Mbiri Yoyamba ya Chipani cha Ulster Union

Zipani zandale zochepa mu United Kingdom zaumba chigawo chachikulu monga Ulster Unionism Party (UUP) youmba Northern Ireland. Kwa mbali yabwinopo ya zaka za zana, UUP sanali kokha gulu la boma . Ilo linali gulu la boma, logwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yosasokonezeka ya kugaŵidwa kwa Ireland kufikira zaka makumi angapo zomalizira za zaka za zana la 20. Kuzindikira chiyambi cha gululo, kukwera kwake, kupambana kwake kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi kutha kwake kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa DNA yamakono ya ku Northern Ireland.

Nkhani ya UUP imayamba osati m'nyumba ya malamulo koma m’vuto la kudzidziŵikitsa ndi ulamuliro. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 United Kingdom inalimbana ndi funso la ku Irish medury, ndipo kunali kotsutsana ndi gululo . Lodziŵika monga Lamulo la Panja . Gululo linapeza chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwake.

Vuto la Ulamuliro wa Panyumba ndi Kubadwa kwa Chigwirizano Cholinganizidwa

Mbewu za Ulster Union Dict ya adabzalidwa mu 1880, pamene boma la Liberal pansi pa William Awart Gladstone linayambitsa Ulamuliro woyamba wa Panyumba mu 1886. Lamulolo linafuna kukhazikitsa nyumba ya malamulo yotha ntchito ku Dublin, kupatsa Ireland ulamuliro wake wa banja pamene Westminster anakhala ndi ulamuliro pa kutetezera, malamulo achilendo, ndi malonda. Kwa Aprotestanti, makamaka Apresbyterian ndi Anglican a Ulster, limeneli linali chiwopsezo chokhalako. Iwo anaopa kuti nyumba ya malamulo ya Chikatolika ku Dublin ikaika lamulo lotsutsa ufulu wawo wachipembedzo, zikondwerero zachuma, ndi chizindikiritso cha chikhalidwe chawo.

Chitsutso ku Ulamuliro wa Panyumba chinaikidwa mwamsanga m'gulu la ndale zadziko. Mu 1885, maMP ogwirizana anali atakhazikitsa kale zoyesayesa zawo mu Westminster , koma kunali kugonjetsedwa kwa Lamulo loyamba la Panyumba Bill kumene kunasonkhezera kulengedwa kwa nyumba zachikhalire. Ulster Union Council adakhazikitsidwa mu 1905 monga gulu la ambulera kuti agwirizane kutsutsa chigawo chonsecho. Bungwe limeneli posapita nthaŵi linasintha kukhala limene tsopano tikudziŵa kuti ndi Ulster Union Party.

Nthaŵi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa UP sinali yangozi. Bungwe la Liberal Party linabwerera ku ulamuliro mu 1906, ndipo Nduna Yaikulu Herbert Asquith inatsimikizira cholinga chake cha kuyambitsanso Ulamuliro wa Palamente . Ndi Lamulo la 1911 lochotsa mphamvu ya Nyumba ya Ambuye, njira ya Bill yachitatu ya Ulamuliro wa Panyumba inali yotseguka. Ogwirizana a Ulster anazindikira kuti sakadadaliranso pa Mambuye kutsekereza malamulo ndipo akafunikira kulinganiza monga gulu la ndale zadziko.

Pangano la Pachisumbu: Chigwirizano Chopanda Chilungamo

Palibe chochitika chimodzi chimene chimatenga mzimu wa mgwirizano woyambirira wa Ulster mowonekera kwambiri kuposa kusaina [[FLT: 0] Pangano la Ulster mu September 1912. Olinganizidwa ndi Sir Edward Carson ndi James Craig . Ziŵerengero ziŵiri zapamwamba m'mbiri yakale ya gululo . pangano linali chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika cha kutsutsa Ulamuliro wa Palamente wa Panyumba mwa njira iliyonse. Linalinganizidwa pa Scotland National Paravenal of the 17th, ilomangiridwe yogwirizana ndi zikalata zotetezera malo awo mkati mwa United Kingdom.

Amuna ndi akazi oposa 470,000 adasaina panganolo, ambiri mwa magazi awo. Chochitikacho sichinali chabe chitsutso cha ndale zadziko; chinali chisonyezero cha kulinganiza kwa kapangidwe ka. Atsogoleri a bungwe la UVF anapanga nthaŵi imodzi Ulster Colorganizery Force [ [UVF] [, gulu la asilikali lofuna kuletsa kuyambitsidwa kwa Ulamuliro wa Panyumba mwa mphamvu ngati kufunikira. UVF inazemba mfuti zikwi zambiri kuloŵa m'Larne mu 1914, mu chimene chinadziŵika monga Larne Gunling, motsutsa poyera boma la Britain.

Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Padziko Lonse itayamba, ulamuliro wa pa Nyumba unaimitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, koma mfundo yogwirizana ndi bungweli inafotokozedwa bwino kuti: Ulster sanapite mwakachetechete ku nyumba ya malamulo ya ku Dublin.

Kugaŵanika ndi Maziko a Northern Ireland

Boma la Ireland Act 1920 linali kulolerana kumene kunathetsa funso la ku Ireland . kapena, mwina molondola kwambiri, linapanga mabungwe aŵiri odzipangira okha: Southern Ireland (imene inakana mwamsanga mudziwo ndi kukhala dziko la Ireland Free mu 1922) ndi Northern Ireland, lomwe linali ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa asanu ndi anayi a Ulster . UUP, motsogozedwa ndi James Craig (pambuyo pake Ambuye Craigavon), inalandira makonzedwe ameneŵa ndi thandizo. Si zonse zimene maukwati a chipani cha Nazi anafuna [1] Iwo anayembekezera kuti mayeso asanu ndi anayi onse a Ulster . Koma adasunga chigwirizano chachikhalire.

Palamente yatsopano ya Northern Ireland inatsegulidwa mu 1921, ndipo UUP inapanga boma loyamba. Kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo mpaka pamene panakhazikitsidwa ulamuliro wachindunji mu 1972, chipanicho chinali ndi mphamvu popanda kudodometsedwa. Kwa zaka zoposa 50, UP inalamulira Northern Ireland monga boma limodzi.

Chiyambi cha Unionism Dominance (1921 -1965)

Pansi pa UUP, Northern Ireland panakhala chipani chandale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. chipanichi chinazika maziko ake pa dongosolo lachisamaliro la matchalitchi a Chiprotesitanti, Orange Order, ndi malonda.

Mbali zazikulu za ulamuliro wa UUP zinali izi:

  • Kusinthasintha kwa zachuma: Malamulo otsatirika anaikidwa kuti awonjezere kuimira kwa bungwe, mchitidwe wodziŵika monga gerrymanindering . Chitsanzo choipitsitsa chinali Londonderry (Derry), kumene mzinda wa Nationalist-majority unazongedwa m'chipinda chopangira gulu losankha.
  • Kugawidwa kwa mapangano: Mabungwe a kumaloko olamuliridwa ndi UUP okhulupirika anagaŵira nyumba za anthu onse m’njira zimene zinasungitsa upani waukulu ndi kuchirikiza kusankhana kwampatuko.
  • Tsankho lakugonja: Mafakitale a Chifungulo, kuphatikizapo Harland & Wolff ndi Short Short meter fakitale ya ndege, anadziŵika kukhala akuyanja antchito Achiprotestanti.
  • The Special Powers Act (192): Malamulo aakulu ameneŵa anapatsa boma ulamuliro waukulu kuti liloŵere popanda chiyeso, mabungwe oletsa, ndi kuika nthaŵi zofikira panyumba. Poyamba cholinga chake chinali ngati myeso wa kanthaŵi koma unakhalabe wogwira ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito pafupifupi mokha motsutsana ndi chitaganya cha unistism.

UUP inachirikiza malamulo ameneŵa kukhala ofunika kaamba ka chisungiko ndi bata, ikumanena kuti Irish Free State (pambuyo pake Republic of Ireland) inakana kuvomereza kuyenera kwa Northern Ireland ndi kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu autundu m’chigawocho chinali chosayera.

Nyengo ya Nkhondo Yapambuyo pa Nkhondo ndi Madambo m’Nyengo

Pofika m'ma 1960, UUP inayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chowonjezereka cha kusintha. Nyengo ya pambuyo pa nkhondo idali itabweretsa chitukuko ku Western Europe, ndipo Northern Ireland sinali yotetezereka ku kufuna maluso amakono. Nduna yaikulu ya Nduna Yoyang'anira O'Neill, amene anakhala ndi ofesi mu 1963, inayesa kutsogolera gululo ku njira yosadziŵika, technocratic. Iye anakumana ndi Taoisseach (ndunakulu ya Aairchi) Seán Lemas mu 1965, chizindikiro choswa lamulo cha mtanda wa nyimbo za rapchement, ndi kuyesa kuwongolera unansi ndi anthu achikatolika.

O'Neill's kusintha kunali kochepa . Kusintha kwakukulu kuposa kusintha kwa mapangidwe . Koma kunaputa kubwezera kwamphamvu pakati pa gulu lake ndi chitaganya cha ogwirizana. Ian Paisley, mtsogoleri wa fritand Presbyterian, anatulukira monga mawu a chitsutso cha udzu, kutsutsa O'Neill monga wogalukira malamulo a mgwirizano. UUP, kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, anayang'anizana ndi kugaŵana kwakukulu kwa pakati.

Nthaŵi imeneyi inachitikanso pamene kubadwa kwa Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), gulu losonkhezeredwa ndi nkhondo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ya ku America limene linafuna kuti tsankho lithe m'nyumba, ntchito, ndi kuvota. Maulendo a NICRA anaphatikizidwa ndi kusalabadira ndi chidani kuchokera ku boma la UP, ndi Royal Ulster Consabulary's (RUC) yochita zitsutsozo kaŵirikaŵiri inawoneka kukhala yopatuka kwa otsutsa otsutsana.

Chiwawa cha m’misewu ku Derry ndi Belfast chinachititsa kuti asilikali a ku Britain akhazikitse asilikali a Katolika.

Kutha kwa Thombo ndi Kuyamba kwa Mavuto

Boma la Britain, pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Harold Wilson, linalamula kuti boma la Northern Ireland lipereke masinthidwe aakulu. UUP analola pansi pa zipani zoponderezedwa, koma ulamuliro wa chipanicho unafooka kwambiri. Mu 1971, kuyambitsidwa kwa mlandu popanda kuimbidwa mlandu (zimene zinangoganizira kuti ndi boma logawana dziko) malingaliro amphamvu a dzikolo ndipo zinaloŵetsa ambiri m'manja mwa gulu la Provelational Irish Republican Army (IRA).

Chiwopsezo chomaliza chinadza pa 30 January 1972, , chotchedwa Bloody Sande, pamene apandu oyendetsa malo a chiBritish anawombera anthu 13 ozembera ufulu wachibadwidwe opanda zida ku Derry . Poyankha, boma la Britain linaimika Palamende ya Northern Ireland pa 24 March 1972 ndi kuika lamulo lachindunji ku Westminster. UUP’s ya zaka 50 ya ulamuliro inatha, ndipo silikanachira konse.

Kuyenda Kwanthaŵi Yaitali Kupyola Mavuto (1972-1988)

Kwa mbali yotsatira ya 25 C.E., UUP inagwira ntchito m'dziko landale losinthidwa ndi chiwawa ndi kukayikira koikidwiratu. Chipanichi chinakhalabe chipani chachikulu koposa kwa ambiri a Mavuto, koma chinatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse. Democratic Unionist Party (Dup), yoyambitsidwa ndi Ian Paisley mu 1971, inakhala yolimba polimbana ndi kulolera kulikonse ndi utundu.

UUP inayang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu: Siikanabwerera ku dongosolo lakale la Stormont, koma inakayikira kwambiri makonzedwe alionse oyendetsa mphamvu ndi autundu. Kupsinjika kumeneku kunalongosola njira ya gululo mkati mwa njira zosiyanasiyana za malamulo a m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, kuphatikizapo Sundingdale Agreement ya 1973, yomwe inagwa pambuyo pa kuukira kwa mkulu wa asilikali, ndi Anglo-Irish A Rekict of Ireland, zimene zinapatsa Republic of Ireland ntchito yofunsira nkhani za ku Northern Ireland.

Molyneaux (1979-19995) motsogozedwa ndi James Molyneaux, UUP anatenga kaimidwe kodzitetezera, kachisamaliro, kusumika maganizo pa kusungitsa umodzi wa mgwirizano mmalo mwa kuyamba malingaliro atsopano a ndale zadziko.

Mtendere ndi Mapangano Abwino pa Lachisanu

Chilichonse chinasintha ndi chisankho cha David Trimble monga mtsogoleri wa UUP mu 1995. Trimble anali munthu wakale wamaphunziro ndi wotsutsa pa nkhani za lamulo, koma anatsimikizira kukhala wofunitsitsa kuika moyo wake pachiswe kaamba ka mtendere. Iye analoŵa nkhani ndi maboma a Britain ndi Irish ndi Sinn Féin, chigawo cha ndale zadziko cha IRA, pambuyo pa kutha kwa m’chaka cha 1994.

Kukambitsiranako kunathera mu Good Lachisanu Agreement (yodziŵikanso monga Chipangano cha Belfast) mu 10 April 1998. Chipanganocho chinali kulolera kocholoŵana: chinapanga mkulu wamphamvu yemwe anaphatikizapo zipani za mgwirizano ndi zautundu, anakhazikitsa mabungwe a malire opingamirana ndi dziko ndi Republic of Ireland, ndipo chinapereka kumasulidwa koyamba kwa akaidi ankhondo posinthana ndi kuchotsa zida.

Kwa UUP, panganolo linaimira ponse paŵiri kukwaniritsa ndi kuphana kwamphamvu kwa Nobel Peace Prize kaamba ka ntchito yake, ndipo gululo poyamba linalandira chichirikizo champhamvu cha osankhidwa kaamba ka ntchito mu 1998 serendamu. Komabe, kupangidwa kwa panganolo kunali kochedwa momvetsa chisoni, ndipo UUP anapatulidwa ndi mikangano ya mkati mwa IRA kuchotsa, kusintha kwa ntchito, ndi mphamvu ndi Sinn Féin.

Zokopa Zamkati ndi Kukwera kwa Utsi

Kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2005, utsogoleri wa UUP unali wokonda kutchuka kwambiri ndipo anatsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi Jeffrey Donaldson, amene anatsogolera mfundo zimene zinatsutsa panganolo. Dupu, yomwe inatsutsa Chipangano Chabwino pa Lachisanu kuyambira pachiyambi, inadziika pambali monga mawu olondola a mgwirizano ndipo inayamba kukopa munthu wakale wa UUP.

Phindu linafika pa chisankho cha mu 2005 pamene Dup inapata mipando isanu ndi inayi ku UP. UP anachoka mwamsanga, ndipo UP analowa m'nyengo ya kuchotsanso kopweteka. Pambuyo pa Reg Empey, Tom Elliott, Mike Nesbitt, ndi Robin Swann, gululo linalimbana ndi kufotokoza chizindikiro chapadera m’dziko landale limene tsopano likulamuliridwa ndi Dupu ndi Sin Féin.

Chipani Choona za Ulster Union M’zaka za m’ma 2000

UP yamakono ndi mphamvu yochepetsedwa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphamvu yake ya mbiri yakale. Chipanichi chili ndi mipando yochepa ku Northern Ireland Assembly, UK Parmend, ndi makhonsati a kumaloko. Chayesa kudzisiyanitsa ndi Dup mwakutengera mkhalidwe wachikatikati, woyenerera pankhani za kakhalidwe ndi kuchirikiza unansi womangirirana ndi Republic of Ireland mkati mwa kugwirizana.

Chipanichi chayang'anizananso ndi mavuto a kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Northern Ireland. Akatolika akuchuluka, ndipo 2021 anavumbula kuti Akatolika tsopano ali ndi chiŵerengero chochuluka kuposa Aprotesitanti ku Northern Ireland kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. Kusintha kwa anthu kumeneku kumabutsa funso lakale kwa anthu onse ogwirizana, koma UUP wakhala wofunitsitsa kwambiri kuposa Dupup kuvomereza kufunika kwa mgwirizano, kuwonjezeraponso kuwona kwa chigwirizano.

Mavuto Aakulu ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo

UP iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mavuto angapo kuti ikhalebe yofunika:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kutseguka kwa 'Chonderenti: Tsopano phwandolo ndi lachitatu la ukulu ku Northern Ireland, kumbuyo kwa Sinn Féin ndi DUP. Madongosolo oyambirira a pulogalamu yosandutsa magetsi ku Westminster ndi kufunika kwa kupata mipando m'malo ozungulira dziko lapansi kumapangitsa kuti kuchirire.
  • Chizindikiritso cha 'Internal :[[FLT :1] Chipani chiyenera kusankha kaya kudziika icho chokha monga choloŵa chachikatikati m'malo mwa Dup kapena monga gulu lamwambo lachigwirizano limene lingawonenso osankhidwa ndi Thup . Njira zimenezi sizimayanjanitsidwa mosavuta.
  • Kukayikira kwa kampani: Makonzedwe a malonda a ku Northern Ireland pa Burtik pansi pa kampani ya Windsor Frame ayambitsa kusagwirizana kwatsopano m'maungwe. UP wakhala akutsutsa za maziko a gululo koma wapeŵa kukanidwa kotheratu kwa Dup.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa pulogalamu: Chizoloŵezi cha nthaŵi yaitali cha Akatolika ochuluka ku Northern Ireland chimapangitsa kuti kugamula kwa malire kwa chigwirizano cha Irish. Kuyankha kwa UUP ku chiyembekezo chimenechi kudzaumba mtsogolo mwake.

Zithunzi Zazikulu Zimene Zinaumba UP

Palibe mbiri yonse ya UP imene ili yopanda umboni wa anthu amene anaipanga:

  • Mbuye Edward Carson (1854-1935): Ngakhale kuti sanali woyambitsa wa chipanicho, Carson anali mtsogoleri wochititsa chidwi wa Ulster mu ulamuliro wa Home. Mtsogoleri wanzeru ndi wolankhula, adasintha gulu ndi kulipatsa ulamuliro wa makhalidwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] James Craig, Lord Craigavon (1871-1940): [[FLT 1:1] Nduna Yaikulu yoyamba ya Northern Ireland, Craig anali womanga wa boma logwirizanitsa. Utsogoleri wake wosasunthika, wosadzikuza anagwirizanitsa UP kupyola zaka zoyambirira za chisokonezo.
  • Chance O'Neill (19990): Msinthi wozengereza amene zoyesayesa zake zamakono za ku Northern Ireland zinatsegula khomo ku gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo, potsirizira pake, kugwa kwa dongosolo lakale. Choloŵa chake chidakali mpikisano.
  • David Trimble (1944-2022): Mtsogoleri wa UP wotsatirapo kuchokera ku Craig. Trimble anatenga chipanicho kuloŵa mu Chikalata Chabwino Lachisanu ndi kupata mphotho ya Nobel ya Mtendere, koma mtengo wa ndale zadziko ku gulu lake unali wosakaza.

Zimene Anasiya Ndiponso Zimene Anamaliza

Ulster Unionism Party ndi kufufuza kwa mbali ya ulamuliro wandale zadziko. Kuchokera ku gulu lake lopangidwa monga gulu la anthu otsutsa utundu wa ku Ireland, ilo linakula kukhala gulu lolamulira losatsutsidwa la chigawo, logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimene zonse ziŵiri zinatetezera ndi kugaŵanitsa chitaganya chake. Kulamulira kwake kwanthaŵi yaitali kunapangitsa mikhalidwe yakeyake kuchepa: nyumba zenizeni zimene zinakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa chigwirizano zinayambitsanso zidandaulo zimene zinasonkhezera gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mavuto.

Chivomerezo cha gululo cha kulandira Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chinali kachitidwe kolimba mtima, koma chinabwera pamtengo wa chisankho chake. M'dziko la ndale zadziko lolinganizidwa ndi Dupu ndi Sin Féin, UP uli ndi maziko apakati osatsimikizirika, odziperekabe ku ukwatiwo koma osamvanso mawu aumodzi.

Ngati UP ingayambitsenso kapena idzapitirizabe kuzima m'mphepete mwa ndale za Northern Ireland, nkhani yosaiwalika. Chotsimikizirika nchakuti mbiri ya chipanicho njosasintha kuchokera ku mbiri ya Northern Ireland . Kwa oŵerenga ambiri, angafufuze [[FL:] Nyumba ya Malamulo ya boma ya Ireland 1920 [[FLT: 1], [[FLT]], [FLT] Enclopedia Britannica yoloŵa pa Ulster Union , [FLT]], BB'C kupendedwa kwa mbiri ya UCPUC, ndi yunivesite: [FLT] pa .FFFF: FULT]

UUP anabadwa motsutsana ndi Ulamuliro wa Panyumba, wopangidwa m'pangano, ndipo wosokonezeka ndi nkhondo, kugaŵikana, ndi theka la theka la ulamuliro wosatsutsidwa. Nkhani yake njosiyana ndi yoposa((b) koma chipanicho sichilinso pakati pake.