Makonzedwe a boma la India ndi limodzi la madongosolo ocholoŵana ndi amphamvu kwambiri a kulamulira m'dziko. M'malamulo, imagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati la Union ndi mayiko amodzi, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokhala ndi zigaŵenga zimene zimayambukira kwambiri mmene malamulo a boma amapangidwa, kupatsidwa ndalama, ndi kuphedwa. Magaŵano a malamulo, akuluakulu a zachuma ndi ulamuliro wa zachuma amatanthauza kuti cholinga chimodzi cha dzikolo chitukuke kupititsa patsogolo zaumoyo, kuyendetsa maphunziro apadziko lonse, kapena kuyendetsa malo amakono. (* Amayenera kuyendetsa zigawa za malamulo a boma, ndi ntchito za boma. Kumvetsa mmene kumanga nyumba zimenezi kumakhudzira ntchito pa mlingo wa boma, antchito a boma, ndi nzika, ndi anthu omwe amodzi, chifukwa cha kupambana kapena kulephera kwa maphunziro adziko lonse pakati pa likulu la New Delles.

Kupangidwa kwa Lamulo la Chipani cha India

India amafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “Unionl , ndi kaganizidwe kake ka pulogalamu. Malamulo amakhazikitsa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro katatu kupyolera ku Sevent Sedynal Sedynal, imene ili ndi Ndandandanda ya Union, , [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] Sul... [Ast ndandanda ya masiku ano . . Komiti ya Union imaphatikizapo nkhani za kufunika kwa dziko, za , za magetsi, za magetsi, ndalama, ndalama, ndalama, zomwe boma lokha likhoza kuphimba. Mgwirizano wa dziko ndi madera ena, dziko, malo aulimi, kumene kuli ndi ufulu wa anthu a bungwe la United States Union, ndi malamulo a zachiŵero, omwe akufotokoza kuti, ndi malamulo a za magetsi, omwe amathandiza kukhazikitsa, ndi malamulo aungwe.

Kuwonjezerapo, maulamuliro owonjezera , osatchulidwa mu ndandanda iriyonse . Imapita ku Union pansi pa Mfundo 248. Kukondera kumeneku kwa malowo kumachirikizidwa ndi makonzedwe alamulo monga mphamvu ya Prezidenti kuchotsa maboma (Article 356) ndi chiyeneretso chakuti akazembe amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti (zomwe zakhala boma la Union). Maboma okhala ndi makonzedwe apadera [1] pambali 371 ndi mbali zake zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, monga Nagaland, Mizoram, ndi Assam , kukondwa kowonjezereka m'zankhunkhunkhu ya moyo. Kusintha kwa kagawale kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuphatikiza 2019 kwa Jammu ndi Kash m'magawo aŵiri, kuwonjezeranso kulamulira kwake kwa chigawo chimenechi.

Mmene Kugaŵanikana Kumakhudzira Kupondereza

Malo a boma ali ndi ziyambukiro ziŵiri pa kukwaniritsidwa kwa lamulo. Pambali imodzi, limalola maprogramu a dziko kugwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zawo zachiwonekedwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe. Kumbali ina, kungapange kuchedwa, kugwedezeka, ndi kusagwirizana pamene boma ndi Union zisintha kapena pamene mphamvu ya boma ili yofooka. Kupangako kumaphatikizapo malamulo apakati kapena kakonzedwe ka ka kakonzedwe, kutsatiridwa kwa ndalama, kupha kupyolera mwa madipatimenti a boma, ndi kuyang'anira ndi milingo yonse iŵiri. Masitepe alionse amayambitsa mabotolo a botolo.

Kugwirizana ndi Kuzengedwa Mlandu Mopambanitsa

Chifukwa chakuti makampani ambiri ankhondo a boma amaphatikizapo maphunziro a Conculture . "zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi zaumoyo wa anthu . Zotsatira zake ndi Union ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, National Health Mission imachirikizidwa kwambiri koma imadalira kwambiri pa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma popereka. Pamene boma lisankha kusintha maganizo a kakonzedwe ka ka kakonzedwe ka zinthu. "E. g. , kuyambitsa thanzi la mayi chifukwa cha matenda a kuyang'anira / zigamu za dzikolo. Mofananamo, Manja a Ana a Free ndi Crotic Educt Act (MT), 2009, ndi lamulo lalikulu, koma kukonza kwake kudalirana pa malamulo a boma, kuphunzitsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito kwa kumaloko. Popanda njira zaungwe, kuyendetsa zinthu zogwirizana ndi kusokoneza zinthu.

Fiscal Federalism ndi Chuma Chokhala m’Malo Okha

Chigwirizano cha dziko la India chimadziŵika ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi dongosolo la ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Boma la Union limasonkhanitsa pafupifupi 60% ya ndalama zonse za msonkho koma limawononga kokha 40% ya ndalama zowonongedwa ndi anthu onse, pamene kuli kwakuti pamodzi amawononga zotsala. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kumachitidwa kudzera pa [[FL:0] Commission [[FL:] [[FL:1] [1] Comssion] (imene imavomereza mmene angagaŵire msonkho waukulu) ndi kulinganiza kwa bungwe la Plannion (tsopano loloŵetsedwa ndi NITI Ayog), limene limapereka ndi kubweretsa maluso. Monga momwe ndalama zowonjezereka za [zakepeto: [NF] [5], zikungofunikira kuwonjezera: [5]

Boma lobwereka limalamulidwanso , pamene kuli kwakuti maboma afunikira kupeza chilolezo chapakati cha kubwereka ngati kupereŵera kwawo kwa ndalama kukuposa malire oikidwa. Zimenezi zimapangitsa mkhalidwe kumene ziŵiya za ndalama ndi zotchuka zimachokera (m., Gujarat, Maharashtra) angayambitse maprogramu otchuka, pamene maulamuliro a ziŵiya-poor (m.g., Bahar, Utar Pradesh) akulimbana kuti agwirizane ndi zofunika za ndalama, kutsogolera ku zotulukapo zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Zotsatirapo zake m'boma GDPP pa KGOK ndi Khirithi ya msonkho zingatembenuzire mwachindunji m'magawo osalingana [[FL: 0]

Gulu la Magulu Osiyanasiyana:

Kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko pakati pa Union ndi maboma kungafulumize kwambiri kapena kulepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lamulo. Pamene gulu limodzi landale zadziko kapena mgwirizano wachiŵiriwo ukhala ndi mphamvu pa magawo onse aŵiri .-so-atchedwa “upani wa boma” pochita ntchito , mabureaucrates amayendera bwino kwambiri, maburedate ku masitepeti ogwirizana, ndipo maboma sangakhale otsutsa kwambiri malamulo a boma. Koma pamene magulu osiyanawo ayamba kulamulira, maboma angachedwe kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oikidwa, kutsutsana ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi kubwezeredwa kwa zinthu, kapena ngakhale mabwalo amilandu m'bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu. [[FLT:] Abwino ndi ASCTCFS (GLT) (FLD)) ndi mphamvu yopereka chiwongoletso. Mapangano otereŵa amachititsa chivomerezo chimodzi.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Kuyambukira Magulu Ampatuko Ofunika

Kusamalira thanzi

Kusamalira thanzi kwakukulukulu ndi nkhani ya boma, koma Union imakhazikitsa miyezo yadziko, imachita makonzedwe apadera onga [[FLT: 0] Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantari Mantrayya Yhomania (PM-JAY) , ndi ndalama zothandizira kwambiri za thanzi (GOM.G.G. National AIDS, National TBEIDIOITUNG Program). Maprogramumboni ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kuyang'anira thanzi lawo, koma ali ndi machenjera a zimene zipatala zakhala ndi zipatala zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mmene amasungira ntchito magwero a zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, [FUFUS] ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezero chachi. Chivomerezo chofananacho. Chikhomerezo chachi chachika cha chikachimwira cha chiwonjeko cha chivomezi cha chika cha chivomezi cha dziko cha dziko lonse chachi.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ali pa Chiwerengero cha Kanthu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Act ya RTE sikunayenderene. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lapakati limalangiza miyezo yaing'ono , zofunika za mafashoni , chigawo cha maphunziro, maphunziro, maphunziro a Klass 9-12, ndi aphunzitsi a kugwiritsa ntchito. [[FLT:] Samag Shikshan [[[FLT:] ndi [FFLT:] [FOLD] [FD] [FD]] [FOLT] [FF:] koma [FFFLAN]: [FFF:5] [FFFF:]

Malamulo ndi Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

[[FLT: 0] Mandadhan Mandak Yojana (PMGSY) ya misewu ya kumudzi ndi [FLT:]] . .Smart Cities Mission [ zonsezo zimaphatikizapo ndalama ndi kuphedwa kwa boma. Maboma ali ndi udindo wodziŵira midzi, mapangano operekera malo, ndi kusungitsa chuma. Nthaŵi zambiri amakumana chifukwa cha kufunafuna nkhani (dziko) mikangano yapakati ya madzi (maprojekiti a kuloŵera), kapena kulephera kwa madipatimenti a ntchito a boma. Maprojekiti aakulu onga Delm-Mwiniendiordia kapena ku chigawo cha Kum'maŵa, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga makampani a boma (kuyendetsa makampani apadera) kuchokera ku boma lowonjezereka kwa boma. [AF4]

Mavuto a Ntchito Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mafupa

Kusiyana M’mayiko

Si maboma onse omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wofanana, luso, kapena ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera. Maboma okhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zoperekedwa pakati pa ndalama zogwirizana ndi ndalama zawo (m., mayiko a kumpoto chakummawa, Uttankankhand , Bihar) kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira kwambiri pa New Delhi kuti apange ndalama. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kudalira kumene kungaletse kukonza zinthu zatsopano za kumaloko. Pakali pano, malo apadera (tsopano adalekedwa ndi Kkomiti ya Ndalama za 1595) anapatsa mayiko ena ofunikira chithandizo m'zopereka ndalama ndi kuswa msonkho, kutsogolera ku maiko ena ofuna kuukira kofanana ndi kuyambitsa mikangano ya ndalensi. Kusoŵa kwa mphamvu ya dzikolo kulongosola kuti njira yofananayo , ma Centtinated - setgetimetime mu Kahakinatkas , koma , magawa a Chegna.

Kusiyana kwa Zigwirizano za M’mayiko

Malamulo ambiri amafuna kugwirizana kwa mitundu yambiri: Kugaŵana madzi a m’madzi (m’jere, Cauvery a madzi pakati pa Karnataka ndi Tamil Nadu), kulamulira kuipitsa (NCR-Gangetic kutha), ndi kuyang'anira tsoka. Bungwe la m'Chigawo cha Malamulo , lokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo 263, likukhazikitsidwa kuti likonzetse makani, koma misonkhano yake siimangika ndipo siimavomereza. Bungwe la GST ndilo lopambana: limagwira ntchito monga bungwe la quatsi-federa kumene likunena ndi Union ikukambirana mitengo ndi njira zotsatira, ngakhale kuti zosankha zake zimafunikira mamenti atatu ndi zikulukulu za Union. Popanda njira zoyendera malamulo a United Union.

Kukula kwa Malo Okhala ndi Malo Opambanitsa ndi “Sick” Vuto la Chipangizo

Akatswiri ambiri a boma anena kuti boma la India’s Union lagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri Chiwerengero cha Malamulo popanga malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, National Education Policy 2020 anaumbidwa ndi bungwe ndi maulamuliro kuti atenge kakonzedwe katsopano ka demokalase, ngakhale kuti maphunziro ali ogwirizana. Ayushman Bharat[ kalingaliridwe kake] kake n’kamene kanapangidwa. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kamodzi kwapadera kwa Malamulo 356 (Ulamuliro wa Pansi) kwakhala kochepa m'zaka za 21 (ndizokha, makamaka m'ma 201919 ndi Untankankanka) koma kulephera kulephera kulephera kwake. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kachitidwe koipa kwa chigawo cha United States kapena kochepa kwa kuwonjezera kukonzanso kwa mavuto. [Flaŵa:]

Mipata: Kusintha Mwa Kuyesa

Kusiyanasiyana kwenikweni kumene kumachedwa kugwiritsa ntchito kumapanga India kukhala ntchito ya makampani a boma [1]. Maboma amayesa ndi malamulo (kuchokera ku [[FLT:]] [1] Delhi] kuperekedwa kwa khomo kwa mautumiki a anthu onse [[FFFF:3]] [FLT:] kwa [FLT:]] Supy's famicism ya ulimi [[[FLT:]] [FFF:] [FLT]] [1] ndi [FUM] kupambana kwa thumba ndi kupambana kwa maufumu monga: [Mafulo:] Mafu: "NFFFFFFFFF:7]. Zotsatira za kayendetseka za . [makedzana:]

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo ndi Zinthu Zina

Luso la zopangapanga lingachepetse kutuluka kwa malo. [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . imatheketsa kuyendera ndalama kuchokera ku New Delhi kupita ku maakaunti a mudzi, kuchepetsa kutuluka. [[FLT:] National Information Center (NIC , Dioffic , .[FLT]] imagaŵira masinthidwe a maboma osiyanasiyana. Pamene maboma agwirizana pa miyezo ya chidziŵitso cha masamu amodzi [[FLT:]] kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa madias[FL:] [5]] (Adaar, UPUPUP, Diocker) yosavuta kukonza. Zotsatira, zopangapanga za moyo wokhoza kuwonjezera, zogwirizana ndi kukonzanso. Zotsatirapo za kuyendetsa njira za kuyendetsa moyo. [Fetckatempet]

Maluso Opezera Njira Zowongolera

Polingalira za kulimba kwa boma la India, njira zingapo zingalimbitse kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maufumu popanda kuchepetsa ufulu wa boma.

1. Kulimbitsa Mitu ya Malo

Chitanthauzo cha Msonkhano wa Wakummaŵa, Kumadzulo, Central [1] ndi misonkhano yachigawo ndi mlembi wopatsidwa mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa mikangano. Zonal Councils [ (Nthango, Kummaŵa, Kumadzulo, Central , kuyenera kudzutsidwanso ku nkhani za m'chigawo zisanakule. [[FLT: 4.] Khoti ya Fanince] iyenera kulingalira za kugwira ntchito kopereka mphothozo kaamba ka zotulukapo, osati kokha zopanga, ngakhale kuti kuŵerengera kwa mafikishoni osiyanasiyana.

Kuchotsapo Mathayo m’Njira Zamakono

Pachigwirizano chilichonse chochirikizidwa ndi cholinga chimodzi, maboma apakati ndi boma ayenera kusaina [[FLT: 0] Chikalata cha Kumvetsetsa [1] Kulongosola ntchito, mipambo ya nthaŵi, ndi zopereka za ndalama. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kusadziŵika bwino ndi kuletsa kuikidwa mlandu. Compensation Mechanism (pambuyo pake) ikhoza kukhala chitsanzo cha ndalama zokongola.

3. Nyumba Zomangidwa Moyenerera Pansi pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Mabungwe monga [[FLT: 0] Ofesi Yophunzitsa ya Indiya kapena NITI Ayayog’s Development Moning ndi Office Firest ayenera kuyendetsa maprogramu ophunzitsa apadera a boma a nduna ndi osonkhanitsa achigawo pa kuyang'anira ntchito, kupanga bajeti, ndi kudziŵa zinthu. Thandizo la zothandizira [[FLT: 4.] Ofesi yodzipereka ya maulamuliro ofooka angathandize iwo kukwaniritsa zifuno za .

4. Kusiyanitsa Kumene Kuli Koyenera Kwambiri

Pangani ndandanda ya magetsi [[FLT: 0] (www.statess accuritings.gov.in)[FLT ] kumene maboma amagaŵana njira zachipambano: mwachitsanzo, Rajanhah Yahoya [1] kaamba ka ndalama zosintha, [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] KERALA’S KUMSHIREE [[FLT:]] kwa akazi opatsa mphamvu, kapena [FLT:] Maharashta’s Jalyt [FLT] [FLT] [2] [5] kaamba ka madzi osungidwa. [FLT] [FT] [FT]

5. Malamulo Olakwika ndi Odzilamulira

Lolani kuti ndalama zowonjezereka zikhale zosinthika kwambiri m'makampani ochirikizidwa kwambiri (kunena kuti, kufika 25%) malinga ngati zikwaniritsa zolinga zonse za pulogalamu. Kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha [[FLT: 0] mothandizidwa ndi pulogalamu [ yoperekedwa mothandizidwa ndi anthu [ (pakali pano yoposa 100]) mwa kuziloŵetsa m'mapulogalamu ochepa, ofewa. Faurententh Machikosi a chivomerezo cha kuwonjezera mapepala kuyambira 32% mpaka 42% a misonkhoma yapakati yolembedwa mwapang'ono, koma yogwirizanabe.

Kumaliza: Kuyendera Msonkhano wa Federal

Makonzedwe a boma a India ndi ponse paŵiri a kutsendereza ndi chuma cha kukwaniritsa malamulo. Kumayambitsa kucholoŵana kosapeŵeka kwa mapangano, kusalinganizika kwa madera, kupikisana kwa ndale zadziko . komwe kungachedwe ndi kusokoneza ngakhale maprogramu abwino koposa a dziko. Komabe kumatheketsa kukonza zinthu za boma, kugwirizanitsa mitundu ya madera, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zopangira kuyang'anira kwa demokrase. Mfungulo yowongolera kuyendetsa ntchito sikuli kuchotsa boma kapena kuwonjezera, koma kulimbitsa mabungwe amene amagwirizanitsa zinthu ndi dziko lapansi, Makampani a Ndalama, ndi zigawo. Mwa kulimbikitsa mzimu weniweni wa [FLD: 0] ndi kupikisana kwa dziko la India, zingatsimikizire kuti nzika zonse zigwire ntchito m'dziko, ndi mfundo zonse.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kufufuza: [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa Malamulo kwachidule pa chigwirizano cha boma , Ayayog , maripoti a boma logwirizana [, kapena [[FLT] Commission ya nyuzi za India].