Kusintha Malembo Omva kwa Malamulo a Nyumba za Ufumu

Mapepala a wailesi yakanema ndi zolembedwa zogwirizana ndi malingana nazo zimapereka windo losayerekezereka m'kupanga malamulo a ku America. Zimasunga mawu enieni a opanga malamulo, mboni, ndi akatswiri pamene akutsutsana, kufufuza, ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo. kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, atolankhani, ndi oikizira, zikalata zimenezi zimasintha njira za malamulo zosaoneka ndi maso kukhala zenizeni, nkhani zenizeni za dziko. Komabe kuulutsa unyinji wa malipoti a makomiti, kumvetsera, ndi zochitika zapansi panthambi kungakhale kovuta popanda njira yodziŵira.

Mwakuphunzira bwino zinthu zimenezi, mukhoza kupeza magwero aakulu amene amaunikira mmene malamulo akulingaliridwira, kutsutsana, kuperekedwa, kapena kugonjetsedwa, ndipo mwa njira imene Nyumba za Malamulo zimayang’anira nthambi yaikulu.

Kumvetsa Zolembedwa za Nyumba ya Malamulo: Ntchito Yapadera

Mabuku a Congress si ongolembedwa mwachidwi, koma amafotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilembo, iliyonse imakhala ndi cholinga chosiyana.

Mitundu ya Masamba

  • Kumva Malembo: Verbatinm kapena zolembedwa za komiti ndi makomiti a kumvetsera kwa apolisi. Zimaphatikizapo umboni wa pakamwa, mawu olembedwa operekedwa ndi mboni, ndi kukambitsirana pakati pa mamembala a Congress ndi mboni. Malembo amafalitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri milungu kapena miyezi pambuyo pa kuweruza.
  • Malipoti a Committee: Mapepala amwambo amene atsatana ndi malamulo olembedwa kuchokera ku komiti. Iwo amafotokoza chifuno cha lamulo, kufupikitsa kumvetsera ndi kutumiza, ndi kuphatikizapo malingaliro ochepa kapena owonjezereka. Malipoti a Komiti ngosuliza kaamba ka kumvetsetsa chifuno cha malamulo.
  • The Congressional Record (CR): Nkhani ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya makambitsirano ndi zochitika za pa Nyumba ndi nyumba ya nyumba. Imaphatikizapo nkhani, mavoti, ndi kufutukulidwa kwa ndemanga. CR si mawu ofotokoza za maganizi; imabisa zochita zapansi.
  • Mabuku a Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo: Imodzi ya magulu aakulu amene amaphatikizapo mauthenga a pulezidenti, malipoti ochokera ku mabungwe akuluakulu, ndi njira zina zolankhulirana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapereka chidziŵitso cha kumbuyo kapena kulungamitsa kwa malamulo.
  • Set: Mabuku ndi malipoti ofalitsidwa ndi Congress chiyambire 1817. Zimaphatikizapo malipoti a komiti, malipoti a dipatimenti yaikulu, ndi zofalitsa zina. The Slure Set ndi yofunika kwambiri pa kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale.

Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Kumva ndi Kutsutsana kwa Maonekedwe

Nsonga yofala ya kusokonezeka iri kusiyana pakati pa komiti yomvetsera ndi mkangano wa pansi mu Chredix ya Chikalata . Miyambi nja kufufuza ndi kupeza zenizeni; imachitika m'makomiti ndi kuphatikiza mboni. Kutsutsana kuli kumene ziŵalo zimachirikiza kapena kutsutsana ndi lamulo. Zonse ziŵiri nzofunika, koma zimatumikira zifuno zosiyanasiyana za masayansi. Kufufuza kwalamulo, kumva kumapereka makambitsirano a pansi pa chigawo, pamene kuli kwakuti CR imasonyeza kachitidwe komalizira ka ndale zadziko.

Kupeza Zolembedwa za Magulu: N’zofunika Kwambiri pa Intaneti

Mawebusaiti amakono athandiza anthu kupeza zinthu zambiri zokhudzana ndi ndandanda ya mapangano akale koma akupitiriza kufutukuka.

Maboma Oyambirira Ayambanso

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mbali Zofufuza Mogwira Mtima

Kuti mupeŵe kuthedwa nzeru ndi zotulukapo, gwiritsirani ntchito njira zofufuzira izi:

  • Gwiritsirani mawu otchulirapo ndi mawu. Mawu ambiri m'mawu ogwidwa, monga, "kupirira kwa tcheni" kapena "Tcheni chachinsinsi" phatikizani ndi mawu akumva monga "asimoni," "mboni," kapena "kumvetsera kutsogolo.
  • Mselu ndi nambala ndi deti. Nyumba iliyonse ya Malamulo imathamanga kwa zaka ziŵiri (m., 117th Congress: 2021-20222). Kuika ku Nyumba ya Malamulo yapadera imachotsa zolembedwa zakale zosafunikira.
  • . Komiti. Ngati mudziŵa komiti imene inachita mlandu (m' lekuatiso, Khoti la Malamulo pa Ndalama, Komiti ya Nyumba ya Chiudia), gwiritsirani ntchito sefayilo. Maina a Komiti amasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, chotero mungafunikire kufufuza masinthidwe osiyanasiyana.
  • Kufunafuna m'mitu yakumva. Maina a Akumva kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mutu wankhani ndi dzina la m’makomiti. Gwiritsirani ntchito mbali ya mutuwo kupeza khutu lenileni.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito njira zofufuzira zotsogola. Pa Congress.gov, mungasanganize minda ngati .

Kufikira Miyambi Yapambuyo pa 19995

Chaka cha 1995 chisanafike, marekodi ambiri a anthu amene ankamvetsera sanalembedwe pakompyuta.

  • ProjectQuest Congressal (zolemba za m'mapepala, kaŵirikaŵiri zopezeka m’malaibulale a yunivesite) – zimapereka kumvetsera kokwanira kuyambira 1824 kumka mtsogolo.
  • Hein Online – utumiki wina wolembetsa wokhala ndi Mapepala a Congress ku United States omwe amaphatikizapo mayeso ndi mapepala a komiti.
  • Malaibulale a CD osungidwa [1] – malaibulale ambiri ali ndi makope enieni kapena mafiche akale a makutu. Gwiritsani ntchito Catalog [1]

Kumasulira Mawu Olembedwa Pamanja: Njira Imodzi Mwa Zigamulo

Tizigwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi potulutsa mfundo zomveka bwino.

Musanaŵerenge: Dziŵani mavesi A m’munsiwo

  • Onani dzina la komiti, Nambala ya Congress, ndi deti. Izi zimakhudza nkhani zandale ndi mbiri yakale.
  • Ŵerengani mutu womva ndi pepala la chinsinsi [1]. Mpando nthaŵi zambiri umatseguka ndi mawu ofotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ankamva.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Onetsetsani mawu olembedwa . Mboni zambiri zimapereka umboni wolembedwa umene uli watsatanetsatane kwambiri kuposa mawu awo apakamwa.

Poŵerenga: Sumikani Maganizo pa Makonzedwe

  • Ndemanga zotseguka: Mamembala a Komiti ndi mpando kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsira ntchito izi kulongosola malingaliro awo. Izi zimasonyeza magawano a ndale zadziko kapena kuvomerezana.
  • Umboni wa Mboni: Mawu a mawu amatsatiridwa ndi mafunso ochokera kwa ziŵalo. Gwiritsirani mtima pa zimene mumanena, zimene mukudziŵa, ndi mfundo. Funani mayankho achindunji ndi mayankho otsutsana ndi olephera.
  • Kuyankha ndi kuyankha (Q&A) kukambitsirana: [ Zimenezi zimavumbula kuipidwa kwakukulu. Ziŵalo zingatokose umboni kapena kufunsa mafunso omveka bwino. Filimuyi imasonyeza pamene kusagwirizana kwa malamulo kuli.
  • Kukambitsirana kapena mapulogalamu: Ngati mboni zambiri ziwonekera pamodzi, onani mmene zimagwirizanirana. Nthaŵi zina kusamvana pakati pa mboni kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa ndemanga zawo zokonzedwa.

Kupeza Umboni Wofufuzira

  • Gwiritsirani ntchito mawu kapena chidule choperekedwa mu nkhani yolembedwa. Makomiti ena ali ndi chidule cha mfundo zazikulu za khutu la khutu.
  • Makalata osonyezedwa ndi [FLT : 0] amachitira lipoti otulutsidwa pambuyo pa kugamulidwa. Malipoti kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula umboni ndi kulongosola mmene unayambukirira makonzedwe a ndalamazo.
  • Ndalama za masamba odziŵika bwino kapena mizera pogwira mawu. Mawu akumva amalembedwa pa pulogalamu; gwiritsani ntchito malembedwe (Senate Imva 117-123, mapeji 45-48).
  • Kapenyereni za [[FL:0] zinthu zoikidwa [ m'mapeyinti: matchati, zilembo, kapena ndandanda yofufuza zimene zimawonjezera zolembera za pakamwa.

Zofufuza Zopita Patsogolo za Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira

Zolembedwa za Congress ndizo magwero aakulu a ntchito za m’kalasi, mapepala a mawu, ndi kupenda malamulo. njira zimenezi zimakuthandizani kuwonjezera pa kuŵerenga kwapamwamba.

Kupanga Chizindikiro Chokumbukira Nthaŵi Yake

Tsatirani lamulo kuchokera ku kuyambitsa lamulo (kapena kugonjetsedwa). Kupeza kuweruza kosungidwa papepala, kenaka ŵerengani lipoti la komiti, kenaka pendani mkangano wa pa chipinda mu Conregional Record [. Kutsatira kumeneku kumavumbula mmene mikangano imasinthikira ndi mmene kulolera kwandale kukulankhulidwira.

Kuyerekezera Umboni wa Mboni M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Ngati mufufuzanso mfundo zobwerezabwereza (m’chitsanzo, nkhani zachinsinsi, kusintha kwa zaumoyo, kusintha kwa nyengo), yerekezerani ndi kumvetsera kwa Mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Onani mmene mkulu wa bungwe limodzi kapena katswiri wa zandale amasinthira umboni wawo pamene kusintha kwa zandale. Kusintha kwa njira imeneyi kumavumbula kusintha kwa zinthu zofunika ndi umboni watsopano.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malembo Omasulira Nkhani Pokonzekera Nkhani

Wock Congress ndi Model UN otengamo mbali angagwiritsire ntchito mawu kukonzekera mfundo zenizeni. Yang'anirani mfundo zamphamvu zopangidwa kumbali iliyonse mkati mwa kumvetsera kwenikweni, ndiyeno zigwirizane ndi kuyerekezera kwanu.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Maziko Oyambirira

Aphunzitsi angapatse ophunzira mbali za mawu apadera ofotokoza zimene akuganiza, kufunsa ophunzira kuti adziwe zimene anthu ena amanena, umboni wawo, ndiponso njira zilizonse zongodziwira zimene mboni kapena anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito.

Msampha Wofala ndi Mmene Mungapewere

  • Kujambula kojambula kuli kolondola kwambiri: Pamene olemba mapu angatulutse zolembedwa zopanda mawu, zolakwa zazing'ono kapena zopimidwa. Ngati mawu akugwira mawu awoneka kukhala abwino kwambiri kapena otsekedwa kwambiri, yerekezerani ndi vidiyo ngati ilipo (zosungiramo mbiri zambiri).
  • Kutsutsa njira yosungira chizindikiro: Mawu akumva amasonyeza ndemanga za pakamwa, koma chikalatacho chingawonedwenso m'magawo a komiti operekera malipoti. Malipoti a Komiti amapereka mbiri yokweza, koma mapepala a zolemba zolemba mawu sapezekapezeka kwambiri.
  • Kunyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu ochepa: Malipoti a Komiti afunikira kuphatikizapo kawonedwe kochepa kapena kotsutsana. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapezedwa kumapeto kwa lipoti ndipo zingakhale zofunika mofanana ndi kutsutsana kwa ambiri.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito buku limodzi lokha: ndi kutaya mawu okha akumva ndipo mungaphonye nkhani za malamulo. Mukaphatikiza ndi malipoti, Chikalata cha [Forgational Record , , ndi kufufuza kuchokera ku maguleeti kapena ma wailesi olemekezeka.

Zipangizo za Magetsi ndi Mbali Zopezeka

Zinthu zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano pofufuza zinthu, ndi zinthu zinanso zosavuta:

  • Mawu-kujambula ndi ndandanda: GovInfo ndi Congress.gov imakulolani kukopera ma PDF kapena XML a CD. Masukulu ena amapereka mafaelo a CD kaamba ka makutu (osati ma CD) a zaka zaposachedwapa.
  • Kufunafuna m'chikalata chimodzi: Mukatsegula PDF yomvetsera, gwiritsirani ntchito Ctrl+F pa Mac] kufunafuna maina, mawu, kapena ziganizo mkati mwa chikalatacho.
  • API kupezeka: [[FLT :1] kwa maprojekiti otsogola ofufuza, Congress.gov ndi GovInfo amapereka AP Is (maprogramme a maprogramu) ku kubwezeretsa motsatira mametadata ndi malembo okwanira. Zimenezi nzothandiza kwambiri pa migodi ya malemba kapena kumanga mathekisha a mwambo.
  • Maseŵero ndi mapepala: Ziŵiya zonga Zotero kapena End Note zingatenge chidziŵitso choperekera kuchokera ku malo a boma mwachindunji.

Mbiri Yake: Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zoyenderana ndi Malamulo

Kumvetsetsa mbiri ya zolembedwa za msonkhano kumathandiza ofufuza kuzindikira zimene zilipo kuchokera ku nyengo zosiyanasiyana.

  • 1789-1873: [[FLT :1] Anuansis a Congress [[FLT]] (1789-1824), [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [-] kulembetsa mitu [[FLT:] [187] [-118] [1] [1] [1] [1] Maganiziwo [1] [1] (183] [1,3] (183]) anatumikira monga oyambirira [[FLT:] Kujambula [FLT:] [59:]. Zimenezi zikupezeka ku Memo la la Jenelo la za ku America.
  • 1873-preset:[[FLT :1] [[FLT :2] Chredition inakhala magazini alamulo. Mavolyumu oyambirira sakhala atsatanetsatane kwambiri kuposa amakono; mamembala angawonjeze ndi kufutukula ndemanga, nthaŵi zina kuwonjezera nkhani zimene sizinaperekedwe.
  • 1970s-preset: Kupezeka kwa makutu kunawonjezeka kwambiri pambuyo pa Lamulo la Kusintha kwa 1970. Kuulutsa wailesi yakanema kudzera ku C-SPAN (kuyambika 1979) kunawonjezera chidziŵitso cha anthu, ndipo kukakamiza kuti aone bwino kunapangitsa kufalitsa ma CD ambiri.
  • 199s-0 (09-presentet:[[FLT :1] Zoyesayesa za kutembenuza zopangidwa ndi GPO ndi laibulale ya Congress zinapanga zolembera kukhala zopezeka mosavuta pa Intaneti. Komabe, si mapepala onse a m'ma 1990 amene amapimidwa; ena alipo kokha monga makope osindikizidwa kapena microche.

Kuti mufufuze zinthu zokhudza zaka za m’ma 1900 ndi m’mbuyomo, mungafunike kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu olemba mabuku kapena zinthu zina zaching’ono kwambiri m’malaibulale akuluakulu ofufuzira zinthu.

Ntchito Yothandiza Yofufuza

Kukuthandizani kuyamba, pano pali ntchito yochitidwa mwapang’onopang’ono kaamba ka ntchito yofufuza yofala yogwiritsira ntchito zolembedwa za bungwe:

  1. Mufotokozereni bwino funso lanu lofufuza. Chitsanzo: “Kodi Nyumba ya Malamulo inathetsa motani nkhaŵa za tsankho la 117?
  2. imazindikiritsa makomiti oyenerera. M'nkhani ino: Nyumba Magetsi ndi Zamalonda, Malonda a Nyumba, kapena Nyumba Judiary (makomiti apansi).
  3. Search Congress.gov akugwiritsa ntchito mawu achidule “kukondera kwa " kapena“ luntha lopanga” kuphatikiza ndi “kumva. . . . Cofferets ndi deti (201-20222).
  4. Kujambula PDF (s) zomvetsera [1] [kaŵirikaŵiri] – kumvetsera kwa munthu kungakhale kokwanira; apo ayi, pangani mpambo wa makutu.
  5. Kuŵerenga mpambo wa umboni ndi mawu oyamba choyamba – ichi chikukuuzani kujambula kwa ndale zadziko.
  6. Umboni wa mfundo zazikulu , dziŵitsa zimene mboni zinafunsidwa mopambanitsa. Gwiritsirani ntchito yofufuzayo mkati mwa PDF kaamba ka mawu onga “bias" kapena“ kukongola.
  7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  8. Kangale za Cholembera cha Malo [1] pa mkangano wa pa pepala. Onani zilozero zilizonse zobwerera ku khutu.
  9. Kusanthula zopezedwa zanu [1] – lemba kupenda kumene kumagwirizanitsa umboni wa mlanduwo ndi chotulukapo chomalizira cha malamulo (kapena kusoŵeka kwake).

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zolembedwa za Malamulo Mosamala

Monga momwe zilili ndi magwero ena alionse, gwiritsirani ntchito zolembedwa za bungwe lokhala ndi odziŵa bwino za kukhulupirika:

  • Musagwire mawu a cherry-pick [[FL:1] mosemphana ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo. Chitani bwino kufunsa mafunso ambiri musanatchule mawu a umboni.
  • Mawu a Atribute molondola [ – fotokoza chiŵalo chiti kapena umboni uti amene ananena, ndi pa tsamba liti.
  • Vomerezani zopereŵera – mawu olankhulidwa samajambula mawu a thupi, kamvekedwe, kapena kuchotsapo mawu olembedwa. Zili zolembedwa, osati chizindikiro chonse cha kumvetsera.
  • Kusintha pakati pa mfundo ndi malingaliro – mboni zingapereke chidziŵitso, komanso mamembala anenanso mawu osafuna yankho. Chinjikitsani bwino m'kusanthula kwanu ponena za chimene chiri umboni wozikidwa pa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana.

Kumaliza: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabuku a Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Mabuku

Kujambula ndi kujambula kwa maofesi a maofesi ndi makompyuta kuli luso limene limawongolera ndi kuzoloŵera. Mwakumvetsetsa malembo a chikalatacho, kugwiritsira ntchito malo oyenera a manambala, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoŵerengera zadongosolo, mungatsegule mulu wa zinthu zazikulu zochokera. Kaya muli wophunzira kulemba pepala la mawu, mphunzitsi wolemba maphunziro a boma, kapena katswiri wa za kachitidwe ka malamulo, mafaelo ameneŵa amapereka umboni wodalirika, wa tsatanetsatane wa kachitidwe ka malamulo m’ntchito.

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