ADEA yasintha mmene olemba ntchito amachitira ntchito, kukweza, kupindulitsa, ndi kuleka ntchito. Mbiri yake imakhala ndi malamulo apamwamba kwambiri oteteza anthu a kuntchito ku United States, kuteteza anthu a zaka 40 ndi kupitirira kuti asamasaulidwe pantchito malinga ndi msinkhu wawo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chiyambi, makonzedwe ofunika, zitsutso, ndi kuukira kwa ADEA, ndi kujambula bwino lamulo limene likupitirizabe kuteteza antchito ambiri a ku America.

Chiyambi cha Tsankho la Nyengo

Ma 1960 asanafike, tsankho la ukalamba linali lofala komanso nthaŵi zambiri linali loonekeratu. Olemba ntchito nthaŵi zonse ankakhazikitsa zaka zambiri zopezera anthu ntchito, kukakamiza anthu kuti azipuma pantchito pa msinkhu wongofuna kupuma pantchito, ndipo ankakana kuwaphunzitsa kapena kukweza antchito okalamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa luso lawo.

Kukula kwa ufulu wa anthu kwa m'ma 1960 kunapanga lamulo lochirikiza nyengo lotsutsa kugawana. Kudutsa kwa Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964, chimene chinaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko, kunasintha. Komabe, zaka sizinaphatikizidwe m'lamulo lapaderalo. Magulu a a zamanja opatutsana onga ngati American Association of rencred Personation (ARP) ndi maukwati a antchito anakakamiza Congress kuti akambirane Congress kuti akambiraneo za antchito achikulire. Lipoti la 1965 linachokera kwa Mlembere wa ntchito pansi pa Presidenti Lyn Bron B. Johnson analemba kuti kugawa kwa nyengo yofala ndi kutchedwa chigwirizano cha boma.

Bipartisan inatulukira, ndipo Age Discrimination in Accomplication Act inasainwa kukhala lamulo pa December 15, 1967. Cholinga chotchulidwa chinali chakuti "ntchito ya okalamba yozikidwa pa kukhoza kwawo osati msinkhu; kuletsa tsankho laukalamba pantchito; kuthandiza olemba ntchito ndi antchito kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto oyambika ndi mphamvu ya msinkhu wa ntchito. ADEA inagwira ntchito kwa mabwana 25 kapena kuposapo ndipo poyamba antchito olemba mapepala pakati pa zaka 40 ndi 65.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a ADEA

ADEA amaletsa tsankho pa anthu a zaka 40 kapena kuposapo amene ali ndi ntchito iliyonse, monga ntchito, kulipira, kuchotsa ndalama, kulipira, ntchito, ndi maphunziro. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito kwa anthu olembedwa ntchito ndi antchito ena okwana 20 kapena kuposa, boma ndi maboma, mabungwe a ntchito, mabungwe a zantchito, ndi boma.

Miyambo Yoletsedwa

Olemba ntchito mwina sanganene kuti:

  • Imangika kapena kukana kulemba ganyu munthu chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo.
  • Discoverence, deseti, kapena chilango wantchito malinga ndi msinkhu wake.
  • [[NT.0] Kusankha ntchito m'mawu obwezera kapena mawu [[FL:1], kuphatikizapo mapindu.
  • Mpata, kugawana, kapena kuika antchito pagulu m’njira zimene zingawamanitse mwaŵi wa ntchito.
  • Tsegulani ndi wolembedwa ntchito chifukwa cha kulembetsa mlandu kapena kutengamo mbali m'kufufuza kapena kupitiriza pansi pa ADEA.

Olemba Ntchito Odzibisa ndi Oloŵa Ntchito

Pachiyambi, mabwana okhala ndi antchito 25 kapena kuposapo, malowo anatsitsidwa kufika pa 20 a antchito mu 1974. Kusintha kumeneku kunawonjezera chitetezo kwa mamiliyoni a antchito owonjezereka. lamulolo limaphatikiza mabwana onse a anthu onse ndi aumwini amene amakwaniritsa zofunika zaukulu, limodzinso ndi mabungwe a antchito ndi mabungwe a antchito okhala ndi mamembala 25 kapena kuposapo.

Zoleka ndi Zopsinja

ADEA ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Koma amalola kuti munthu asiye ntchito pa msinkhu winawake kuti agwire ntchito zina. M’malo mwake, mabwana a ntchito amathandiza kuti azitha kusiyanitsa zinthu zina monga kugwiritsa ntchito (RFOPA), monga kugwiritsa ntchito makina ozimitsa moto, ndi oyendetsa ndege.

Chisinthiko Kupyolera m’Kukonzanso Malamulo ndi Milandu ya Bwalo Lamilandu

Kusintha kumeneku kwawonjezera chitetezo ndi kuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ka lamulo kuntchito.

Antchito Achikulire Apindula ndi Kachitidwe Kakuchinjirizidwa ka 1990

Chimodzi cha ziwonjezeko zowopsya kwambiri chinabwera ndi Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA). Pasadakhale OWBPA, olemba ntchito ena anachepetsa kapena kuchotsa mapindu a antchito okalamba, akumanena kuti ndalama zoperekera mapindu ofanana zilungamitsidwa ndi kukondera. OWBPA imaletsa kunyada kwa amisinkhu ya antchito. Imakhazikitsanso zofunika zazikulu kaamba ka olanda ADEA zoyenerera, monga momwe zimakhalira zogwiritsira ntchito poyambirira kapena zipangano zopimira. Pansi pa OWBPA, odziŵa ndi odzifunira, ayenera kukhala odzifunira, kuphatikizapo kudziŵitsa antchito ufulu ufulu, pamasiku 21 kukambitsirana za kuvomereza, ndi kulola masiku asanu ndi aŵiri kuvomereza. OWB ikhozanso kulinganiza mayanjana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito mayanja a zaka zaumoyo, koma osathandiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya zaumoyo.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu zakhudza chiŵerengero cha ADEA:

  • Mapepala Co. v. Biggins (1993) [1] – Khoti linagamula kuti chigamulo chozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa penshoni (zaka zautumiki) sindicho kwenikweni kunyada kwa msinkhu, ngakhale ngati kwamphamvu chifukwa cha msinkhu. Chigamulochi chinapanga malire aakulu pakati pa kuchiritsa kosiyana kozikidwa pa msinkhu ndi zosankha zozikidwa pa zinthu zina zimene zingagwirizanitsidwa ndi msinkhu.
  • Smith v. City of Jackson (2005) [1] [1] Mu chigamulo cha chizindikiro, khotilo linavomereza kuti ADEA imalola zikalata zozikidwa pa displate direct [[FLT]]] [1] Machitidwe amene satenga mbali pa maso koma amavulaza kwambiri antchito okalamba. Komabe, Khotilo limachepetsanso mawu otero mwa kulola olemba ntchito kuwateteza mwa kusonyeza kuti kachitidweko kanali kozikidwa pa zinthu zina zomveka osati pa msinkhu.
  • Mayam v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (2008) [1] – Khoti linachotsa mtolo wa umboni m'nkhani zotsutsa, kufunikira kuti bwana atsimikizire kuti kachitidwe kochititsa chiyambukiro chosayerekezeka kanazikidwa pa chinthu chomveka, osati kokha pabizinesi.
  • Gross v. FBL Financial Service (2009) [1] [1] Chigamulochi chinakweza kwambiri chibalo cha malungo opatula milandu yochiritsa. Khoti linatsutsa kuti woyang'anira mlandu ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ukalamba ndiwo "koma chifukwa" wa kachitidwe koipa, osati chifukwa chosonkhezera chabe. Chigamulochi chinapangitsa kuti antchito azivutika kuti apeze ADEA poyerekezera ndi nkhani za mutu VII, pamene mpangidwe wosanganikira umagwira ntchito.

ADEA M’zaka za zana la 21: Mavuto Amakono

Ngakhale kuti patha zaka zambiri anthu atayamba kale kusankhana, anthu ambiri ayamba kukhala ndi tsankho ngakhale kuti masiku ano sadziwa zambiri.

[[FLT: 0] Umisiri wa makampani a zamalonda [[FLT: 1] wachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Malipoti a ntchito yolemba anthu ofunsira ku pulogalamu ku Silicon Valley, kumene antchito achichepere amakonda, atsogolera ku makhoti apamwamba a pulogalamu. Ofunsira ntchito akale kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zopinga monga ngati kutsegulidwa kwa malamulo oletsa masiku a ntchito kapena "zaka za chidziŵitso" zimene zimayanja kotheratu achichepere ofunsira ntchito. EEOC wachenjeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta olembedwa m'awindo sikuyenera kutuluka m’chiyambukiro chochotsera antchito achikulire.

Kukonzanso ntchito ndi RiFs [1] (masinthidwe a ntchito) kaŵirikaŵiri amabera anthu okalamba, opatsidwa malipiro ambiri. Olemba ntchito angagwiritsire ntchito njira zonga "kulephera kulolera" kapena "osakhala anthu a chikhalidwe choyenerera" kubisa ukalamba. Kutetezera kwa ADEA kutsutsana ndi machitachita oterowo kumafuna kusanthula mosamalitsa miyezo ya kusankha ndi ziyambukiro zake.

Ntchito yamwambo ndi chuma chapamwamba zilinso ndi nkhani zachilendo. Ogwira ntchito achikulire angaperekedwe mwaŵi wocheperapo wakutali, kapena kuperekedwa m'makonzedwe osakhazikika omanga odziimira. ADEA's akugwira ntchito yopanga idakali yopikisana, popeza kuti ambiri amaikidwa kukhala omanga a kudziimira paokha ndipo motero samalembedwa ndi lamulo.

Kudera lina kumene kuli kuyambika n’kutha kwa zaka ndiponso makhalidwe ena oteteza.

Kuyerekezera ADEA ndi Malamulo Ena Otsutsa

Kuti timvetse bwino za mphamvu za ADEA ndi malo amene anasoŵapo, pamafunika kuyerekezera ndi mfundo yakuti VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndiponso kuti anthu a ku America ali ndi lamulo lonena za kupunduka kwa matenda (ADA).

  • Makalasi otetezeredwa [1]: mutu VII umaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi mtundu. ADEA imakhudza zaka za munthu (40+). ADA imateteza anthu ndi kulumala.
  • [[FLT:] Mitedid-Motive vs . Koma- ya ": Pansi pa mutu VII, mtsogoleri angapambane ngati tsankho linali lochititsa kufalitsa [[[FLT:] m'chosankha choipa, ngakhale ngati zinanso zina zinachita mbali. [FLT:] Gross v. FBL[FFFF:5], ADEAFTTTTFFFFF iyenera kutsimikizira nyengo ya [[FL:6] komatu] chifukwa cha [[FLT:]]
  • Implate Ict[FLT: 1] : Zikalata VII ndi ADEA zimazindikira kuti ziyambukiro zosiyana, koma ADEA iri ndi chitetezo chachikulu: olemba ntchito angalungamitse kachitidwe mwakusonyeza kuti kanali kozikidwa pa "chochitika chomveka kuposa msinkhu," chimene chiri chosavuta kutsimikizira kuposa " zofunikira za kampani" pansi pa mutu VII.
  • Madamage [1]: mutu VII umalola chiwombolo ndi chilango (kuyang'aniridwa ndi zipewa), pamene ADEA imapereka malipiro okha, malipiro a kutsogolo, ndi zowonongedwa (malipiro achiŵiri) m'magalu opalamula. Mosiyana ndi mutu wa VII, ADE SAmapereka zivulazo za maganizo kapena zowononga monga zotero.
  • [[NT.0] Waiver : ADEA, kupyola ku OWBPA, iri ndi zofunika zokhala ndi mawu owonjezera zimene zilibepo pansi pa mutu wakuti VII kapena ADA.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Aumeter Opportunity Commission (EOC) ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma limene lili ndi thayo la kulamula ADEA. Olemba ntchito ayenera kulemba mlandu wa tsankho ndi EEOC asanalembe mlandu wa munthu. EEOC asanayambe kufunsa milandu, kuyesa kuvomerezana, ndipo angalembe mlandu wa munthu wosowedwa mlandu. Makhoti achinsinsi angaperekedwenso pambuyo pa kutchula kalata ya EEOC ya kumanja.

Kuzindikira malire [1]: M'maboma ndi bungwe lotsutsa kusokonezeka kwa boma kapena lakwanuko, nyengo yofuna ndalama ndi masiku 300 kuchokera ku ntchito yopatula; m'maiko ena, ndi masiku 180. Nthaŵi yokha yopereka mlandu ili masiku 90 pambuyo pa kulandira kalata ya kumanja.

Malamulo opezeka pansi pa ADO [1] Akuphatikizapo malipiro apambuyo (malipiro otayika ndi mapindu), malipiro akutsogolo (malipiro otayika ngati kubwezeretsedwa sikukuthekera), ndi zowonongeka zolingana ndi malipiro amsana ngati kuswa kunali [[FLT:] kuvomereza [[FLT:]. Kubwezera kulinso mankhwala othekera, ngakhale kuti makhoti amalingalira kulephera ndi kubwezera kuyambitsa udani. Thonsi ya Thoverney ndi ndalama zingaperekedwe kwa otchuka.

Komabe, kuphwanya lamulo mwadala kungawononge zinthu zambiri, zimene zingawonjezere kuchira.

Mavuto Amene Amabwera Chifukwa cha Mavutowa

ADEA mosakaikira yachepetsa mitundu ya kukondera kwa amisinkhu yopambanitsa. Kupuma pantchito (kusiyapo m'ma BFOQ) kwakukulukulu n’chinthu cha m'mbuyomu. Ogwira ntchito achikulire masiku ano akukhalabe pantchito pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa ndi kale lonse, ndipo lamulo lathandiza kulinganiza bwino kachitidwe ka ntchito yowonjezera. Maphunziro asonyeza kuti ADEA athandiza kuchepetsa mipata ya malipiro pakati pa okalamba ndi achinyamata, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kukupitirizabe.

Komabe, mavuto adakalipo. Tsankho losadziŵika limapitirizabe, ndipo zochitika zambiri sizikusimbidwa chifukwa chakuti mikhole ingaone kubwezera kapena kuopa. "komanso" muyezo wa kubwezera kuchokera ku Gross [1] zapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa anthu opatukana ngakhale pa milandu yamphamvu. kutsutsa chiyambukiro cha kusokonezeka, pamene kuli kwakuti kwavomerezedwa ndi "chofunika kuposa msinkhu". Ena amatsutsa kuti msonkhano uyenera kugonjetsa ADE, kuvomereza chiyambukiro chosanganikira ndi Dia, kuphatikiza mbali ndi kulola ziwongo zowonongeka.

Vuto lina limene likupitirira ndi lokhudza makwalala okhala ndi malo abwino.

Kuchotsa ntchito pa nthawi imene chuma chakunja chayamba kuchepa, makampani akayamba kuvuta, anthu okalamba amavutitsidwa chifukwa cha malipiro apamwamba kapena chifukwa cholephera luso la zopangapanga. Ngakhale pamene kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa anthu ena kukuoneka ngati kogwirizana ndi ntchito yawo, kupenda kungaphimbe msinkhu. Malangizo a EEOC pa kuchepetsa mphamvu kumalimbikitsa kufunika kwa kulinganiza zinthu ndi mapepala mosamala kuti apeŵe kusokoneza.

Tsogolo la Tsankho la Ausinkhu Wake

Pamene antchito a ku America akukula pofika 2030, ana onse amene adzabereka adzakhala ndi zaka zoposa 65, ndipo ADEA adzafunika kuiganizira kwambiri.

Kutetezera Auntry Workers Against Discrimination Act (POWADA) kwayambitsidwa m'magawo angapo a Congress. Lamulo limeneli likagwetsa Gross [ ndi kubwezeretsa ntchito zosanganiza ADEA, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa otsalira kutsimikizira tsankho. Kukhozanso kukhazikitsa ADEA pafupi kwambiri ndi Divorthmeti ya VII m'mawu a masunt , kukhoza kulola kumasulira ndi kubwezera. Monga 2025, chilocho sichinapita, koma chimasangalala ndi chichirikizo ndi kupitiriza kuchirikiza kujambula kwake.

Malamulo a boma akubukanso. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amapereka chitetezo champhamvu kuposa ADEA, monga kuletsa tsankho la misinkhu polemba antchito ngakhale amene ali ndi zaka zosakwanira 40, kapena kupempha olemba ntchito kuti apereke malo oyenera kwa antchito okalamba. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa angapangitse malo otetezera boma, makamaka kwa antchito m’mayiko amene ali ndi anthu okalamba.

Olemba ntchito akutengera kwambiri zochita za misinkhu yofanana monga mbali ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kulingana, ndi kuyesayesa kuphatikiza. Ambiri amazindikira kuti anthu okalamba amalandira chidziŵitso chapamwamba ndi chakusamalira zinthu. Njira zabwino kwambiri monga:

  • Kupenda mafotokozedwe a ntchito ndi ntchito zimene amalandira kuti atsimikizire kuti sakuwatsegulira antchito okalamba popanda chifukwa.
  • Mabwana ophunzitsa anthu za ukalamba wosadziŵa kanthu ndiponso malamulo a bungwe la ADEA.
  • Kukonza zoti anthu amisinkhu yonse azigwira ntchito moyenera.
  • Kuthandiza anthu a misinkhu yonse n’koyenera.
  • Kuyang’anira zimene anthu ena amasankha kuchita pa ntchito ndiponso mmene ntchitozo zimakhudzira anthu achikulire.

Zipangizo zamakono zimaperekanso maupandu ndi mipata. Ziŵiya zolembera kampani ya AI ziyenera kupendedwa kaamba ka kukondera kwa msinkhu, ndipo okonza madongosolo a chilungamo odziŵira ndi kuwongolera ziyambukiro. Uyang'aniro wa boma, monga ngati kuyesayesa kwa EEOC pa luntha lopanga ndi kulungamitsa, mwachionekere zidzaumba mmene zidazi zidzagwiritsidwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi ADEA.

Pomalizira pake, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti aone moyo wautali ndi kuti aphunzire zinthu kungachepetse maganizo a anthu a msinkhu wawo.

Chikalata cha Age Admic Act chakhala maziko a chilungamo kuntchito kwa zaka zoposa 50. Mbiri yake imasonyeza nkhondo yosatha yolimbana ndi tsankho ndi kuzindikira kuti ukalamba suyenera kukhala chopinga cha ntchito yatanthauzo. Ngakhale kuti lamulo lakhala losintha kuchokera ku kusintha ndi malamulo a khoti, likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano m'zachuma chomakula. Kulimbikitsa ADEA mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kudzakhala kofunika kuti akwaniritse lonjezo lake loyambirira: kutsimikizira kuti anthu achikulire a ku America aweruzidwa ndi mphamvu zawo, osati msinkhu wawo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] EOC imapereka chitsogozo chalamulo pa ADEA ndi kukonza kwake. Kusintha kwamphamvu kwa chitsogozo pa chosungirapo cha OWBPA [[FLT:] 3] tsatanetsatane amapindula ndi chitetezo ndi zofunika za kayakaya. Kumvetsa bwino za Khoti Lapamwamba lokhudza ADEA kumachokera ku [FLT:] Khoti laumwini ndi kulongosola kwalamulo kuchokera ku .Melikan Agwirizana ndi ntchito ndi Chikalata cha AD.