Table of Contents
Kumanga kwa dziko la America kuli chisonyezero chachindunji cha malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhazikitsidwa mu 1787. Oyambitsa, osamala za mphamvu yosumikidwa koma ozindikira bwino za kuchuluka kwa dzikolo, adapanga njira yolinganizidwira kulinganiza mphamvu mwa mkulu ndi ulamuliro wa ufulu wa Congress. Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, dongosolo limeneli layesedwa ndi nkhondo, kusintha kwa zachuma, ndi kusintha kwa zandale. Kumvetsa mphamvu zotsimikizirika zoperekedwa kwa boma la boma kaamba ka chitetezo cha dziko nkofunika kumvetsetsa zonse ziŵiri za mbiri ndi ntchito zamakono za United States.
Kusintha kwa Mbiri ya Utsogoleri wa Kutetezera Dziko
Kusintha kwa Nkhani za Kusintha kwa Malamulo kunayambitsidwa mwachindunji ndi kulephera kwa boma la dziko kutetezera zikondwerero za dziko. Shays's Gault (1786 - 1787) adavumbula kulephera kwa Confederation Congress kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo kapena kutsendereza chipanduko chapabanja. Oyambitsawo osonkhanitsidwa ku Philadelphia kuti apange boma lokhoza kuchita ndi mphamvu ndi kutumiza m'nthaŵi zamavuto. Alexander Hamilton anatsutsa [[FL: 0] Fiderafiast No. [23:1] kuti "ayenera kulingana ndi mapeto" ndi kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi "chigawenga lopanda nzeru" m'kukweza magulu ankhondo odzitetezera.
Dziko loyamba linayang'anizana ndi ziyeso zokhalako mu Nkhondo ya 1812 ndi Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Zoyambazo zinasintha ulamuliro wa boma, kutsimikizira ukulu wa boma pankhani za kupanduka kwa pakati ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo za maulamuliro ankhondo ofala ochitidwa ndi nthambi ya pulezidenti. Pulezidenti Lincoln anatsendereza madoko a Kummwera, kuchotsa makhoti ankhondo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mabwalo ankhondo kukulitsa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti Lapamwambalo linagamula chigamulo cha pambuyo pake mu [FLT: 0] Deti la ma Milligan [1] (118666] , pofuna kubwezeretsa malire opinga, kuchititsa mabwalo ankhondowo kuti asaloŵe m’mabwalo ankhondo kumene anali otsegulidwa ndi otsende.
Zaka za zana la 20 zinakhala ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro otetezera. Lamulo la Security Service la 1917 linakhazikitsa usilikali wa dziko lonse wa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Nkhondo Yadziko II inabweretsa Manhattan Project ndi kusonkhanitsa konse kwa maindasitale . National Security Act ya 1947, inapita mbanda ya Nkhondo ya Mawu, ikumagwirizanitsa magulu ankhondo pansi pa bungwe limodzi la Desert of Desert, inachititsa Central Intelligence Agency (CI), ndipo inakhazikitsa bungwe la National Security Councial (NC) logwirizanitsa ndi malamulo a maiko akunja ndi otetezera. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Reorgation Act ya 1986 adatsendect a Pentagnon, kulimbitsa Chikalata cha Mkulu wa Olamulira Omenyera nkhondo.
Bungwe loona za chitetezo linapereka ufulu wochuluka wochita zinthu ndi anthu amene anali ndi udindo, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale nkhondo zowonjezereka, kupangidwa kwa Dipatimenti ya Chisungiko cha Homeland, ndiponso kutsutsana kopitirizabe kokhudza chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu.
Maziko a Malamulo a Mphamvu za Kutetezera Dziko
Malamulo amatchula maulamuliro a nkhondo mwadala mwa njira imene imawunikira Woyambitsayo kupatsa ulamuliro ponse paŵiri m'nthambi za malamulo ndi mabwana aakulu. Kulekana kumeneku kunalinganizidwa kuletsa nkhondo ya aliyense pamene kutsimikizira boma kukhoza kuchitapo kanthu mokhutiritsa ku ziwopsezo.
Mbali ya Msonkhano: Kulengeza Nkhondo ndi Kupereka Ndalama
Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amapatsa mphamvu "kulengeza Nkhondo, kupatsa Makalata a Marque ndi Reprisila, ndi kupanga Malamulo Okhudza Kugwira Malo ndi Nyanja". Msonkhano wapatsidwa mphamvu ku "kuchirikiza ndi kuchirikiza Gulu la Nkhondo" (Cl. 12) ndi "kukhazikitsa ndi kusungitsa Navy" (Cl. 13). Mphamvu ya "Kupanga Malamulo a Boma ndi Kugawanso Dziko ndi Magulu ankhondo ankhondo" (Cl. 14) Kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa gulu lankhondo la gulu lankhondo kuyang'anira dongosolo lankhondo kudzera m'Chilamulo cha Unduna (UCM). Kuwonjezerapo, Nyumba ya malamulo imalamulira zikwama zankhondo kwa zaka ziŵiri (CL. 12), kuyang'anira kuchirikiza dongosolo lankhondo.
Ntchito Yaudindo: Mkulu wa Atsogoleri
Article II, Chigawo 2 chimatchula Pulezidenti monga Mtsogoleri wa Kazembe wa Gulu la Nkhondo ndi Namkubwa wa United States, ndi za asilikali pamene aitanidwa kuutumiki weniweni. Mtsogoleriyu amaika mawolowa a pulezidenti okhala ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pankhondo ndi kutsogolera kwa dongosolo. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu yoika nduna zankhondo, kukambirana (ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo), ndi kulandira akazembe, zimene zimaumba ulamuliro ndi malo a chisungiko a dziko. Kulimbana pakati pa mphamvu ya bungwe la Comganion count yolengeza nkhondo ndi ulamuliro wa nkhondo kuli mbali yolongosola lamulo la dziko la America.
Chipangizo cha Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Chizindikiro cha Jackson
Jasitisi Robert Jackson akugwirizana mu Broutstown Shee & Tube Co. Sawyer (152) imapereka maziko osonkhezera kwambiri odziŵira kulinganiza kwa mphamvu ya maulamuliro ndi malamulo m'chisungiko cha dziko. Jackson anadziŵikitsa magulu atatu a kachitidwe ka prezidenti:
- . . . . Pamene Prezidenti achita ndi chilolezo cholongosola kapena chotanthauza kuchokera ku Congress, mphamvu yake iri pamlingo wake waukulu, kuphatikiza ponse paŵiri ulamuliro wake wa lamulo ndi uliwonse woperekedwa ndi Congress.
- (Zaŵiri: Pamene Prezidenti achitapo kanthu popanda chivomerezo kapena kukana ulamuliro, iye amadalira kokha pa mphamvu zake zodziimira, kupangitsa "mmaŵa" kumene kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro kuli kosatsimikizirika.
- [[ML:0] → Pamene Pulezidenti achita zinthu motsutsana ndi chifuniro chomveka kapena chotanthauza cha Congress, mphamvu yake imakhala yotsika, ndipo Bwalo lamilandu likhoza kugonjetsa ntchito yake.
Malo Otetezera Dziko Amakono
Boma la boma lerolino limasamalira chitetezo cha dziko mwa kugwirizanitsana kwakukulu. bungwe lililonse lili ndi mathayo alamulo amene amathandizira ku chisungiko chonse cha dzikolo.
Department of Defection (DoD)
DoD ndi likulu la ulamuliro wa asilikali. Imagwira ntchito kudzera mu Ofesi ya Mlembi wa UFUNDO (OSD), Maulamuliro a Joint Aunes (JCS), ndi Malamulo Ogwirizana 11 (COMCOM). COCOM iliyonse ili ndi udindo wa dera lapadera (m., U.S. Indo-Paccific Layd) kapena chigawo chimene chikugwira ntchito (mjere, U.S.C.S. Lamulo la Pamwamba , U.S.). Komiti ya Goldwater-Nichols Act inalimbitsa unyowa wogwira ntchito, kuchokera kwa pulezidenti kwa Oteteza kunkhondo.
Department of the Mouth Security (DHS)
Mu 2002, DHS inagwirizanitsa mabungwe 22 a boma kuti ateteze dziko lawo ku zigaŵenga, kuyang’anira malire a dziko, ndi kuthana ndi masoka achilengedwe. Zina mwa zinthu zimenezi ndi monga, Customs and Borders Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), bungwe loona za chitetezo cha boma (TSA), ndi bungwe loona za za za chitetezo cha dziko la Federal Eme Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Chitaganya cha Anzeru
Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence (DNI) amagwirizanitsa mbali 18 za bungwe la UNICEF la United States, kuphatikizapo CIA, National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), ndi Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). NSA imachita zinthu zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro za luntha (SINT), ndi chitsimikizo cha chidziŵitso, pamene kuli kwakuti CIA isonkhanitsa nzeru za anthu (HUMIT) ndi kachitidwe kobisa monga momwe Pulezidenti analangizira.
Mavuto Ena Odetsa Nkhaŵa
Department of State iyang'anira maunansi a mayiko, maprogramu a chithandizo chachilendo, ndi mapangano amene amathandiza kupanga mgwirizano wonga NATO. Dipatimenti ya Energy imayang'anira zida za nyukiliya zosungidwa kudzera ku National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) ndipo imasamalira zoyesayesa zosaphera moyo. National Security Council (NC), m'bungwe la Pulezidenti, imagwira ntchito monga yogwirizanitsa malamulo a boma a zachitetezo.
Chikalata Cholamulira cha Lamulo
Nyumba za malamulo zimakhazikitsa malamulo oteteza anthu ovutika powalola kuti adziteteze pa ngoziyo, powalola kuti azilipira ndalama zogulira katundu, ndiponso pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo osonyeza malire a ntchito imene akugwira.
Chikalata Chovomereza Chitetezo cha Dziko Lonse (NDAA)
NDAA ndi ndalama za chaka ndi chaka zimene zimavomereza bajeti ndi ndalama za Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera. Imakhazikitsa malamulo a mlingo wa antchito, madongosolo a zida, kumanga zankhondo, ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri. NDAA yakhala ikuchitidwa chaka chilichonse kuyambira mu 1961 ndipo ili galimoto yaikulu yoyang'anira ntchito zotetezera.
Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973
Atadutsa pa nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, Pulezidenti Nixon' adanena za nkhondo, War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541-1548) akufunafuna kuyang'anira mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya kukhazikitsa magulu a U.S. kuti amenyane popanda chivomerezo cha bungwe. Ikufuna kuti Pulezidenti akambirane ndi Congress asanayambitse magulu ankhondo, kukachitira lipoti ku Congress pa maola 48 a kuyambitsa mphamvu, ndi kuchotsa magulu ankhondowo mkati mwa masiku 60 (ndipo masiku 30 okha) kusiyapo ngati Nyumba ya malamulo ikulola kupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mphamvu.
Zilolezo Zogwiritsira Ntchito Gulu la Nkhondo (AMF)
Njira ya Kufufuza Nzeru za Mayiko (FISA)
FISA akhazikitsa njira zoyendera mphamvu za dziko lachilendo ndiponso zipangizo zake zamagetsi. Zinapangitsa kuti bungwe lina la ku United States lifufuzenso mafomu a zikalata zovomerezeka. FISA lasinthidwa kambirimbiri, makamaka ndi Patriot Act ndi FISA Amendments Act ya 2008, ndipo lidakali maziko a mikangano yokhudza chitetezo cha dziko ndi chinsinsi.
Malire a Malamulo ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko
Oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera nthambi za ndale pa nkhani za njira yankhondo ndi malamulo achilendo, koma akhazikitsa ulamuliro wake wakutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kukhazikitsa malire pa ulamuliro.
Zochitika M’mbiri Yakale
Mu Ex parate Milligan[[FLT :1] (166], Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu lankhondo linatsutsa kuti makhoti ankhondo sangayese anthu wamba pamene makhoti a anthu wamba atseguka ndi kugwira ntchito. Mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1196], Khoti linazindikira kuti Pulezidenti ndi "chiŵalo la boma la boma la dzikolo m'mayanjano achilendo" ndipo lili ndi mphamvu zazikulu m'nkhani zachilendo.
Mapeto-9 / 11 Kuletsa
Mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld[FLT :1] (2004), Bwalo lamilandu linagamula kuti nzika ya U.S. inamangidwa monga mdani ndi kuyenera kukonzekera mchitidwe ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wotsutsa maziko enieni a m'ndende yake. Boumediene v. Bush (2008), Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti ogwidwa ndi alendo ku Guantmo Bay ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa ku Habeas courpus. Nkhani zimenezi zikutsimikizira kuti [Judiary:2] amasunga udindo woyang'anira ntchito ya zaudindo, ngakhale mkati mwa nkhondo.
Malamulo olamulira oukira zigaŵenga, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zigaŵenga zokayikiridwa, zapangidwa ndi malamulo, maofesala a boma, ndi kupenda milandu. "zinsinsi za boma" mwaŵi, chiphunzitso choima, ndi chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri zimachepetsa kukhoza kwa makhoti kumva zitokoso ku ntchito zankhondo.
Gulu la Mafuko ndi Gulu la Asilikali
Malamulo amasunga mbali yaikulu ya maiko otetezera dziko kupyolera mwa dongosolo la asilikali ndi Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 15 amapereka mphamvu ku "Malamulo a Chigwirizano, kutsendereza Kuukira ndi Kuletsa Kulimbana. Claus 16 amasunga ulamuliro ku maboma ku kuika nduna ndi kuphunzitsa apolisi mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya bungwe.
Lerolino, National Guard ikugwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la kulembetsa kwaŵiri. M'malo a boma (Titu 32), Alonda amalamulidwa ndi bwanamkubwa wa boma ndipo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa ngozi zapanyumba. M'malo a boma (mutu 10), Alonda amatumizidwa ku utumiki wa boma ndi kuvomereza ku zipani za boma. Insrection Act ya 1807, ndi kusintha kotsatira, kulamulira ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa kugwiritsira ntchito asilikali a boma (kuphatikizapo Alonda) kutsendereza zigamu ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma pakati pa United States. Posse Comit Act ya 1878 kaŵirikaŵiri imaletsa Army ndi Gulu la Ndege kuloŵerera m'malamulo, kukhazikitsa kulekana pakati pa asilikali ndi asilikali ankhondo.
Malo Oyambira Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo ndi Njira Zodzitetezera
Ndalama zotetezera za boma ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yaikulu ya ndalama zimene boma limawononga, yoposa $800,000,000,000 pachaka. Ndalama zimenezi za ndalama za asilikali, ntchito ndi kusamala, zida, kufufuza ndi kumanga, ndi kumanga. Ndalama zotetezera zimaphatikizapo DoD, Office of Management and Bactal (OMB), ndi Congress, zomwe zimasonyeza njira yogwirizana yoika zinthu zofunika ndi kukonza chuma.
Mafakitale otetezerapo zinthu amachirikiza kufufuza, kupanga, ndi kupanga zida. Kusunga malo olimba a maindasitale ndiko chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa dziko lonse, popeza kuti kumatsimikizira kuti kutulutsa zinthu zambiri panthaŵi ya mavuto. Dipatimenti ya Defense imayang'aniranso ntchito yaikulu yochirikiza ntchito zapadziko lonse.
Mavuto a Panthaŵi Ino Oletsa Mphamvu za Kutetezera
Kuopseza kwapadziko lonse ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kukusintha kwambiri njira zimene boma limamenyera nkhondo dzikolo.
Mpikisano Wamphamvu
Kukhazikika kwa Malo ndi M’mlengalenga
Cyberspace wawonekera monga malo opikisana a United States Leajant akuchititsa ntchito zonyansa ndi zotetezera kutetezera zikondwerero za dziko. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Gulu la Magulu a Pamwamba a United States mu 2019 kunazindikira mlengalenga kukhala malo osiyana omenyera nkhondo, kusumika maganizo pa kutetezera masetilaiti ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wa kulowa mumlengalenga.
Kusintha Kwaukatswiri
Luntha lopanga, kudziimira paokha, zida zothamanga kwambiri, ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera zinthu zikusinthanso nkhondo. Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo yakhazikitsa njira zothandizira kuti gulu la Joint Actificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) ligwirizanitse AI m'ntchito zankhondo. Kutsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono limeneli ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri.
Kuopsa kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Kuopsa kwa Mayiko Ena
Kusintha kwa nyengo kukudziŵika kwambiri monga chiwopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa anthu amene angawonjezere mikangano, kusoŵa kwa anthu, ndi kuchepa kwa malo a asilikali. DoD yasinthanso kusintha kwa nyengo m’dongosolo lake ndi ntchito zake. uchigaŵenga, miliri, ndi njira zoyendetsera malonda zosaloledwa zimafunabe kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Kumaliza
Ntchito ya boma m'kutetezera dziko siiri yosasintha; kuli kulinganizika kopangidwa ndi Malamulo, lamulo lalamulo, kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, ndi zofunidwa ndi malo otetezera. Maulamuliro olongosoledwa mu 1787 akhalabe malo amodzi, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwayengedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri a chitsanzo ndi ntchito. Pamene ziwopsezo zatsopano zikuwonekera ndi luso la zopangapangapanga, chitokoso chachikulu chimakhala chimodzimodzi: kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yonse ya boma kutetezera mtunduwo pamene akusunga ufulu wa malamulo amene amaumasulira.