Kusinthika kwa Zipangizo za Electoral: Kuchokera ku Pebble Kufika ku Blockchain

Makina a democracy ndi akale monga demokrase yeniyeni. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, nzika ndi maboma zakhala zikufunafuna njira zodalirika, zotetezereka, ndi zosavuta kutembenuza munthu aliyense kuti agwirizane. Mbiri ya luso lovota ndi nkhani ya kusintha kwa zinthu, kupita patsogolo kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ndi zovuta zimene zikupitirizabe kuumba umphumphu wa masankho padziko lonse. Kumvetsa chisinthiko n’kofunika osati kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale okha komanso kwa nduna iliyonse yosankha imene ikugwira ntchito yoteteza ntchito ya democracy m'nyengo ya kusintha kwa luso la zopangapangapanga.

Kuchokera ku kutchuka kwa anthu kwa misonkhano yakale mpaka ku malo otetezera anthu amakono, kupita patsogolo kulikonse m'zopangapanga kwayesa kuthetsa mavuto aakulu: mmene mungalembedwere molondola chosankha, mmene mungaŵerengere chinsinsicho, mmene mungaŵerengere mamiliyoni a mavota, ndi mmene mungatsimikizire kuti zotsatira zake zikutsimikizira cholinga chenicheni cha kusanthula. Nkhaniyi ikutsatira njirazo, kufufuza njira, makina, ndi magulu amene amasulira njira zopangira kusanthula, ndi kuyang'ana patsogolo pa zinthu zatsopanozo.

Njira Zoyambirira Zofufuzira: Chiyambi cha Kupanga Zosankha za Onse

Kale, anthu ankavota pagulu ndipo nthawi zina ankangochita phokoso pofuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano kapena kusonyeza kuti anthu akugwirizana pa nkhani ya mavoti m’malo moteteza anthu kuti asakhale ndi nkhani zawo.

Girisi Wakale: Zipatso ndi Zipatso Zam’madzi

Mu demokrase ya Atene, nzika za Agora zinasonkhana ku voti pa nkhani za boma. Njira imodzi yofala inaloŵetsamo kuponya mwala ( piphos [1] mu mtsuko wosankhidwa woyera kuti avomereze, mtsuko wakuda wokanidwa. Mchitidwe umenewu unayambitsa liwu lakuti [[FLT:] astracism [, kumene nzika zinapaka dzina la wandale zina zimene zinafuna kuthamangitsidwa pa chidutswa cha mbiya zothwidwa (kapeni [FLT:]]). Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zinayambitsa nzeru zosavuta zimenezi: kujambula, zinayenera kulembedwa poyera.

Roma Wakale: Misonkhano Yovuta Kuimvetsa

Aroma analinganizanso mavoti ambiri komanso anagwirizana ndi anthu onse. Anthu analinganizidwa kukhala makampani ovota otchedwa centuriae kapena tribus , aliyense akuvotera pamodzi pambuyo pa kugamula kwa mkati. Poyamba, mavoti anali a mawu, koma pambuyo pake anayambitsa maboloti olembedwa ( tabellace ) kuchepetsa kukakamiza. Voter ankapereka chosankha chawo pa chobisa cha mtengo ndi kuchigwetsa mtete. Kusintha kumeneku kuchokera ku kulemba kunali njira yaikulu yobisira, ngakhale kuti kusoŵa kwa mabanki kuloledwabe ndi chiphuphu.

Ulaya Wapakati: Kubweranso kwa Maballet Achinsinsi

M’Nyengo Zapakati, kuvota kunaleka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti madongosolo a boma anasumika mphamvu m'maufumu a monarchy ndi zipembedzo. Komabe, zisankho za tchalitchi [1] makamaka za papa ndi mabishopu . Njira zotukuka. Conclave ya 1241 anagwiritsira ntchito scrinth ntchito imene inachititsa kuti makadinaridinala alembe chosankha chawo pa mpira wa mavoti ndi mavoti aŵerengedwe. Pofika zaka za zana la 13 [FLT:], lamulo la [FLT:] adagwiritsidwa ntchito [[FT:] kuletsa chiphuphu ndi kutchuka.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ku Australia

Zaka za zana la 19 zisanafike, kuvota m'mademokrase ambiri kunali kochitidwa ndi anthu onse kapena ndi mapepala osindikizidwa a m'chipani omwe angagwiritsiridwe ntchito mosavuta. Chipambanocho chinabwera mu 1856 pamene South Australia inayamba kuyambitsa Australian bollot [1]. Dongosolo limeneli linali ndi mbali zitatu zofunika: Linasindikizidwa pa mtengo wapoyera, linandandalika onse ofunsirawo, ndipo linalola osankhidwa kuzindikiritsa chosankha chawo m’mahema achinsinsi. Kusinthako kunafalikira mofulumira ku United States, Britain, ndi democracy, kukhala maziko a mapepala olembedwa. Lerolino, chigawo cha Australianiot chimakhalabe muyezo wa golidi wa golide kaamba ka zonse ziŵiri zachinsinsi ndi kugwirizana.

Makina Opanga Makina Achuluka

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, anthu ambiri ankavutika kwambiri powerenga mapepala ambirimbiri.

Makina Abwino: Njira Yoyamba Yothetsera Vutoli

Mu 1892, Jacob Perkins ndi William H. Myers anapanga makina oyamba ovotera, amene anaulutsidwa ku New York State. Voters analoŵa msasa, anakoka chiphanga kuti atseke pepala (kuyesa kukhala chinsinsi), ndiyeno anakankha ziŵiya zina pafupi ndi maina a ofunsira. Pamene wovotayo anasiya kachipangizoko, mtondo unabwerera, ndi makina anajambula voti pa zoŵerengera zamkati. Makina onse anachotsa pepala lonselo [[FLT: 1], akumapanga kuti likhale losatheka kuswa kufunkha kapena kuwerenga zinthu zolakwika. Pofika 1930, anali opanga makampani opanga makampani a U. mizinda, ndi zithunzi zopanga mapepala opangapanga zinthu za U. , monga mmene zimachitira zinthu zapamwamba (AV.M)

Komabe, makina opanga zinthu anali ndi mavuto. Anali olemera, odula, ndipo analibe mtundu uliwonse wa mapepala ovomerezeka. Pambuyo pa mkangano wa masankho wa pulezidenti wa 2000, mayiko ambiri analoŵa m’malo mwa makompyuta atsopano. Komabe mayiko ena anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito makina ogwiritsa ntchito wilo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2010, kutchula kudalirika ndi kusavuta kwawo.

Njira ya Kadi la Punch: Nthaŵi ya Votomatic

Mu 1964, injiniya wa IBM Joseph P. Harris anapanga njira yachivotatiki , yomwe inagwiritsa ntchito khadi la chitsulo ndi chitsulo. Ma vidiyo anaika khadi m'kabuku ndi kujambula chingwe chapafupi ndi dzina la wofunsirayo, kupanga chakumapeto komwe kanakhalabe (kamene kali pano kakedzana "kachad"). Makhadiwo anaŵerengedwa ndi sikitator. Makhadi a Punch anali otsika kutulutsa ndi tabulete, kupangitsa kuti atchuke kwambiri m'ma 1970 ndi 1980.

Kulephera kwa makadi a nkhonya kunaonekera kwambiri pa nkhani ya mu 2000 Florida, kumene matola ovuta ndi olephera anapangitsa chisankho cha pulezidenti kuchitika m’chipwirikiti. Kumeneku kunawononga ndalama zambiri za boma kudzera ku Help America Vote Act (Hava) yomwe inapangitsa kuti malamulo ambiri a m’chaka cha 2002 ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa magetsi.

Makompyuta

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunayamba makina ovota amagetsi amene analonjeza kuti adzatenga ndalama zambiri, kupezeka mosavuta, ndi kutsika kwa ndalama zoyendera nthawi. Mitundu iwiri inakhala: Makina opanga magetsi oonera zinthu ndi Optical Scan.

Makina Ojambulira Zinthu za Pakompyuta

MAONTHWALA a DRE amapereka chilolezo pa pulogalamu ya pakompyuta kapena pepala loyendera. Ojambula ambiri akale analibe pepala lothandiza. Kulephera kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika ndi kudandaula ndi mapulogalamu, kutseka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Madokotala ena a DRES amatulutsa pepala kapena pepala lovomerezeka lofufuzira (VPAT), , koma mafilimu ambiri akale analibe pepala lothandiza. Kusoweka kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta ndi kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za zinsinsi za pulogalamu, kutseka, ndi kuyendetsa. Maupandu aakulu onga ngati chisankho cha 2006 cha chisankhoti ku Sarasota County, Florida, kumene kulephera kwa DRE kuchititsa kuthamanga kwa mpikisano, kunagogomezera maupandu.

Anthu ena otsutsa amanena kuti ma DRE amakono a VVPAT amapereka liŵiro labwino ndi chitetezo. Komabe, otsutsa aona kuti ngakhale VVPAT ali ndi malire . N’kamodzikamodzi chabe kuyang’ana mzere wa mapepala, ndipo makinawo angasinthidwebe asanasindikize.

Njira Zopangitsira Maso

Makompyuta opic amathandiza kuti mapepala azitha kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi otha kuwerenga. Mapepala amalemba mapepala otseguka kapena mivi papepala loti (lofanana ndi pepala loyesedwa), limene limaikidwa m'kauni ya makompyuta imene imaŵerenga zizindikirozo ndi kutchula zotsatira zake. Mapepala olemba asungidwa monga cholembera cholimba, kujambula ndi kufotokoza bwino.

Optical scan yakhala luso lofala kwambiri lopanga masankho ku United States. Malinga ndi [[FLT]] Kusintha kwa Volting , monga 2024, 70% ya ovota olembetsedwa amakhala ndi maulamuliro amene amagwiritsa ntchito mapepala oonera. Dongosolo limatamandidwa chifukwa cha kufeŵetsa kwake, kuyendetsa kwake, ndi kuyendera bwino kwake. Komabe, sili kulephera kulakwa: scanner ingasochedwe ndi zizindikiro, ndipo olinganiza bwino angasokoneze Revota (g., "kuphatikizapo ku Lusipo" mu Pal Beach, Florida 2000).

Njira za Hydrogen ndi Zopeka Zamakono

Zaka zaposachedwapa zaona kupangidwa kwa ma hybrogen amene amaphatikiza DRE ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina oonera. Mwachitsanzo, wovota angagwiritse ntchito mafuta otsegulira zinthu kuti asankhe, ndipo kenako amasindikiza pepala limene amalemba kuti awerenge. Njira imeneyi imapereka kupezeka kwa makompyuta (kuphatikizapo zinenero, kuchirikiza mawu, ndi zilembo zazikulu) pamene akusunga zolemba papepala.

Mavuto ndi Kulimbana m’Zaulimi Zamakono

Ngakhale kuti kwakhala kukonzedwa bwino kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ambiri amatsutsana pa nkhani yosankha anthu kuti adziwe ngati anthu ali ndi chitetezo, kukhoza kupezeka, ndiponso kuti anthu onse amawakhulupirira.

Chitetezo: Kuopsa kwa Kuthamanga ndi Kuukira

Makina ovota a magetsi asonyezedwa kukhala osavuta kuukiridwa mosiyanasiyana. Mu 2017, ofufuza zachitetezo ku DEF CON anasonyeza kuti angasinthe kupanga makina angapo ovota m’mphindi zochepa, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zofala. Akanema a boma asankhanso ziwiya za chisankho: Ofufuza a Russia ofufuza mapulogalamu olembetsera zinthu zolembetsera mu 2016, ndipo U.S. mabungwe a luntha aumboni atsimikizira kuti adani akuyesa kuchepetsa kukhulupirika kwa madongosolo ovota. Makina osagwiritsidwa ntchito a DRITE amalingaliridwa kukhala ndi ngozi kwambiri pofufuza zinthu zolembetsera zosaoneka mu 2016, ndipo angasinthe popanda zotsatirapo kanthu kofufuza. Kusankha kwa akatswiri onse opanga mapepala a zachitetezo kuyenera kulembedwa papepala lachilo.

Kufikapo: Kugaŵira Mabuku Onse Kungaloŵetsemo

Luso la zofufuza liyenera kukwaniritsa ovota ndi zopunduka, zopinga za zinenero, ndi kuchepa kwa luso la zolembalemba. Application America Vote Act (HARVA ) ya 2002 inafunika kuti makina ovotera opezekapo akhalepo pamalo alionse oonera. Lerolino, mabungwe ambiri amapereka zipangizo zojambulira mawu, zipangizo zopangira maboloti ndi bolot , ndi makompyuta a ofufuzira oyendera galimoto. Komabe, mavuto akupitirizabe: makina ofikira anthu saphunzitsidwa kukonza zinthu. Zoti atsogolo n’zothandiza kupanga zinthu zimene zili zotetezeka ndi zoti zikhale pulogalamu yathu popanda cholinga chilichonse.

Kulondola ndi Kusanthula

Ngakhale madongosolo osankha olinganizidwa bwino angatulutse zolakwa. Kusanthula kolakwika, kusindikiza kopanikizidwa, kapena kusanthula kokhala ndi malangizo osadziŵika bwino kungatsogolere ku zigawo zochepera kapena zopambanitsa. Muyezo wa golidi wa kulongosoka ndi wolimba kusanthula kusanthula [kumene kutsimikizira kuti masankhoti aakulu a mapepala amaŵerengedwa ndi manja ndipo amayerekezeredwa ndi magetsi. Maboma onga Colorado ndi California ali ndi masinthidwe oyenerera kulinganiza [RL], amene amatsimikizira kuti zosankhazo ziri zolondola. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa [FL: FL: FU.]

Kuwononga Ndalama Ndiponso Kuthandiza Kuti Makina Akhale ndi Moyo

Makina opanga makina ngokwera mtengo kugula ndi kusungitsa. Makampani ambiri a DREA angagule pakati pa $3,000 ndi $6,000; madongosolo a maso opimira ali otsika koma amafunikirabe kukonza kwanthaŵi zonse. Makina ambiri ali ndi moyo zaka 10 mpaka 15, pambuyo pake mbali zimene zimasoŵa ndi malo otetezera omwe amatha. Magawo ambiri tsopano akuyang'anizana ndi kufunika kwa kubwezeretsa zipangizo zogulidwa ndi HVAS ndalama zimene zikufikira mapeto a moyo. Mwatsoka, ndalama za bajeti zachititsa ena kuchedwa kuchepetsa kukwera, kuwonjezereka kwa kuopsa kwa chitetezo. Center ya Justicer [FLD . [FLT] [3] zachikalata yodalirika]

Tsogolo la Luso la Zopangapanga

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, maluso angapo otulukira amalonjeza kupendanso mmene timavotera — koma aliyense ali ndi maupandu ake ndi zofunika zake kaamba ka kupima kolimba ndi chidaliro cha anthu.

Kutumiza ndi Kufalitsa Tekinoloji ya Leduger

Blockchain, luso lapamwamba la oyendetsa ndege kumbuyo kwa ma jheck opeka, lalingaliridwa monga njira yopangira kuwonekera kwa kuwonekera, zolembera zowonetsera. Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti kutsekereza kungapange mavoti, kuŵerengera, ndi kutsimikizira ndi munthu mmodzi. Maprojekiti angapo, kuphatikizapo kusankhidwa kwakukulu kwa 2018 West Virginia (kumene kuloledwa ndi asilikali a kuvota kudzera pa apyracle ), ayesanso mfundoyo. Komabe, otsutsa akusonyeza kuti kutetezeka kumadalira pa kuwona mtima kwa mapoti (chosankha) ndi dongosolo la akulu. Ngati kuvota kwa ofufuzako kukhoza kuwonongeka, kukhoza kulowa m’bolo. Kusinthako kukhozanso, kuchepetsa kuwala kwa njira za kuwonana kwa kuchuluka kwa kukhoza kuchepetsa kuwonana kwa kuwonana kwa . [N.]

Kutulutsa Zinthu Zakutali pa Intaneti

COVID-19 mliri wowonjezereka wofuna kuvota, kuphatikizapo makalata a pa Intaneti ndi malo oonera. Pamene kuli kwakuti makalata osankhidwa ali ndi mbiri yaitali ndiponso yachipambano (Oregon wachita masankho onse papositi, kuvota kwa panthaneti kukutsutsana. Estonia amapereka chitsanzo chabwino koposa: kuyambira 2005, anthu a ku Estonia angavote pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito kadi la ID ya dziko. Ofufuza za chitetezo apeza kuti bungwe lamakono logamula makompyuta silingapereke mayeso ndi kukongola kwa makompyuta omwe angafunikire kuti apange masankho osankhidwa kwa onse. [[FLT: 0] Foundation Foundation Foundation [FFF:1] ndi [FOLD] Association ya Sayensisttion: FFFFFF]

Nzeru Yopanga ndi Kusankha Kukhulupirika

Luntha lopanga (I) limapereka ziwiya zolonjeza za kuyang'anira masankho. Maajensi a makina akhoza kuzindikira njira zomveka m'kulembetsa kovota, mbendera zokhoza kulembedwa, ndi kudziŵikitsa ziŵerengero zobwezera zosalongosoka zimene zingapereke umboni kapena kutsendereza. AI ingathandizenso kukonza malire olemekeza malamulo pamene akuchepetsa kukondera. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito AI m'masankhoti kumawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za kupendeka kwa malamulo, kusoŵa kuonekera, ndi kuthekera kwa kusanthula kwa kutulutsa. Kugwiritsira ntchito kulikonse kwa AIP kukufuna kuyang'anira kwamphamvu ndi kuyang'anira kwa mabwenzi oyang'anizana ndi ofufuza.

Kutsimikizira Kuti Zinthu Zamoyo Zili ndi Magetsi Osiyanasiyana

Makompyuta a biometric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kumaliza Kufikira Kumapeto (E2E-V) Systems

Imodzi ya malangizo otsimikizira kwambiri ndiyo kumaliza kutsimikizira kuvota, yodziŵikanso monga EV . M'madongosolo ameneŵa, ovotera amalandira lisiti [1] kaŵirikaŵiri chinsinsi cha khowudi [1] imene imawalola kutsimikizira kuti voti yawo inalembedwa bwino popanda kuvumbula mmene anasankhira. Kuwonjezera apo, aliyense angayesedwe m'masankho aang'ono. EV amaphatikiza madongosolo a zinthu monga kujambula [FLT] ndi madongosolo otsogozetsa ndi [FLT] ndi [FLT:] Helios ] .

Kumaliza

Mbiri ya luso la zovota ndi umboni wa kuyesayesa kwa anthu kwachikhalire kukhazikitsa chikhulupiriro m'kupanga zosankha. Kuyambira miyala ya ku Greece wakale mpaka malisiti otsekereza a masamu amakono, chipangizo chilichonse chasonyeza mapindu ndi kuchuluka kwa nthaŵi yake. Zipangizo zamakono za m'zaka za zana la 19 zinathetsa vuto la kuŵerenga koma zinayambitsa mavuto atsopano osamalira ndi kutsimikizira. Makompyuta a zaka za zana la 20 anawonjezera liŵiro ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zotetezera koma zinavumbula mipata yowopsa. Ndipo luso lamakono lamakono la zaka za zana la 21 , zinyamu, ndi zinyamu, AIP / zigawe .

Chomwe sichisintha ndi kufunika kwa kachitidwe kachikatikati: kukonzanso kuwongolera kupezeka ndi kuyendetsa zinthu, koma osataya konse malamulo achinsinsi a voti, kutsimikizirika kwa munthu aliyense, ndi kupendedwa kwa anthu. Akuluakulu a chisankho, ofufuza za chitetezo, ochirikiza ufulu wovota, ndi nzika wamba ayenera kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kukonza za mtsogolo mwa umisiri wovota. Kukhulupirika kwa demokrase kumadalira pa icho.