Kutsatira Lamulo Pansi pa Kupukuta Malamulo kwachinayi

Chikalata chachinayi cha Kusintha zinthu ku Malamulo a United States chimakhazikitsa chitetezo chotetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Mawu ake amafuna kuti malamulo aperekedwe kokha pa chifukwa chothekera, kuchirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunikiridwira ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. M'kubedwa kwa makhadi a ngongole ndi kupeka kwa mapepala a ngongole, umboni wa pakompyuta ndi wa zachuma umapangitsa zofunika zimenezi kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Malamulo ayenera kuyendetsa mfundo zogwirizana ndi malamulo amwambo ndi luso la zopanga zinthu.

Makhoti agwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyenera onse ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Pamene chilolezo chapezeka, kufunafunako nkomveka. Popanda chilolezo, mtolowo ukugwera pa boma kulungamitsa kufunafunako motsatiridwa ndi kusiyanitsa. Pamilandu yachinyengo yokhudza mafaleshoni, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lagogomezera kuti chilolezo chimateteza munthu ku kuyembekezera kwake kwachinsinsi kwa zinthu zamagetsi zosungidwa ndi magulu achitatu onga mabanki, ma email, ndi mapulogalamu a za manyuzi. Chigamulo chapadera mu [FLT: 0] [FT:] CTPPentreert v. United States [FLT] [20] [20]))) adakhulupirira kuti kulowa m'maselo a mbiri yakale a makompyuta a pulogalamu a .

Malamulo a boma amaphatikizaponso lamulo la electronic Communications Ancy Act (ECPA) ndi Telend Communications Act (SCA), yomwe imakhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera njira zolankhulirana ndi zogulitsira. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ofufuza zinthu zimene zili m’ma intaneti a zaka zoposa 180 amafuna chilolezo, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi yeniyeni yolankhulana ingafunikire lamulo. Kumvetsa malamulo a malamulo ndi malamulo otsatidwa kumasuliritsa umboni wodalirika wosonyeza kuti pali umboni wodalirika ndiponso wonena zachinyengo wa makadi a ngongole.

Zimene Zimachititsa Anthu Kuchita Kafukufuku wa Chinyengo

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika ndicho njira yalamulo imene iyenera kufikiridwa nkhani zokhudza lamulo lisanakwaniritsidwe. M'nkhani za kuba chinsinsi ndi kubera khadi la ngongole, chochititsa chingakhale chochokera ku ma lipoti osiyanasiyana a anthu oberedwa, kulephera kwa zachuma, kupenda kwa makompyuta, ndi maumboni. Malamulo osungitsa malamulo ayenera kufotokoza mfundo zenizeni zimene zikuyambitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti upandu unachitika ndi kuti umboni upezeka kumalo ena, monga kompyuta yapanyumba yokayikiridwa kukhala, foni, kapena ma email.

Muyezo wothekera wa zoyambitsa sungafune zambiri kuposa umboni wosatsutsika koma umafunikira zoposa chiwonjezeko chochirikiza. Mafomu ochirikiza zifuno ayenera kukhazikitsa tsatanetsatane, chidziŵitso chosatsatirika. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la malonda osaloledwa otsatiridwa ku keyala ya IP, kuphatikizapo kudziŵikitsidwa kwa wokayikiridwayo, kungatsimikizire chothekera. Makhoti amalingaliranso za kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a ofisalayo ndi chidziŵitso chachinyengo.

Umboni wa Magetsi ndi Kufunika Kwake

Chiyeneretso cha Kusintha kwa Kane chifuna kuti ma afotokoze ndi kulongosola mwapadera malo amene ayenera kufufuzidwa ndi zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa. Kufufuza kwa manambala, chiyeneretso chimenechi n’chovuta kwambiri chifukwa zipangizo zamagetsi zili ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka chosagwirizana. Makhoti apanga malamulo oletsa kuloŵerera, kufufuza. Mafomu ayenera kuchepetsa umboni wokhudzana ndi kakonzedwe kachinyengo, monga maina a mafaelo, masiku, maakaunti, kapena mitundu ya marekodi (m. g., manambala a makhadi a zachitetezo, ma email akukambirana zachinyengo).

Malamulo a boma aposachedwapa, monga ngati United States v. Blake, amagogomezera kuti chilolezo chovomereza kugwidwa ndi kompyuta kapena foni sichimavomereza dala kufunafuna kotheratu kwa mafaelo alionse. Mmalomwake, apolisi ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ofufuza umboni wotchulidwa. Malamulo ena amafuna njira ziŵiri: choyamba, kulanda chipangizo; chachiŵiri, kupeza chilolezo chachiŵiri chovomerezera kusanthula kwapadera. Kutsatira makompyuta ameneŵa nkofunika kuletsa kuletsa umboni.

Ntchito ya Zolemba za Ndalama ndi Mabanki Otsika

Ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa zolembedwa za ndalama kukhazikitsa chothekera. Pansi pa Chilungamo cha Financial Act (RFPA), lamulo la lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri liyenera kupeza chilolezo kapena kampando wa bwana kuti apeze mafaelo a mabanki a makasitomala. M'mapepala achinyengo a khadi la ngongole, mamtengo ogulitsa osonyeza zinthu zogulitsidwa popanda kuloledwa kapena chinyengo cha makhadi chomwe chilipo pano, zingapange maziko a chifukwa chothekera. Mofananamo, malipoti a ngongole ndi mafalishoni a malonda angavumbule mafaelo osonyeza kukayikira kwapadera.

Pogwiritsira ntchito mapopeya aang'ono, apolisi ayenera kuwadziŵitsa bwino makasitomala pokhapokha ngati lamulo la khoti likanawalola. Zosiyana za m'malamulo a RFPA zimaphatikizapo mikhalidwe imene ili ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chidziŵitso chingawonongetse umboni kapena ndege. Kumvetsa njira zosinthasintha zimenezi kumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti umboni wa zandalama ukhalabe wosadalirika ndipo suphwanya ufulu wa Opatulidwa Koyamba wa Ogawiridwa kapena zipani zachitatu.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Ngakhale kuti chilolezocho nchamphamvu, malamulo angapo osaikidwa bwino amatheketsa lamulo kuchitapo kanthu popanda chilolezo m’mikhalidwe ina. Malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosamalitsa m'chizindikiro ndi kufufuza kwachinyengo kwa makadi a ngongole, popeza kuti maumboni a foni kaŵirikaŵiri amafupika kapena amakhoza kukupsa kutali.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Kusintha kwa mikhalidwe kumagwira ntchito pamene apolisi ali ndi chochititsa chothekera ndi kuyang'anizana ndi chifuno cha mwamsanga cha kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kutetezera moyo, kapena kuthaŵa. M'nkhani zachinyengo, wonyumwira angakhale akuchotsa makalata, kutumiza ndalama, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo akutali pa telefoni. Ofesala amene amalongosola umboni wakuti umboni uli pangozi yayandikira angapange kufunafuna kosatsimikizirika pansi pa chiwopsezo chimenechi. Makhoti amapenda kuyenera kwa chikhulupiriro cha ofesalayo kozikidwa pa zimene zinadziŵika panthaŵiyo. Mwachitsanzo, kuwona kutseka kapukupe powona apolisi kungalungamitse kugwidwa mwamsanga.

Komabe, kulekana sikumalola kufufuza kwachisawawa. Ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe yosadziŵika, kufufuza kuyenera kungokhala pa zimene zili zofunika kuyang'anira ngozi. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa kusanthula, apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo cha kupenda kowonjezereka. [FLT] [1] . California . [FLT :2] [FLT] [2014] [2014], Khoti Lapamwamba linkanena kuti kufufuza kosaloledwa kwa mafoni a m'manja kuti agwire ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri kumasulitsa kuti makompyuta a foni asakhale ndi ngozi yofanana monga zinthu zakuthupi. Kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mikhalidwe yopatulana.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Kufufuza kochitidwa mwaufulu sikufuna chilolezo. Pofufuza mwachinyengo, apolisi angapemphe wonyumwiridwa kapena wachitatu (monga ngati wogwira ntchito kapena chiŵalo cha banja) chilolezo cha kusanthula chipangizo kapena kope. Kuvomereza kuyenera kukhala kodziŵa, kwaluntha, ndi koperekedwa mwaufulu, osati chifukwa cha kukakamiza kapena chinyengo. Kuvomereza kungachepetsedwe [1] Mwachitsanzo, kufunsira laptop sikuphatikizapo kuvomereza kulembedwa kwa madera a m'mitambo.

Pangano lachitatu la Party Conant Doctrine limalola munthu wokhala ndi ulamuliro umodzi pa katundu kuvomereza kufufuza. Mlandu wakuba, wogona naye kapena mnzanu wamuukwati angavomereze kufunafuna makompyuta amodzi. Komabe, ngati mmodzi wa ogwirizana ndi wina akana, apolisi satha kufunafuna kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi chitsutso. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chingakhale chovuta pamene ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri agaŵana maakaunti kapena zipangizo, monga ngati m’banja anena zachinyengo.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Pansi pa chiphunzitso chomveka, wapolisi angapeze umboni popanda chilolezo ngati chimakhala chodziŵikiratu kuti chinthucho chili umboni wa upandu ndipo mkuluyo alipo mololedwa pa malo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa asilikali akulengeza chilolezo chotsimikizirika kaamba ka khadi la ngongole yakuba angaone bukhu lolembedwa ndi manambala a ma PIN ndi a maakaunti owonekera poyera. Komabe, makhotiwo akuchenjeza kuti chiphunzitsocho sichimalola "kutsegula malo a pa Intaneti mololedwa ndi lamulo la kuyang'ana nkhani (m., mwa chivomerezo chotsimikizirika) ndi kuona uthenga wonena za malonda achinyengo, kuti intaneti ingakhale yosamveka pansi pa chiphunzitso chofeŵeretsa.

Kufufuza Zomwe Zingakuchititseni Kugwidwa ndi Kufufuza

Kufufuza kokhudza kutsekera anthu kumachititsa maofesala kufunafuna wogwira ntchito ndi malo amene akuwalamulira mwamsanga kuti ateteze ofesala ndi kuteteza umboni. Pambuyo pake Riley v. California, kupatulaku sikumalolanso kufufuza kosalekeza kwa makompyuta a foni kuti agwire, koma maofesala angafufuzebe chipangizo chakuthupi (m’jeng'ono, kuchitenga kuti chisachotse) ndipo angaone ngati makhadi a foni achinyengo. Pogwira ntchito, maapoti angagwirebe telefoni kuti asungidwe pansi pa mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino, koma chilo china nchofunikabe kuti atulutsemo.

Kufufuza kumakhalanso kosiyana: pamene apolisi atsekera galimoto kapena kusunga katundu, angapange ndandanda yofufuzira zinthu za mwiniwake ndi kutetezera dipatimenti ku zonena za kuba. Ngati mu kufufuza kwa galimoto yotsekeredwa pambuyo pa kumangidwa mwachinyengo, apolisi angapeze zikalata zolembedwa ndi chidziŵitso chachinyengo, umboniwo ungakhale wothekera ngakhale popanda chilolezo, malinga ndi kulembedwa kwa magalimotowo kuchitidwa mogwirizana ndi njira zoikidwiratu.

Zosoŵa Zapadera Zikuperekedwa

M’mawu ochepera, Bwalo Lapamwamba lachirikiza kusatsata kosaloledwa kwa "zosoŵa zapadera" zosakhala za lamulo wamba, zonga ngati kufufuza malire a dziko, kupima ndege, ndi kufufuza kwa kuchenjera kwa khadi. Kufufuza kwa kubanki ndi kunyenga kwa pa banki, kufunafuna kofunikira: boma lingafufuze zipangizo zamagetsi kumalire popanda chilolezo, ngakhale kuti makhoti aika malire pamlingo wa kufufuza koteroko. Mofananamo, akuluakulu a sukulu angafufuze zipangizo za magetsi za ophunzira popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chikayikiro cha kuswa. Zimenezi nzochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sizimagwiritsira ntchito kufufuza kwaupandu kwanthaŵi zonse.

Kufunsira Chidziŵitso Nkhani za Kuba ndi Nkhani za Malonda a Ngongole

Kuba zikalata zachinsinsi kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha munthu wina mosaloledwa (PII) monga manambala a Social Security, manambala a makadi a ngongole, ndi tsatanetsatane wa akaunti ya kubanki. Kubera ndi khadi la ngongole kumaphatikizapo mafomu akale monga kuba makadi ndi mafomu atsopano monga ngati kugulitsa makhadi ndi ndalama pa Intaneti. M'zochitika ziŵiri zonsezi, umboni umachitidwa ndi mbali zitatu: mabanki, oyendetsa makadi a ngongole, amalonda, ogulitsa makampani a Intaneti, makampani a ma mail, ndi ma stetformation a ma media a ma media.

Pofufuza milandu imeneyi, osungitsa lamulo ayenera kusankha ngati angagwiritsire ntchito chilolezo, papa, lamulo la khoti pansi pa Chikalata Chosungira Kulankhulana, kapena msanganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kuti apeze keyala ya IP yogwirizana ndi kugula kwa pa Intaneti konyenga, ofufuza angatumize bwanamkubwa kwa wamalonda, koma kuti apeze chidziŵitso kwa wofunsira pa intaneti, afunikira chilolezo pansi pa Carpeenter ngati chidziŵitsocho chiphatikizapo mapepala a maselo a makompyuta.

Chitokoso chofala ndicho kusunga umboni asanapeze chikalata. Ofufuza angapereke makalata osungidwa pansi pa 18 U.S.C. 7623 (2703) kukakamiza opereka kuti asunge mafaelo kwa masiku 90 pamene chikalata chikufunika. Kulephera kusunga umboni mwamsanga kungatsogolere ku ku kuwonongeka kapena kuwononga, makamaka pamene anthu okayikira angachotse msanga mapazi a manambala. Kumvetsa kugwirizana kwa malamulo osungidwa ndi zifuno n’kofunika kuti apange mlandu wodalirika.

Chiyambukiro cha Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa

Zigamulo ziŵiri zasintha malo alamulo kaamba ka maumboni a wailesi ndi pulogalamu m'kufufuza kwachinyengo. Riley v. California . adanena kuti apolisi amafunikira chikalata chofufuzira zinthu za foni ya m'manja yogwidwa kuti ikhale yomangidwa. Khoti linazindikira kuti matelefoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso chachinsinsi kwambiri ndipo sagwirizana ndi zinthu zakuthupi monga masheki kapena zikwama. Chigamuchi chimagwira ntchito mwachindunji kufufuza mwachinyengo, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri mafoni amatumiza mauthenga, mafoni, ma a foni, ma a pulogalamu a ndalama, ndi zitsimikizo zotsimikizira.

Karpeent v. United States Kutetezeredwa kwa Fourcenter kwa General ku chidziŵitso cha mbiri ya maselo-sisite (CSLI) chosungidwa ndi maselo. Khoti linapeza kuti kulowa CSLI kumapanga kufunafuna ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi zifukwa zothekera. Chigamulo chimenechi chimakhudza kufufuza kochitidwa mwachinyengo kumene kumadalira pa malo oikapo chiwopsezo cha malonda achinyengo. Pambuyo pake Cardententer [[FL:3], makhoti ambiri a pansi pa mapangano ofananawo, kuphatikizapo kupenda zenizeni kwa nthaŵi ndi ma data kuchokera ku ziŵiya za foni.

Nkhani zina zofunika zimaphatikizapo United States v. Wurie (bwenzi ku [FLT:]] Riley ), zimene zinamveketsa kuti kufunafuna kopatula sikumagwira ntchito pa mathemo a telefoni, ndipo United States v. Graham , zimene zinafotokoza zofunika kaamba ka KSILI. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimakweza chipingo cha lamulo: boma liyenera kupeza maumboni achinsinsi ambiri, kusiya njira zamakono (mofanana ndi mapepala apamwamba) kaamba ka chidziŵitso chochepa chogwirizana ndi kuvomereza.

Mfundo Zothandiza pa Kukakamiza

Kumvetsa zofunika za kuvomereza si kungophunzira chabe; kumakhudza mwachindunji kulephera kwa umboni ndi chipambano cha milandu. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kuphunzitsa ndi kufufuza pa malamulo a zaumboni a foni. M'mabungwe achinyengo, nkofala kukhala ndi magulu osankha a pa Intaneti ogwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi ozenga milandu kuti apereke umboni woyenerera ndi miyezo yochititsa zinthu.

Zinthu zabwino kwambiri zimene amachita ndi izi:

  • Kulemba mafomu osonyeza kuti munthuyo wachita chinyengo kumasonyeza umboni winawake wosonyeza kuti wachita chinyengo, pogwiritsa ntchito mafomu a anthu amene anaberedwa, mapepala oimika mitengo, maadiresi a IP, ndiponso kufunsa anthu oonerera.
  • Kupempha chilolezo chogwiritsira ntchito "data imagubuduza" zida zimene zimapanga makope opangidwa ndi mankhwala popanda kusintha mafaelo oyambirira, ndi malamulo okhwima opeŵera kupitirira malire a chilolezocho.
  • Kulemba zilolezo asanagwire wokayikira, pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika ilipo, kupeŵe kutsenderezedwa pansi pa Riley [1].
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito zifunsiro zotetezera kuletsa kuponderezedwa pamene mukupeza chilolezo, makamaka m’milandu ya kuba ndi zilembo zophatikizapo maakaunti a ku banki ndi mautumiki a maimelo.
  • Kufunsa oweruza kuchiyambiyambi kwa kufufuzako kutsimikizira kuti ziŵiya zosankhidwa zalamulo (zosadziŵika bwino, zoikidwa ndi boma, zoikidwa m’khoti) zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa chidziŵitso chofufuzidwa ndi muyezo wa lamulo wofunidwa.

Kufufuza kwina kothandiza ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wotengedwa ku mtambo. Ngati chilolezo cholola kufunafuna kompyuta, ofufuza angafunikire chikalata china kuti apeze maakaunti a mtambo wa anthu okayikira ngati kompyutayo siikhala ndi mfundo za mtambo. Lamulo la Teld Communications Act limakhazikitsa zofunika zinanso kuti mutulukire mtambo. Nthaŵi zambiri, n’kotetezeka kupeza chikalata chimodzi chofufuzira chimene chikubisa zonse ziŵiri chipangizo chakuthupi ndi nkhani za mpulu zolembedwa mu affidavit.

Chomalizira, kusungitsa lamulo kuyenera kumvetsetsa kuphatikizidwa kwa zifuno za boma ndi boma. Maiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amaposa zitetezero za boma lachinayi. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingafunikire chilolezo kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha malo a selo ngakhale pamene lamulo la boma silinatero. Oyang'anira ntchito pamodzi kapena milandu yachinyengo ya chiŵeruzo chochuluka ayenera kukhala ozindikira za muyezo wotetezera kwambiri ndi kuugwiritsira ntchito mosalekeza kupeŵa kutsendereza umboni.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zalamulo zodziŵikitsa zofunika m'mawu ndi milandu ya ukaidi wa ngongole zalinganizidwira kulinganiza kufufuza kogwira mtima ndi zitetezero za lamulo. Chochititsa chokhoza kuikidwa chidakali mwala wamwala, ndipo chofunika chapadera chimatsimikizira kuti kusanthula kwa wailesi ya kanema kumasumikidwa osati mopambanitsa. Kusintha monga mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino, chivomerezo, ndi kufufuza kopanda malire kumapatsa kusinthika kofunikira, koma kochitidwa ndi makhoti. Zigamu zaposachedwapa za Supreme Counts zalimbikitsa kufunika kwa zilo m'nyengo ya manambala, kupangitsa kuti lamulo likhale lofunikira kuti likhalebe ndi ziphunzitso zosinthasintha.

Mwakumamatira ku miyezo imeneyi, ofufuza angasungitse umboni wosatsutsika ndi kuchirikiza umphumphu wa dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu. Kuphonya kulikonse . Kaya chilolezo cholakwika, kufunafuna kopambanitsa, kapena kulekana kosadziŵika kungatsogolere ku kutsenderezedwa kwa umboni wosuliza ndi kuika chitsutso paupandu. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira mosamalitsa za malamulo sikuli kodzisankhira; kuli kofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwamo m’kulimbana ndi chizindikiritso ndi chinyengo cha khadi la ngongole mokhutiritsa ndi mololedwa ndi lamulo.