Kumvetsetsa Mitundu ya Masamba

Zisankho zimapanga malo oimira demokrase, kupatsa nzika mphamvu ya kusankha amene akuwalamulira. Ophunzira a sayansi yandale ndi aphunzitsi ayenera kuzindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana za masankho a andale, aakulu, ndi apadera kuti aone mmene madongosolo andale amagwirira ntchito. Mtundu uliwonse umatumikira cholinga chosiyana m'dongosolo lapadera, kusonkhezera kusankha ofunsira, kuvomereza, ndi kupitirizabe kwa boma.

Zosankha Zachisawawa

Sankhani ndizo zochitika zodziŵika kwambiri. Zimachitika nthaŵi zonse kuti zikwaniritse maofesi a anthu. Ku United States, masankho a anthu onse amachitidwa pa Lachiwiri loyamba Lolemba litatha pa November zaka zoŵerengeka zokha (tsiku lokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma kuyambira mu 1845). Masankho ameneŵa amasankha amene adzaimira malo a osankhidwa m'boma, oweruza, ndipo nthaŵi zina amaweruza pa dziko, boma, ndi milingo yakwawo.

Cholinga ndi Kufika Pansi

Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kutembenuza chifuniro cha anthu m'boma logwira ntchito. Anthu amasankha pakati pa osankhidwa ndi zipani za ndale (kapena anthu amene anapeza ufulu woloŵa m'zikalata) kudzaza maofesi monga pulezidenti, mamembala a Congress, akazembe, akuluakulu a boma, akuluakulu a boma, ndi abwanam'malo. Masankho aakulu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga miyeso, ma aendendulo, ndi masankhoti a khoti m'mayiko ambiri.

Zisankho za Boma

  • National Evolution: Mu U.S., ameneŵa amasankha Pulezidenti (zaka zinayi zirizonse) ndi ziŵalo zonse 435 za Nyumba ya Oimira limodzi ndi chigawo chimodzi cha chigawo cha Malamulo (zaka ziŵiri zirizonse). Chisankho cha pulezidenti chimaphatikizapo njira ya Electoral College. Maiko ena amachita masankhoti a dziko kaamba ka nduna zawo zazikulu ndi nyumba za malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kutalika kwa mawu kosiyana.
  • Kazembe wadziko: Akugwirizana ndi masankho a boma m'maiko ambiri, ameneŵa amasankha akazembe, akazembe, akuluakulu a boma, nduna za boma, mabishopu, ndi opanga malamulo a boma. Maboma ena amasunga masankho awo a chisankho m'chaka (m. g., Kentucky, New Jersey) kapena zaka zachilendo, kupanga masinthidwe.
  • Nduna za malo akwanuko: Makampani ndi masankho achigawo amadzaza mipando pa mabungwe a mzinda, mabungwe a sukulu, makhoti achigawo, sheriff, ndi oweruza a kumalo. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitidwa pa madeti osiyanasiyana ndipo zingakhale ndi kutsika kwa. mizinda yambiri imagwiritsira ntchito masankhoti osachitidwa ndi anthu onse pamene mapepala a pa kagulu sandandandandal'.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu M’mafilimu

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa masankho ambiri ndiko njira yogwirizanitsira mavoti m'mipando. United States kwakukulukulu amagwiritsira ntchito yoyamba-mbuyo-kuwomba (kukula) [1] kuvota, kumene wosankhayo amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri amapambana, ngakhale kuti ndi wochuluka. Maboma ena, makamaka kum'mwera kwa mafuko osakhala apartishani, amagwiritsira ntchito [ kutulutsa chisankho ngati palibe woyenerera wochuluka m'chosankha. Maiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito kusankhoma, kuvota, kapena madongosolo aŵiri aunyinyiritsira kwambiri zinthu ndi khalidwe la ovota. Chitsanzo cha kusankhidwa chagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chisankhoti ndi chisankhoti chapadera cha UFFFF. [FFFF]

Kusintha kwa Zovala

Masankho apadera amakopa wosankha wamkulu koposa pakati pa mitundu yonse ya masankho. Zaka za Presidenti mu U.S. kaŵirikaŵiri amawona kubwerera pakati pa 55% ndi 65% ya anthu osankhidwa, pamene kuli kwakuti pakati pa zisankho 40% mpaka 50%. Chaka chakusankha kaŵirikaŵiri kwakhala ndi masankho pansi pa 25%. Zotsatirapo zikuphatikizapo kupikisana kwa mafuko, kufeŵetsa kulowa m’malo, nyengo, ndi zoyesayesa zovota. Pew Research Center imapereka masinthidwe atsatanetsatane a masinthidwe a mitundu yosintha.

Mbiri Yakale

Lingaliro la masankho onse linayamba ku Republic, ndi chisankho choyamba cha pulezidenti mu 1789 (ngakhale kuti amuna oyera okha ndiwo anavota). M’zaka mazana ambiri, ndandanda yofutukulidwa kupyolera mwa malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu kuphatikizapo akazi, Aafirika, ndi azaka 18. Chochitika cha [FLT: 0] Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1965 Chiletso cha ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu. Lerolino, masankho aakulu adakalibe galimoto ya kuyang'anira ndi kusintha kwa democracy ndi malamulo.

Zosankha Zoyambirira

Masankho aakulu ndiwo mipikisano yapadera yochitidwa kusankha wovomerezedwa ndi chipani cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka chisankho cha onse chotsatira. Mosiyana ndi masankho a anthu amene amatsata kuchokera ku zipani zosiyana, kutsekereza munda mkati mwa chipani. Dongosolo lamakono lalikulu linaloŵa mmalo "party caucus" ndi "convention" njira za kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 monga mbali ya gulu lopita patsogolo kuwonjezera kugawana msankhoti.

Mitundu Yoyambirira ya Zosankha

Malamulo amene amalamulira amene angavote m’njira yosiyana kwambiri ndi boma, ndipo amatulutsa mitundu inayi yaikulu:

  • [[FLT: 0] Otsekedwa: [[FLT :1] Osankha okha olembetsedwa ndi gulu lina ndi amene angatengemo mbali m'chigawo chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, olembetsa okha Democrat angavote mu Democratic yaikulu kusankha gulu lawo. Maboma khumi ndi asanu ndi aŵiri, kuphatikizapo New York ndi Florida, kugwiritsira ntchito mapricyricy . Dongosololi limalimbitsa gulu la ogwirizana koma limachotsapo maulamuliro.
  • Otseguka: [[FLT :1] Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, angavote m'chigawo chachikulu. Mavoter angasankhe kuti ndi liti limene lingaloŵetsedwe pa Tsiku la Chisankho. Maboma onga Michigan, Alabama, ndi Montana amagwiritsira ntchito projectries . Zimenezi zimaitana osankha otsatsata. Nthaŵi zina zimatchedwa "Cuptopo" kuvota . [1]
  • Semi- Primes Otsekeredwa: Mamembala a chipani olembetsedwa angangovota m'chigawo chawo chachikulu, koma osankha (odziimira) angasankhe kuti ndi chipani chiti chachikulu chotani choloŵa. Dongosolo limeneli liyang'anira chipani ndi kusamva. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Rhode Island ndi Maine (Maini amagwiritsira ntchito malo apamwamba osankhira m'malamulo).
  • Mitu ya Phezulu-2 kapena Nonpartan Prinsis: Oyembekezera kulowa, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, amawonekera pa chisankho chimodzi chachikulu. Oyembekezera aŵiriwo akulandira mavoti ochuluka ku chisankho, mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku California, Washington, ndi Nebraska (kwa osakhala maofesi a partishan). Dongosolo limeneli limalimbikitsa ofunsira oyenerera mwa kukakamiza mpikisano wa mpikisano wa pa kagulu.

Malo osungiramo mabwinja

Malamulo a Caucus osiyana ndi ena, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zochepa (makamaka pa kutembenuza pulezidenti). Mabungwe ndi misonkhano yakwawo kumene anthu a pa chipani amatsutsana ndipo kenako amavota mwa kuima m’magulu kapena mwa kuvota. Ma Caucuse amafunikira kudzipereka kwa nthaŵi yaikulu ndipo angatengemo mbali yochepa. Iowa ndi Nevada amagwiritsa ntchito ma coucruses ku ma Primential, ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri asintha ku maprodurame chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa kupezeka. [FL: 0] FEC imapereka chitsogozo pa kusiyana kwa zinthu .]

Tanthauzo la Upandu

Masankho oyambirira amatumikira ntchito zambiri zofunika. Amapatsa anthu a gulu lapamwamba ndi a m'mafashoni mawu apadera osankhidwa mwachindunji, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anthu apamwamba. Amavumbulanso kuthekera kwa osankhidwa, kusungitsa malo, ndi malo a lamulo asanasankhe anthu onse. Komabe, ma primemie angapereke ofunsira ambiri kwa osankha maganizo a anthu a pagulu lawo (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa "kutembenuza"), kutsogolera ku ma nomineine owonjezereka. Chochitika chimenechi, chodziŵika monga "kusanthula," chingasumitse osankhidwa kuwonjezereka kuchokera kwa ovota. Kukwera kwa mafilimu apamwamba a projective kutsutsana ndi ma frigions (g., motsutsana ndi ziŵalo za nyumba zonse ziŵiri zaposachedwapa) kusonkhezera chisonkhezero cha Prignies.

Kusintha Koyambirira kwa Madongosolo Adziko

Maboma ena ayesa kuyesa kuchepetsako kuwonjezereka kwa dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Alaska anatengera njira yaikulu yapamwamba-chinayi mu 2020, ikumaphatikiza ndi kuvota kwapamwamba m'chosankha chachikulu. Maine amagwiritsira ntchito kuvota kokhala ndi mavoti m'masankho aakulu (a boma ndi maofesi a bungwe) ndi masankho a onse. Masinthidwe ameneŵa amalimbikitsa kukopa anthu obatizidwa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya "spoilers". Istitution yapenda zotsatira za masankho apamwamba-2 .

Zosankha Zapadera

Sankhani zapadera ndizo zisankho zosaikidwa zokhala ndi malo amene amachitika pakati pa masankho olinganizidwa nthaŵi zonse. Masankho amabuka pamene akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa achotsedwa, kufa, kuchotsedwa pa ofesi (kukumbukira kapena kulephera), kapena kuikidwa ku malo ena. Masankho apadera amatsimikizira kupitirizabe kwa kuimira m'mabungwe a malamulo ndi maofesi a akuluakulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma onse .

Ziŵalo Zofunika

  • Kusadziŵika: Mosiyana ndi masankho aakulu ndi aakulu amene amachitika pa nyengo zokhazikitsidwa, masankho apadera amayambitsidwa ndi zochitika zapadera. Zingandandalitsidwa mkati mwa windo lachidule (kaŵiri 80-120 masiku kuchokera ku malo oimiritsirako) kapena kusungidwa ndi masankho otsatira olinganizidwa mokhazikika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Lower Voter Turnout : Chifukwa chakuti si mbali ya dongosolo la masankho ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri samalandira kufalitsidwa kochepera, masankho apadera amawona kutsika kochepera kwambiri kuposa masankho a onse. Kutembenuka kungaloŵe pansi pa 20% m'mafuko ena, kupanga chisankho chochepetsetsa ndi chokhoza kukhala choimira chochepera.
  • Zipombo za Candidate : Masankho ambiri apadera amagwiritsira ntchito "chiyambi" mpangidwe umene opita ku zipani zonse amapikisana ndi opikisana. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene alandira unyinji, kuthamanga kumasungidwa. Zimenezi zingatulutse zotulukapo zosadziŵika ndipo nthaŵi zina zimapangitsa mipando kuchokera ku gulu limodzi kupita ku lina, makamaka m'mipikisano yotsika.

Ntchito Yosankha Mwapadera Yochitidwa ndi Ofesi

U.S. Nyumba ya Oimira: Malo amadzazidwa mwa masankho apadera, Article I, Gawo 2 la Malamulo. Olamulira a boma ali ndi mphamvu ya kutcha chisankho ndi kuika deti. Mu 2023, masankho apadera anachitidwa kaamba ka mipando yoikidwa ndi oimira amene anasiya (m.g., Kevin McCarthy's mpando wa California). Wopambanayo amatumikira mawu oyambirira.

Malamulo a Chigawo: Malamulo ambiri a boma amavomereza akazembe kutulutsa mapangano a chisankho chapadera kuti akwaniritse malo alamulo a boma. Kudalira pa boma, bwanamkubwa angakhazikitsenso choloŵa mmalo kwakanthaŵi kufikira chisankho. Mafuko ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro choposa pamene mlingo wa malo a chipinda chogawidwa kwambiri ukhale.

[[FLT :0] Maofesi a chigawo cha tauni: Mabungwe a Malamulo a Mzinda, makomiti a sukulu, makhonsati achigawo, ndi maofesi a meya amadzazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri mwa masankho apadera. Maboma ena amasankha woloŵa mmalo kuti akatumikire kufikira chisankho cha onse chotsatira mmalo mwa kusunga chisankho chapadera.

Zitsanzo Zakale ndi Zaposachedwapa

Chisankho chapadera nthaŵi zina chachititsa mavuto aakulu a ndale. Mu 2017, Doug Jones (Democrat) adasankha mwapadera ku Alabama kwa Khoti Lamilandu la United States , kugonjetsa Roy Moore pa mpikisano wosonyezedwa ndi mkangano. Chisankho chimenecho chinaswa dziko la Republican pampandowo. Mofananamo, mu 2010, Scott Brown (Republican) anapambana pa masankhoti apadera a Massachusetts kuti alowetse Ted Kennedy, kuchotsa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro mu Khoti. Masankhowa kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga a beluethers a chivomerezo cha dziko lonse landale pa madensi.

Chisankho chapadera chimachitikanso kuti pakhale masitepe ovomereza mapangano kapena kusintha kwa malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kolinganizidwa pa deti loyenerera kwambiri la ulamuliro. [[FLT: 0] Bipartisan Policy Center imapereka chidule chothandiza cha masankho apadera.

Kusiyana ndi Zosankha Zachibadwa ndi Zapamtima

Kusiyana kowonekera kwambiri ndiko kusoŵeka kwa ndandanda yanthaŵi zonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti masankho apadera amaikidwa ndi lamulo ndi malo opatulidwa ogwirizana ndi ndandanda imeneyo, masankho apadera amachitidwa. Amaphatikizaponso kalelo yopanikiza, imene ingaletse oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo ambiri popanda maziko okhazikitsidwa. Kuwonjezerapo, kukumbukira masankho [1] mtundu wa masankho apadera . Osankhidwawo achotsedwe asanathe. Kukumbukira njira zochitira zinthu zikusiyana ndi boma; kukumbukira masankhoti a akuluakulu a boma amaloledwa m'maboma 20 (m.g., 201 California gibernary kumbukira kuyesa kwa kubwerera).

Kuyerekezera Mitundu ya Chisankho: Chitsogozo Chachikulu

Kuti mupangenso kusiyana pakati pa anthu onse, kwakukulukulu, ndi osankha apadera, lingalirani mbali zazikulu izi:

  • Kubwerezabwereza: [ Sankhani zachisawawa amandandalitsidwa pa nyengo zoikika; masankho aakulu amatsogolera pa kalenda; masankho apadera amaikidwa popanda kuikidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulephera : Salansi yachisawawa yatseguka kwa osankha onse oyenerera. Opatula angakhazikitse kutengamo mbali kozikidwa pa kulembetsa kwa chipani (kotsendereka, kotseguka, ndi kon', ndi zina). Masankho apadera amatsegulidwa kwa ovota onse ovomerezeka m'ulamuliro woyambukiridwa.
  • Purpose: [[FLT :1] masankho aakulu amadzaza maofesi. Osankha a pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa kaseŵero. Masankho apadera amadzaza malo kapena amasankha njira zapadera zochitira mapulogalamu.
  • Zitsanzo zosintha: Salati yamphamvu iri ndi chivoti chapamwamba; primes zimawona kutembenuka koyenera (kaŵiri 20-30% ya ovota olembetsedwa mu Primential Primes); masankho apadera kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chivoti chaching'ono chotsika (10-25%).
  • [[FLT: 0] Political Impact: masankho aakulu amagamula amene amalamulira. Upandu umapanga zosankha zopezeka m'masankho onse ndipo ungasonkhezere gulu. Masankho apadera angasinthe ulamuliro wa ofufuza mosayembekezereka ndi kupereka zizindikiro za pakati pa kuvota.

Kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza ovota ndi ofufuza kumasulira zotsatira za masankho ndipo amayembekezera khalidwe la akuluakulu osankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, wosankhidwa kukhala wotsika angalamulire mosiyana ndi amene ayenera kufunsira kwa osankhidwa aunyinji. Mofananamo, chisankho chapadera chochitidwa m'malo otsika chingakhale ndi chotulukapo chimene sichimasonyeza kudalira kwa chigawo chonse.

Kutengamo Mbali M’mitundu ya Chisankho

Kodi pali zinthu zingapo zimene zikuseŵera:

  • Zotayika za chidziŵitso: Upandu ndi masankho apadera amalandira manyuzipepala ochepa, kupangitsa osankha kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuphunzira za oyembekezera kulowa ndi nkhani.
  • Ulemu Wofunika: Mavoti kaŵirikaŵiri amawona masankho amwambo kukhala chotulukapo chachikulu kaamba ka zotulukapo za lamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti maprime amaoneka kukhala osavuta kwambiri pokhapo ngati fuko lili lopikisana kwambiri.
  • Ziyambukiro za Kulembetsa: Kutsekereza ovota odziimira okha, amene satha kuona wosankhidwa aliyense amene angachirikize, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo cha kuvota.
  • Kusankha ndi Kuvomereza: kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika pa madeti osiyana kapena kupatula pa masankho anthaŵi zonse, ofuna kuyesayesa kowonjezereka kuvota.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama: Mafuko okhala ndi kuwonongetsa ndalama zambiri awona kukwera kwa magetsi. Chisankho chapadera chokhala ndi chisamaliro cha dziko (monga ngati mabwalo apamwamba a malamulo) angakope ndalama zapamwamba, kupititsa patsogolo kutsogolo kwa malo.

Zoyesayesa zowonjezera kugaŵiridwa zimaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa masankho apadera ndi masankho a onse pamene kuli kotheka, kugwiritsa ntchito kulembetsa kodzisankhira, ndi kupititsa patsogolo chisankho choyambirira. National Conference of State Legislatures imatsata njira zabwino koposa za oyang'anira masankho.

Kumaliza

Mwachisawawa, chachikulu, ndi masankho apadera ndi atatu a zigamulo za demokrase zogawana ndi osankhidwa ndi demokrase mu United States ndi madongosolo ena ambiri. Masankho aakulu amapereka njira yosankhira oimira ndi kuwongolera dongosolo la anthu; masankho aakulu amalola magulu kusankha ma apadera oimira; ndipo masankho apadera amatsimikizira kuti zinthu zipitirirabe pamene kugaŵidwa kosayembekezeredwa. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana okhudza nthaŵi, kuvota, ndi kutembenuka, ndipo uliwonse umachita mbali yapadera m'zakezo m'zamoyo wandale. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira zimenezi nkofunika popenda zigamu za masankho, kutsimikizira makhalidwe andale, ndi kuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa anthu. Monga momwe masinthidwe akupitirizabe kujambula malo otsegulira, mapulogalamu apadera, ndi kukonza masankho apadera apadera a kayendere.