ya maziko . Mwachitsanzo, kulephera kukakamiza apolisi oluluza kapena kutetezera Social Security . Chisonkhezero cha ausinkhu wanuchi chimasonkhezera onse ofuna malo otchuka pakati pa ovota, mwapang'onopang'ono kusintha nkhani ya chipani chonse. Chida cha Briginginginginging Pricity proviation chimasonyeza kuti maanjo aakulu akukhala amphamvu kwambiri kuyambira 2000, monga kugaŵana kwa ojambula nkhani za ojambula nkhani za m'manyuzipepala kutumiza mauthenga kuti apange mavoti.

Zipangizo, Kupereka Ndalama, ndi Kuchepetsa Zisonyezero

Zikalata zochokera kwa osonkhezera, maukwati a antchito, kapena magulu a malingaliro (m’mphindi, Club for Growth kapena The Faced Campaign Committee) imayendetsa ziŵiya ndi manyuzipepala kwa oyembekezera amene amachirikiza matabwa a pulatifomu. Chifuniro cha kusungitsa kuchirikiza mapangano ameneŵa kuchirikiza malamulo ena monga ngati malipiro a $15 kapena khoma lamalipiro amalire . Kugwirizana pakati pa misonkhoma ndi kulimba kwa chikalata kumasonyezedwa bwino ndi akatswiri a zamalonda; Firedal Commission [1] imagaŵira chidziŵitso chakuti opereka ndalama zaing'ono, makamaka m'maprinsi, kupangitsa kutchuka, kukopana kwakukulu, kupambana kwa pulogalamu.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Kusintha kwa Magulu Oimba Uchiŵanda

Nkhani ya Maufumu Olamulira Mwachisawawa ya 2008

Mpikisano wa Barack Obama ndi Hillary Clinton sunali chabe mkangano wa mbadwo; unali kupendanso kwakukulu kwa chigwirizano cha Democratic . Mkupiti wa Obama woloŵerera, woyendetsedwa ndi udzu wolinganiza ndi uthenga wa "tariro ndi kusintha," unakakamiza gululo kuvomereza kufunika kwa zaumoyo (kusintha kwa anthu onse), kulimbikitsa chuma, ndi chilungamo cha fuko. Chigawo cha Democracy cha 2008 chinasiya kuyandikira Clinn-era "triation" ndi kutengera chinenero chimene chinaimira Affordcable Carect. Chigawo chachikulunso chapamwamba pa kufunika kwa achichepere ndi ocheperapo, kukonzanso za gulu la anthu a m'gulu la anthu a m'deralo.

Primary ya 2016: Woimba Popukuti

Donald Trump anapambana pa 2016 Republican primes pa nthaŵi imene anapatulapo nthaŵi ya chisinthiko cha pa kagulu. Pamene Trump anasumika maganizo ake pa kusungitsa anthu kusamuka ("dooka"), kubwezera ntchito za malonda, ndi lamulo lachilendo "America Yoyamba" linatokosa mwachindunji zaka makumi ambiri la Republican odrodocism pa malonda, kuloŵerera, ndi kukonzanso kwa mapromigration. Pamene Trump analamulira kwambiri mipikisano yake, kuphatikizapo Ted Cruc, Marco Rubio, ndi Jeb Bush adakakamizidwa kutenga njira zambiri zopondekera ndi zolankhula za dziko kuti zikhale zokhalapo. Chipani cha 2016, pamene chidakali chokhala ndi zoŵinda zokhala ndi zowaza, zinasintha kwambiri kuti ziphatikizepo zoletsa, chitetezo, ndi kutsa malonda monga ngati za TPP. Chikalata cha 2020 chinasintha pulogalamu kuti chikhale chotchuka pa 2020.

2020 Precial Democratic Price: Kulimbitsa Malo Apakati - Kumanzere

Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo zina, kuchokera ku Bernie Sanders ndi Elizabeth Warren mpaka Pete Buttigieg ndi Joe Biden . Chotsatira chake chinagwirizanitsa malo apakati apakati oyambira kutsogolo (Medicas kufutukuka, ntchito ya nyengo, kuchepetsa kwa mangawa a ophunzira) ndi ulamuliro wa maatomu. Maprimenti monga South Carolina, kumene thandizo la Biden pakati pa anthu a Black Coption linayambitsanso ndawala yake, kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo ndi chuma zikhalebe pakati pa pulatifomu 2020. Chiyambi chachikulu chinatsogoleranso ku ku kulera "aungirist" pakati pa misasa ya Sanders ndi Biden , zotsatirapo m'maulendo woposa mphamvu ya Clinton 2016 koma osati kukambirana koyamba kwa Sanders.

2022 Mapine Okhala pakati: Trump- Mord Candidates

2022 a maprojekti a Republican adawona pulezidenti wakale Trump akugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yovomereza kwa oyembekezera amene anamamatira ku mbiri yake ya kusankhitsa 2020 ndi malo otsutsa kukhazikitsidwa. M'mafuko kuchokera ku Arizona mpaka Pennsylvania, zotsatira zake zazikulu zinakakamiza gulu la Republican kukhala ndi malo a pulatifomu amene anapeputsa maulamuliro a mwambo (m'mphindi, , kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kulakwa kwa chikhalidwe ndi kugamula. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kowonekera m'kampeni yapakati ndi chigawo chapambuyo ndi kukonzanso kwa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena a oyembekezera ameneŵa anataya masinthidwe apamwamba a zamwambo, masinthidwe aakulu a gulu la boma la boma.

Mmene Apandu Ankagwirira Ntchito Mwanzeru

Ngakhale kuti pali demokrase, akuluakulu a gulu, osankhidwa, opereka chiwongola dzanja, magulu achithandizo , apanga njira zapamwamba zopangira zotsatirapo zazikulu ndipo, kuwonjezera, mapulatifomu. Osankhidwa oikidwa kumbuyo kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira zivomerezo zoyambirira, ndalama, ndi manyuzipepala okomera kuletsa mavuto amakono. Komabe, kukwera kwa ma PACI ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda kwachotsa malo oseŵerawo, kulola ofunsira kuwonjezera ndawala yodalirika yozikidwa pa papulatifomu. Kulimbana pakati pa ntchito ya chigawo ndi chigawo cha kulembera gulu ndi utsogoleri wa gulu ndi mbali yamakono; chigawo chimene chimatuluka chimakambirana pakati pa magulu opikisanawa.

Gulu la anthu oloŵa m’gulu limayesetsanso kusonkhezera mapulatifomu kudzera m’malamulo osankhira ena, monga ma trodec Party (mu Chipani cha Democratic) kapena kupambana modzigaŵira zonse (m'ma Republican primiry ambiri). Njira zimenezi zingawonjezere mawu oyenera kapena kupatsa mphamvu yopambanitsa, malinga ndi malamulo . Democratic Party ya democratic Party imakhala chipangizo chothandiza anthu kusintha zinthu, chimene chinachepetsa ntchito ya mapulogalamu a stein a steat yoyamba, chinali chivoti cholutsira maganizo kuti 2016 anali "waletsedwa" ndi Bernie Sanders . Kusonyeza mmene malamulo oyambirira a iwo eniwo anakhala chida cha mapulatifomu.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosolo Loyambirira

Kutengamo Mbali Kotsika ndi Kosalingana

Wovota wamkulu amayambira pa 15% mpaka 30% ya osankha oyenerera, poyerekezera ndi 50-65% pa masankho. Kutenga nawo mbali kochepa kumeneku kumasumika maganizo pa mphamvu pakati pa okalamba, oyera, otchuka, ndi otchuka kwambiri. Chotulukapo ndicho "kudabwitsa kwapadera" njira yolinganizidwa kupereka mawu kwa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri ikumagwirizanitsa mawu a anthu ambiri otchuka, kupanga mapulatifomu ndi osasonyeza zikondwerero za opanga otchuka. Zimenezi nzabwino makamaka m'malamulo otsekedwa m'maiko osakhala ogwirizana, kumene kupikisana kwamphamvu ndi kopambana.

Kukometsera ndi "Race ku Basi"

Chifukwa chakuti ovota oyambirira ngodzipereka kwambiri mwa malingaliro, osankhidwa amaikidwa pa malo apakati pa gulu lawo mmalo mwapakati. Chochitika chimenechi, kaŵirikaŵiri chikutchedwa "race mpaka kunsi," chagwirizanitsidwa ndi asayansi andale kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa malo a pa Congress. Pamene malo a pulatifomu akhala opambanitsa, osankha onse ayenera kutembenukira ku malo apakati, akumapanga mpata wodalirika umene umawononga chidaliro cha anthu. Kufufuza 2021 kofalitsidwa mu Journal of Political Science anapeza kuti zigawo zokhala ndi ma Pritation opikisana kwambiri zimatulutsa mame ambiri opanga malingaliro oposerapo, opanga mapulogalamu, opanga mapulogalamu.

Ntchito ya Ndalama ndi Ndalama Zoipa

Upandu wakhala m'mapikisano odula; ofunsira amawononga ndalama zambiri pa kusatsatsa malonda, makalata achinsinsi, ndi makompyuta ku kampani yaing'ono, yosankhidwa. Kukwera kwa ma PC ndi 501(c) (4) “mabungwe a zachuma a anthu amene saulula anthu opereka. Mabungwe olemera ndi mabungwe alola anthu olemera ndi mapulatifomu kusonkhezera zotsatirapo ndi mapulani apamwamba popanda kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, makampani a mafuta ndi gasi apeza njira zopimira ku Republica kuchirikiza pulogalamu ya carbon, kupangitsa kuti nyengo ikhale yosambira pa pulatifomu ya gulu. Kusintha kumeneku n’ko kwauka kwauka koma kumatsatiridwa ndi magulu onga [FLD:]

Kusintha Upandu Kaamba ka Kuimira Kwabwino Koposa

Kugwira Ntchito kwa Kansalu

Alaska ndi Maine asankha kuvota koikidwa pa malo apamwamba (RCV) kaamba ka magawo ndi masankho a anthu onse. M'dongosolo lapamwamba la RCV lapamwamba la Alaska, oyembekezera onse akuwonekera pa pepala limodzi loyambirira, ndipo kupita patsogolo kwa ana anayi ku chisankho, kumene ovota aikapo malo apamwamba. Zimenezi zimachepetsa chisonkhezero cha kudyetsa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti oyembekezerawo ayenera kuchonderera ku gawo lapamwamba la osankhidwa kuchokera kuchiyambi. Umboni woyambirira wa Maine's 2020 ndi 2022 umalingalira kuti RCPrimies atulutse oyembekezera amene amathamanga pa mapulati amodzi ndi amene ali ndi luso lolimba la kumanga mapangano. RVC amaonedwanso monga njira yothandizira "ilpoer" ndi kuwonjezera mavoti onse.

Kulemba Mabuku Otseguka ndi Olembedwa Mwachibadwa

Kufutukula primial , kapena kuvomereza "apamwamba-ŵiri" kapangidwe , kungafutukule mphamvu ya osankha oyambirira, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha osankha opanga. Kulembetsa kwadzidzidzi, pamene kuphatikizapo kulembetsa kwa masiku omwewo kwa primmary, kwasonyezedwa kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka pakati pa achichepere ndi osankha ochepa, kupanga zotulukapo zazikulu zoimira. Chipambano chachikulu cha California, chochitidwa mu 2012, chatsogolera kusankhidwa kwa opanga malamulo oyenerera, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amachitsutsanso kuti chiyambire chilengezo champhamvu kumene ofunsira kwa opereka mphatso olemera mmalo mwa zipani.

Maphunziro a Chipangizo ndi Zochita Zabwino

Masinthidwe ngogwira ntchito kokha monga ngati osankhidwiratu odziŵa amene amawagwiritsira ntchito. Mabungwe a Nonpartisan onga League of Women Voters ndi Ballottia amapereka zitsogozo za ovota okhala ndi malingaliro ofuna kubatizidwa, kuthandiza osankha oyambirira kumvetsetsa matanthauzo a mapulatifomu a zosankha zawo. Maboma amene amaikamo ndalama zambiri m'mavoti apamwamba, ndi maphunziro apamwamba a pa sukulu za boma kuwona kutembenuka kwapamwamba ndi njira zosankhira zopendera. Chitokoso chidakalibe kufikira kuchotsa ofunsira ofunsira, makamaka m'malo apamwamba a nyuzi.

Kutsogoloku: Upandu ndi Kusinthika kwa Zipani Zachipembedzo

Monga mmene luso la zopangapanga limayambiranso mmene osankha amalandirira chidziŵitso [1] ndipo pamene magulu aŵiri aakulu akupitiriza kulinganiza bwino za chikhalidwe ndi mavuto a zachuma . Dongosolo loyamba lidzakhalabe malo apakati a nkhondo za pulatifomu. Kukwera kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu ogwirizana ndi makampani, kuchuluka kwa ma apulogalamu a foni, ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chidziŵitso kwa osankha oyambirira kwa anthu osankhidwa ndi tizilombo tating'ono. Panthaŵiyi, kumafuna kuti tsiku lalikulu likhale, kapena kukonza kalendala kuti lichepetse chisonkhezero cha maiko oyambirira monga Iowa ndi Hampshire, zikulandira thirakiti pakati pa anthu aŵiri onse.

Chipwirikiti chachikulu m'gulu la democracy lililonse ndicho mmene angalinganizire changu cha maziko okangalika ndi kufunika kwa kupambana masankho onse. Upandu ndiwo kumene kupsinjikako kumachitikira bwino kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa kachitidweka . "amakanika, ziphunzitso zake, ndi kukonza kwake kumene kuli kofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zimene zikufuna kuona mapulatifomu a mapulatifomu a anthu amene amati amatumikira. Pamene mizera 2024 ndi 2028 ikufika, zosankha zopangidwa m'mapulaneti sizidzangosankha za kungokhala ndi mapulogalamu komanso zidzapitiriza kubwezeretsa malamulo a kulamulira kwa ku America kwa zaka zambiri.