Kumvetsa Umphawi wa ku India

India ndi dziko la anthu oposa 1.4 biliyoni, ndipo limapanga dzikolo kukhala dziko la anthu ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti chuma chachuluka kwambiri zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, kusalingana kwa umphaŵi ndi ndalama zikupitirizabe kuvuta. Malinga ndi World Bank [1], India wachotsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri pa umphaŵi waukulu kuyambira m'ma 1990, koma kutsika kwa zaka zaposachedwapa. Mliri wina wa CHOVID , womwe unawonjezera kufalikira kwa anthu ambiri mu umphaŵi ndi kuwonjezera mpata wa ndalama pakati pa olemera ndi osauka.

Boma layankha ndi kutumiza ndalama mwachindunji, kutsimikizira ntchito, maprogramu a za chakudya, ndi makonzedwe a nyumba. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimapereka chitetezero kwa okhoza kuvutitsidwa kwambiri pamene zikusamaliranso zinthu zimene zimachititsa kusalingana kwa anthu, monga ngati kusoŵa maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi ntchito zalamulo. Nkhani ino ikupenda njira zofunika zimene India watengera, kupenda kupambana kwake, ndi kufotokoza njira yapatsogolo.

Boma Limathandiza Kuchepetsa Umphawi

Mahatma Gandhi, yemwe ndi katswiri wa ntchito kumadera akumidzi, akupereka Lamulo Loti Ayenera Kugwira Anthu Okhala M’madera Otalikirana (MGNREGA)

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Account Act (MGREGA) Ndi imodzi ya maprogramu aakulu a zachitetezo za anthu padziko lapansi. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti masiku 100 a ntchito yopanda maluso pachaka ku nyumba iliyonse ya kumidzi imene achikulire ake ali ofunitsitsa kugwira ntchito yapoyera. Kutsegulidwa mu 2005, MGNREGA yapereka njira yothandiza kwambiri kwa mamiliyoni a mabanja akumidzi, makamaka panthaŵi yosoŵa ntchito ya zaulimi ndi kusoŵa kwa chuma.

Programuyo imagwira ntchito ziŵiri: imapereka ndalama zosungidwa ndi kupanga chuma cha anthu chokhalitsa monga maiwe, misewu, ndi ngalande zothirira. M'chaka cha 2022-23, mabanja opitirira 7.7 analembetsedwa, ndipo pafupifupi masiku 349 a ntchito anatulutsidwa. Komabe, mavuto atsala — kuchedwa pa malipiro, ziphuphu, ndi kusafunika kwa ntchito m'mayiko ena kwachepetsa mphamvu yake. Boma lawonjezera mandanda ndi kulinganiza kwa madongosolo a kuwongolera kuwala ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)] adayambidwa mu 2015 ndi cholinga chopereka nyumba zokhoza kwa anthu onse a m’tauni ndi a m’midzi osauka podzafika 2022. Chiwembucho chimapereka chithandizo cha ndalama — mpaka 761.2 lakh m’madera akumidzi ndi kufika 762.67 lakh m’matauni — kumanga kapena kuwonjezera nyumba. Chimaperekanso chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole zapanyumba kupyolera pa chiwirikiti cha Cerce Tubsed Subsidy Diage.

Kuchiyambi kwa 2024, boma linasimba kuti nyumba zokhala ndi mabwinja zopitirira 2.5 zavomerezedwa pa PMAY. Makonzedwewo awongolera mikhalidwe ya moyo ya mamiliyoni, kuchepetsa kusoŵa kwa nyumba ndi nyumba za zithando. Komabe, kupezeka kwa malo, kukwera mtengo kwa zomangamanga, ndi kuchedwa kwa chilolezo zikupitirizabe kulepheretsa kupangidwa kotheratu. Bomalo lawonjezera njirayo ndipo tsopano likusumika maganizo pa kumanga nyumba zimene zilipo ndi kusamalira zosoŵa za osauka a m’mizinda.

Mtengo wa National Food Security Act (NFSA)

National Food Security Act (NFSA ) [NT:1] , inapangidwa mu 2013, iloleza 75% ya anthu akumidzi ndi 50% a anthu a m’tauni kulandira zakudya zaing'ono kupyola PULIC system (PDS) . Mabanja oyenerera amalandira mpunga pa 0. 03 pa kilogalamu imodzi, tirigu pa 762, ndi tirigu wosalala pa 761 pa kirogilamu imodzi.

Lamulo limeneli lakhala losintha m'kutsimikizira kusungidwa kwa chakudya kwa anthu oposa 80 ovutika maganizo, kuchepetsa kwambiri kusoŵa kwa zakudya ndi njala. Komabe, kuchucha m'ma PDS, kuchepa kwa zakudya, ndi kuphonya kwapitirizabe. Boma lavomereza mwa kukonza makadi a chakudya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsimikizo choikidwa pa ndandanda cha kutsegula. “Mtundu Umodzi, Kadi Imodzi , yomangidwa mu 2020, imalola oloŵa m'malo awo alionse ku India, kuwongolera kukhazikika kwa antchito osamukira ku India.

Maprogramu Ena Othandiza Okhala Paumphaŵi

Kuposa njira zapamadzi zimenezi, boma limachitanso zinthu zina zingapo zochitidwa ndi anthu:

  • Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yoroina (PMGKY): Kapu ya chithandizo yochuluka yoyambidwa mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, kugaŵira zakudya zaulere, kusamutsira ndalama kwa akazi, ndi chiputu cha inshuwalansi kwa ogwira ntchito zaumoyo.
  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISanin): Gawo la ndalama lochirikiza 76,000 pachaka kwa alimi aang'ono ndi a m’mphepete, kuthandiza kukhazikitsa ndalama za kumidzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Deuayal Antyoda Yoya – National Liveliodess Mission (LDAY-NRLM): Amalimbikitsa kudzigwirira ntchito ndi luso pakati pa akazi osauka a m’midzi mwa kukhazikitsa magulu a chithandizo (SHGS).
  • Pradran Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMDY): Programu yoloŵetsamo ndalama imene yatsegulira maakaunti 50 a banki yosatetezeka, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kulinganizika kochepa, kutheketsa kusamutsidwa kwachindunji.

Kulankhula ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Kusalingana kwa ndalama ku India kwakhala kukukwera kuyambira m'ma 1990. Malinga ndi World Justitution Medicial , 10% ya opeza tsopano amaŵerengera 55% ya ndalama zimene amapeza, pamene kuli kwakuti 50% yotsirizika imagaŵana kokha 15%. Boma lagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa kukonzanso misonkho, makonzedwe a zaumoyo, ndi zoyendera za bungwe kuchepetsa mpata umenewu.

Kusintha Msonkho ndi Msonkho

Act yolandira Tchalo [1] Mwapang'onopang'ono yasinthidwa kuwonjezera msonkho pa opeza ndalama zambiri. Mu 2023-24, boma linakhazikitsa boma latsopano la msonkho lokhala ndi ziŵerengero zotsika ndi kusaloledwa, cholinga cha kuchepetsa kugonjera ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zimene anthu awononga. Masheya ndi ndalama zapamwamba zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama zimatsimikizira kuti olandira ndalama zambiri awonjezera ndalama zimene amalandira kwa woyendetsa.

Komabe, ziŵerengero za ku India za msonkho wa GDP zimakhala zotsika (pafupifupi 11-12%), kuchepetsa malo a malamulo owonjezera ndalama. Kuti awonjezere kusonkhetsa ndalama, boma lakulitsa khomo kudzera m'makompyuta a mabizinesi, Mabwino ndi Ma Service Trisk (GST), ndi miyeso yoletsa ndalama zakuda. Mabwino ndi Maderesi a Office (GLT) [GFL:] adachotsa chikole chovuta cha misonkho mu 2017, cholinga cha kukonza msika wogwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zopitira patsogolo za ogula a pansi okambitsirana.

Pindulani Kutumizidwa Kwachindunji (DBT) ndi Kugwirizana kwa Ndalama

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ku India m'nkhondo yolimbana ndi kusalingana ndiko [[FLT: 0] Drect From From Transpotion (DBT) . Mwa kugwirizanitsa ndalama zothandizira anthu ku Aadhaar-link akhawunti za kubanki, boma lachepetsa kwambiri kutuluka ndi ntchito. Pansi pa [FLT:] Mantri Jan YHJAN (PMJY) [FLT:], kupitirira 50 za maakaunti a ku banki yatsegulidwa, kutheketsa kutumiza katundu wa mwamsanga kaamba ka gasi wophika (HAL), feserve, fecial, RFLD, ndi MNRA. [FLT]: [FFLD]

Malipiro a pa manambala ndi Ofesi Yogwirizana ya Malamulo a ku Zambia awonjezeranso kuphatikizidwa kwa zandalama, kulola mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa kulowa m'mabanki popanda nthambi zapathupi. Komabe, kulemba ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa makompyuta kumakhalabe zopinga kwa osauka, makamaka m'madera akumidzi. Boma likulankhula zimenezi kupyolera mwa ntchito Baratnet , imene ikufuna kugwirizanitsa midzi yonse ndi magetsi openyetsetsa.

Kugwirizana ndi Anthu ndi Maluso a Zaumoyo

Kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa thanzi ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa, boma linakhazikitsa Ayushman Bharat Pradtari Mantri Aroshima Yakoya (PM-JAY) mu 2018. Iyi ndi njira yaikulu kwambiri ya inshuwalansi ya thanzi, yopereka ndalama za 765 lalakh pachaka kwa anthu achiŵiri ndi osamalira anthu osoŵa ndi osoŵa. Pofika 2024, kulowa m'chipatala cha PM-JY kupitirira 5 crrole kuloledwa ndi kulowa m'chipatala cha PM-Y, kuchepetsa ndalama zapalensi kwa ngozi.

Mabungwe ena opezera anthu thandizo amayang’anizana ndi kusiyana kwina:

  • Pradran Mantri Vanduna Yojana (PMVY): Imapereka zisonkhezero za ndalama kwa pathupi ndi kutumiza akazi kuti abwezere malipiro otayikiridwa ndi kulimbikitsa kubala kwa maoda.
  • Pradhan Mantri Diya Lakshmi Yojana: Apereka ngongole zamaphunziro pamiyeso yaing'ono kutsimikizira kuti ana ochokera m’mabanja otsika opeza angalondole maphunziro apamwamba.
  • National Social Application (NSAP): Imapereka ndalama za penshoni kwa okalamba, akazi amasiye, ndi opunduka okhala paumphaŵi.

Maphunziro ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Luso

Kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumafuna kuikizira ndalama ku likulu la anthu. Boma lapanga maphunziro oyambirira padziko lonse pansi pa Kulunjika ku Act (RTTE) , 2009, ndi kufutukulidwa ndi makonzedwe onga Tsiku la Mgonero [1] ndi [FLT:] Sar [4] Sarn Shikshaan . Pamilingo yachiŵiri ndi yokwera, [[FLT:] Mantala] Ya jria [[FLT] [FLT] [7] imagaŵira mayanjano auleza ufulu ku mabanja osauka, ndi kuwonjezera nthaŵi yaulezachuma.

Kukula kwa luso ndi mzati waukulu. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yoyana (PMKVY) imapatsa maphunziro anthaŵi yochepa ogwirizana ndi makampani. [[FLT:] National Skill Development Mission (NS) [NTM ) cholinga cha kuphunzira anthu oposa 40 otchuka pofika 2025. Komabe, kutsimikizira ntchito ndi luso la kuphunzira kumakhalabe kovuta; omaliza maphunziro ambiri amene akusoŵabe ntchito. Boma likusumika maganizo pa maphunziro aluso m'sukulu ndi kupanga njira zophunzirira.

Kusalingana Matauni ndi Kagulu Kamwaŵi

Kusintha kwa mizinda kwachititsa kusalingana kwatsopano. Pamene kuli kwakuti mizinda monga Mumbai, Delhi, ndi Bengaluru imakopa kuikitsa ndi luso, antchito ambiri amwaŵi , antchito apanyumba, ndi ogulitsa m’khwalala . Code pa Social Security, 2020 [FLT :1] amasintha malamulo ambiri ndi kufutukula antchito a jigg ndi papula, ngakhale kuti ntchitozo zidakali zachiswe. Pradhan Street Garma Atma Nirhar Nidhi (M-SVSIDhi) imathandiza anthu kugulitsa malonda a m'khwalala, ndi kuwathandiza kulowa m'ma.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Kusiyana kwa Magawo ndi Mikwingwirima ya Mabotolo Olamulira

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zosatha kwambiri ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu kwa umphaŵi ndi kusalingana kwa anthu m'mayiko onse a India. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onga Kerala ndi Tamil Nadu ali ndi chitukuko chapamwamba cha anthu, Bihar, Utar Pradesh, ndi Jarkandhand Liver. Kusintha kwa boma ndi njira zochirikizidwa zimayesa kulongosola zimenezi, koma kulephera kwa boma, ulamuliro wofooka, ndi tsankho lapachikhalidwe kaŵirikaŵiri limafooketsa zotsatira zake. [[FLT: 0] NITI AYGOG [1] Yavomerezedwa kukhala ndi kuyenerera koyenera ndi kochirikizidwa ndi kochirikizidwa ndi zochirikizidwa kuti awongo bwino.

Kusoŵa Ntchito ndi Kusoŵa Ntchito

Kugawana kwa anthu a ku India , makamaka achinyamata ndi ogwira ntchito owonjezereka, kungakhale vuto ngati ntchito sizipangidwa. Periodic Labour Force Survey Survey [PLL:1] imasonyeza kuti kusoŵa ntchito, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata (zaka 15-29), kumakhala kokwera, kopitirira 20%. Boma layambitsa [[FLT:] Atmanharbar [[[FLT:] [3] (IFLT: 3] (Indereliant) kuwonjezera kukonza ndi kuwonjezera [FMMEs, ndi kuwonjezera:] [FLT] [FUL:] [FULT] [F] yosanjansinsinsinsi. [2]

Komabe, kusintha kwa ulimi ndi mbali zapamwamba za ulimi monga kupanga ndi ntchito zakhala zochepekera. Ogwira ntchito ambiri akulandira ndalama zochepa, ntchito zamwamwayi. Boma likuika ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zamakono, zongofuna ndalama, ndi zogwiritsa ntchito kuti athandize pa ntchito zamalonda, koma kukwaniritsa ntchitozo sikukusiyana.

Kusiyana Magulu ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Kuchokera ku India, kusiyana kwa ndalama kumayenderana ndi kusiyana kwa magulu a anthu ndi amuna ndi akazi. Dalit, Adivasis, ndi Zina Zotsatira za Windows (OBC) amayang'anizana ndi mavuto a mbiri yakale m'maphunziro, ntchito, ndi chuma. Boma limapitirizabe kuvomereza malamulo a ntchito (zochita) m'maphunziro, ntchito za boma, ndi malamulo oyendetsera, koma mphamvu yawo pa ndalama imatsutsana. [FLT: 0] Kusalingana kwa anthu pamaphunziro, ndi chuma cha akazi ndi chimodzi: Kutenga nawo ntchito ndi kutsika kwa dziko, ndi akazi kumalandira ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. [FLT:] Mancla KTHD [FFFT] ndi Bact: [FTka]

Kukhazikika kwa Malo Okhala ndi Kusweka kwa Nyengo

Umphaŵi ndi kusalingana kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi mafiti zikuyambukira kwambiri anthu akumidzi osauka ndi opeza ndalama tsiku ndi tsiku. Opeza a boma National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) [FLT: 1] amaphatikizapo ntchito za mphamvu ya dzuŵa, ulimi wokhazikika, ndi kuyendetsa madzi, koma kuwonjezera nyengo ya amphaŵi kuli vuto lalikulu. Pri Sinchayeee Yogata (MKSY]) [1]

Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Akatswiri amati dziko la India liyenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo zofunika kwambiri:

  • chitetezo chosagwirizana cha mayanjano: Kuchoka pa ziŵiya zapadziko lonse kupita ku njira zowonjezereka zochepetsera zolakwa ndi mtengo wa kuyang'anira.
  • Mautumiki a anthu onse apamwamba: Kufufuza za thanzi, maphunziro, ndi ukhondo kuti athetse zochititsa zazikulu za kusalingana.
  • [[MTSOK: 0] Msonkho wopita patsogolo ndi chuma: [[FUT:1] kufutukula maziko a msonkho ndi kuyambitsa misonkho pa chuma cha ukonde kapena choloŵa, monga momwe kwavomerezedwera ndi IMF .
  • Kusintha kwa chuma: kulimbikitsa ntchito ya kachigawo mwa kusintha malamulo aukapolo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo cha mayanjano.
  • Utsogoleri wa Digital: [[FT:1] Umisiri womangira zinthu kaamba ka kubwezera bwino, kuyang'anira, ndi kudandaula.

Kumaliza

Zoyesayesa za India za kuthetsa umphaŵi ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama nzotchuka ndi zochulukirapo. Maprogramu onga MGNREGA, PMAY, ndi NFSA apereka mapindu otsimikizirika kwa mazana a mamiliyoni, pamene kuli kwakuti kusamutsidwa mwachindunji ndi kuikidwa kwa ndalama zakhala zotsegula ndi zowongoleredwa bwino. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kusalingana kwa madera, ulova womapitirizabe, kusiyana kwa madera, ndi tsankho la dongosolo zikupitirizabe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka boma.

Kupita patsogolo, chipambano cha njira zimenezi chidzadalira pa chifuno cha ndale zadziko chochirikizidwa, ndalama zokwanira, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogwira ntchito pa mlingo wa udzu. Boma la India likusumika maganizo kwambiri pa malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni, zigwirizano za magetsi, ndi kugwirizana ndi maboma ndi anthu. Pamene kuli kovuta, mfundo zomveka zofunikira kuwonjezera kukula kowonjezereka ngati dziko lingasungebe mphamvu yake yowongolera ndi kuika patsogolo zosoŵa za otsika kwambiri. Pamene demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, ku India kuli ndi maphunziro ofunika kwambiri pa kuwongolera kusiyana kwa chuma chomakulakulakulakula chifukwa cha kukula kwake kopanda malire.