Njira imene amasankhapo masankho a pulezidenti imaimira mbali ina yapadera kwambiri ya demokrase ya America. Pamene nzika zimaponya mapepala awo kwa oyembekezera kukhala prezidenti pa zaka zinayi zilizonse, iwo kwenikweni amasankha chikalata cha osankhidwa amene adzasankha mwalamulo pulezidenti ndi pulezidenti kupyolera ku Electoral College. Dongosolo la chisankho limeneli, lokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la U.S.

Maziko a Lamulo Losankha

Mfundo II, Chigawo 1, Claus 2 cha United States Constitution imalangiza boma lililonse kukhazikitsa chiŵerengero cha osankha olingana ndi gulu la boma ndi kupatsa mphamvu boma lililonse kuti ligamule njira imene osankha a bomalo amasankhidwira. Malamulo amenewa amapereka malamulo osiyanasiyana molunjika pamene akukhazikitsa maziko ofunika a Electoral College system.

Electoral College ili ndi 538 osankha, ndipo mavoti 270 a voti akufunika kuti asankhire Pulezidenti. Boma lililonse lili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha osankhidwa monga momwe limachitira ndi Mamembala a bungwe la Congress: mmodzi wa membala a Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Antenator aŵiri. Pansi pa 23 Declate of the Constitution, Dis of Columbia imagawiridwa atatu osankhidwa ndi kuonedwa ngati Boma kaamba ka zolinga za Electoral College.

Okonza malamulo analinganiza njira imeneyi monga kulolerana pakati pa masankho otchuka ndi kusankha kochitidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito osankha imachokera ku Malamulo ndipo inali kulolerana pakati pa voti yotchuka ndi nzika ndi voti m'Congress. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anasonyeza nkhaŵa za kuchepa kwa kulankhulana m’zaka za zana la 18, chikhumbo cha kulinganiza zikondwerero za boma ndi boma, ndi mafunso okhudza kukhoza kwa votirateota kupenda anthu a m'maboma akutali.

Ulamuliro wa Boma pa Kusankha

Mayiko ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zokhazikitsa njira zawozawo zosankhira osankha, ogonjera ku ziletso zina za lamulo. Boma lililonse limasankha osankha pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe lake. Ulamuliro umenewu wachititsa njira zosiyanasiyana m’mbiri yonse ya America ndipo ukupitirizabe kutulutsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana amakono.

Khoti Lapamwambalo lanena kuti maboma angasankhe pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zovomerezeka zosankhira osankha, kuphatikizapo ndi bungwe la malamulo lokhalo losankha anthu, ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo kupyolera m’voti yogwirizana ya nyumba ziŵirizo, mwa kuvota anthu kaamba ka tikiti ya onse, mwa kuvota kwa anthu m’zigawo, mwa kusankha mwapadera ndi anthu osankha m’zigawo ndipo mwapang’ono ndi bungwe la malamulo, mwa kusankha ndi nyumba ya malamulo yosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi anthu a m’zigawo, ndi m’njira zina.

Komabe, nzeru ya boma si yopanda malire. Maulamuliro ameneŵa nthaŵi zonse amakhala ndi malire akuti sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’njira imene imaswa makonzedwe ena apadera a Lamulo.

Njira Yaiŵiri Yosankha

Kusankhidwa kwa pulezidenti wosankha masankho kumachitika mwa njira ya zipani zandale ndi ovota. Kumvetsa mbali zonse ziŵiri nkofunika kuti timvetsetse mmene osankha amasankhidwira.

Chitsutso Choyamba: Chipani Chandale Chikuchotsa Elector Slates

Mbali yoyamba ya kachitidweko imalamuliridwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko m'Boma lirilonse ndipo imasiyana ku Boma ndi Boma, ndi zipani kaŵirikaŵiri zikumatchula zikalata za osankhidwa pa misonkhano yawo yachigawo kapena kuzisankha ndi voti ya komiti yaikulu ya chipanicho mogwirizana ndi malamulo alionse amene chipani cha Boma ndipo nthaŵi zina chipani cha dzikolo chili nawo kaamba ka ka kachitidweko.

M’mayiko ambiri, zipani zikuluzikulu zandale zimasankha kapena kuuza anthu kuti adzakhale osankha pa misonkhano yachigawo mogwirizana ndi malamulo a pa chipani.

Zipani za ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri zimasankha anthu pa chikalata cha kuvomereza utumiki wawo ndi kudzipereka kwawo ku chipani cha ndale zadziko chimenecho, ndipo iwo angakhale akuluakulu a Boma osankhidwa, atsogoleri a chipani cha Boma, kapena anthu m'Boma amene ali ndi kugwirizana kwaumwini kapena kwa ndale ndi woloŵa pampando wa Presidenti wawo. Kusankhidwa monga wokhoza kusankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kumalingaliridwa kukhala ulemu woperekedwa kwa ziŵalo zokhulupirika za chipani.

Mbali yoyamba ya kachitidweko imachititsa munthu aliyense wosankhidwa ndi pulezidenti kukhala ndi zikalata zawo zapadera za osankhidwa othekera. Gulu lililonse lalikulu, limodzinso ndi mapwando aang'ono ndi okonzekera kulowa m'gulu la ofunsira, kukonzekera ndandanda yake ya anthu amene akatumikira monga osankha ngati wosankha wa chipani chimenecho apambana mavoti otchuka a boma.

Mbali Yachiŵiri: Kusankha Zogonana Zotchuka

Mkati mwa chisankho cha onse, ovota m'Boma lirilonse amasankha osankha awo a Boma mwa kuponya mavoti awo. Komabe, kachitidwe kameneka kamasiyana ndi zimene osankha ambiri angayembekezere. Pamene musankha wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti, simukusankhadi Pulezidenti .

M'chisankho cha pulezidenti wamkulu wa United States, voti mwalamulo osankha chikalata cha gulu la ndale zadziko cha osankha, osati mapulogalamu enieni ndi atsaga la pulezidenti. Maina a osankhidwawo angaonekere kapena angasaonekere pa pepala lolembedwa pansi pa dzina la pulezidenti, kudalira pa njira za chisankho ndi mafomu a mapepala ojambula m'Boma lililonse.

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito zotulukapo za chisankho chachisawawa zimenezi, zodziŵikanso monga voti yotchuka, kukhazikitsa osankha awo, ndi chipani cha ndale zadziko chopambana cha Boma kusankha anthu amene adzasankhidwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chikalata cha osankhidwa osankhidwa ndi gulu la wopambana chidzakhala chikalata chalamulo chimene chidzaponya mavoti a boma osankhidwa.

Zofunika ndi Zochita Zotsimikizira

Maboma akhazikitsa njira zolozera kuti alembe kusankhidwa kwa osankha ndi kutsimikizira kusungidwa kwa mapepala oyenera m'nthaŵi yonseyi. Njira zimenezi zimapanga njira yalamulo ya mapepala kuchokera ku kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa amene angabwere kupyolera mwa kuikidwa kwawo komaliza.

Zipani za ndale zadziko zimasankha osankha a pulezidenti mwa msonkhano wa chipani kapena komiti ya boma ndipo ziyenera kutsimikizira maina a osankha kwa Mlembi wa Boma. Chikalata choyambirira chimenechi chimachitika chisanasankhidwe ndi kukhazikitsa chikalata chalamulo cha osankhidwa a chipani chilichonse.

M'mayiko ambiri, zofunika zowonjezereka zimagwira ntchito pa chikalata chimenechi. Chikalatachi chiyenera kuphatikizapo mawu osankhidwa ndi wosankhidwa aliyense amene adzavomereza kuvota osankhidwa a Pulezidenti ndi Buce-presidenti wosankhidwa ndi chipani. Chikalata chimenechi chimathandiza osankha kumvetsetsa kutsimikiza kwawo kuti asankha opita ku chipani chawo.

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha onse, liŵiro likupanga Chikalata cha Associalment . Pambuyo pa chisankho chachisawawa, Wolamulira wa Boma amakonza Chikalata cha Kutsimikizira Mafano a anthu onse oikidwa pa zikalata za wosankhidwa aliyense, chiŵerengero cha mavoti amene munthu aliyense analandira, ndi kusonyeza kuti ndi anthu ati amene anaikidwa kukhala osankhidwa a Boma.

Electoral Count Reform Act imalongosola kuti mkulu wa boma amene ayenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa boma kwa osankha ali bwanamkubwa, pokhapo ngati lamulo la boma liikidwa asanasankhe woyang’anira wina kuti achite ntchitoyo. ECRA imapereka kuti mkulu wa boma aliyense ayenera kutsimikizira chikalata cha boma cha osankha masiku asanu ndi limodzi tsiku limene osankhawo amakumana kuti akalembe mavoti awo mwalamulo.

Kudya Zamphamvu Zonse Mosiyanasiyana ndi Njira Zopitira

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amakhala ololerana m’njira imene amasankhira mavoti awo, ambiri apanga njira yopambana yonse, ndi maiko aŵiri okha ogwiritsira ntchito njira yosiyana.

Kanyama Kodya Zakudya

Maboma ambiri ali ndi "kutenga zonse" zimene zimapatsa osankhidwa onse kwa pulezidenti amene amapambana mavoti otchuka a Boma. M'maboma 48 ndi Washington, D.C., wopambana amapeza mavoti onse a bomalo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale ngati wosankha apambana ndi mlingo wochepa, iwo amalandira 100% a mavoti osankhidwa ndi bomalo.

Wopambana wapambana njira zonse amapatsa chikalata chonse cha boma cha osankha kwa wosankha amene anapambana chisankho chotchuka m'boma, mosasamala kanthu kuti chivoti chotchuka m'boma chinali choyandikana motani. Njira imeneyi ingachititse chiyambukiro cha chipambano chochepa ndi kupanga mikhalidwe kumene oyembekezera kutchuka amasumika mpikisano wawo pa "magawo akupikisana" mmalo mwa kunena kuti pamene gulu limodzi lili ndi phindu lowonekera bwino.

Pofika mu 1836, munthu wopambana paokha m'dziko lonse analoŵa m'zosankha. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi silinalamuliridwe ndi Konsichushoni, maboma pang’onopang’ono analitenga kukhala njira yolamulira, mwina chifukwa chakuti limakulitsa chisonkhezero cha boma lililonse m'masankho a pulezidenti mwa kutumiza mavoti onse osankhidwa monga gulu logwirizana.

Maine ndi Nebraska

Maine ndi Nebraska aliyense ali ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa "kuimira kwa projekiti". Mokulira, mu Nebraska ndi Maine, wopata chivomerezo wa Boma alandira osankhidwa aŵiri ndi wopambana wa chigawo chilichonse cha msonkhano wachigawo alandira wosankhira mmodzi, zimene zimalola Nebraska ndi Maine kwa osankha olandira mphotho kwa obatizidwa oposa mmodzi.

Maine anatengera makonzedwe ake achigawo mu 1972 ndi Nebraska mu 1992, ndi aŵiri osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa owonjezereka ogaŵiridwa kwa wopambana wa chivoti chotchuka cha boma lonse. Dongosolo limeneli limalola mavoti ogaŵanidwa pakati pa osankhidwa, amene achitika m'masankho aposachedwapa. Maine anagaŵa mavoti ake anayi osankhidwa 3-1 mu 2020 ndi 2016, ndipo Nebraska anagaŵa mavoti ake asanu osankhidwa 4-1 mu 2020.

Pansi pa njira yachigawo ya msonkhano imeneyi, ndawala ziyenera kupereka chisamaliro osati kokha ku zotulukapo za dziko lonse komanso ku zigawo za magulu osiyanasiyana, zimene zingapangitse zigawo zina kukhala za mpikisano kwambiri ngakhale ngati boma lonselo limadalira chipani chimodzi.

Ziyeneretso za Malamulo ndi Ziletso kwa Ophunzitsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu yosankha osankhidwa, Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zina ndi ziletso zimene zimaletsa amene angatumikire m’ntchito imeneyi.

Malamulo a U.S. ali ndi makonzedwe oŵerengeka kwambiri onena za ziyeneretso za osankha, ndi Artigo II, gawo 1, gawo 2 lopereka kuti palibe Mtsogoleri kapena Woimira, kapena Munthu wokhala ndi Ofesi Yoikidwiratu kapena Masinthidwe pansi pa United States, adzaikidwa kukhala wosankha. Lamulo limeneli limaletsa oyang'anira boma kutumikira monga osankhidwa, akumasunga kulekana pakati pa boma ndi dongosolo losankha lozikidwa pa boma.

Lamulo la 14 la Amereka limapereka kuti akuluakulu a boma amene apanduka kapena kupandukira United States kapena kupereka chithandizo ndi chitonthozo kwa adani ake saloledwa kutumikira monga osankha. Lamulo limeneli limakhudza nyengo ya pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chivil, ngakhale kuti lidakali mbali ya malamulo.

Pambuyo pa malamulo a boma ameneŵa, maboma angakhazikitse ziyeneretso zowonjezereka kwa osankha. Zipani za ndale zadziko za boma lililonse zimasankha zikalata zawo za osankhidwa othekera, ndipo amene amasankhidwa kukhala wosankhira, motani, ndi pamene akusiyana ndi boma. Maboma amafuna kuti osankhidwa alembetsedwe ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ena a boma.

Kukumana kwa Ophunzitsa ndi Kuika Malo Opangira Mabuku a Electoral

Pamene osankhidwa asankhidwa kupyolera m'chisankho cha onse, iwo ayenera kusonkhana mwalamulo kukaponya mavoti awo a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Msonkhano umenewu umaimira chimake cha njira yosankhira osankhidwa ndi nthaŵi yeniyeni pamene Electoral College imagwira ntchito monga momwe inalinganizidwira.

Nthaŵi Yokwanira ndi Kumalo kwa Misonkhano ya ku Electoral College

Msonkhano wa osankha umachitika Lachiwiri Lachiwiri Lachitatu lachiŵiri pambuyo pa chisankho chapadera mu December, ndipo osankha anasonkhana m'mayiko awo, kumene anavotera Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti pa mapepala osiyana. Nthaŵi imeneyi inakonzedwa ndi Electoral Count Reformation Act ya 2022, yomwe inasintha tsiku la msonkhano kuyambira pa Lolemba loyamba mpaka Lachiwiri Lachitatu Lachiwiri kumapeto kwa madzulo.

Ofufuza sasonkhanitsa pamodzi m'dziko limodzi. Mmalo mwake, amakumana panthaŵi imodzi m'malikulu awo a boma, makamaka m'nyumba ya boma kapena m'nyumba ina ya boma. Njira yoyenerera imeneyi imasonyeza mkhalidwe wa boma wa Electoral College ndipo imachepetsa upandu wa kusokonezeka kapena chiyambukiro chosayenerera chimene chingachitike ngati opanga masankho onse asonkhanitsidwa m'malo amodzi.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Osankha alembedwa pa Tsata ya Vote, imene yakonzedwa pamsonkhanowo ndi osankhira, ndipo Chikalata cha Boma cha Vote chimatumizidwa ku Congress, kumene mavoti akuŵerengedwa, ndi ku NARA, monga mbali ya zolembedwa zalamulo za chisankho cha Pulezidenti. Makalata ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mavoti a boma lililonse alembedwa bwino ndi kutumizidwa ku boma kaamba ka ka kaŵerengedwe komaliza.

Njira yovota imaphatikizapo osankha osankha mavoti a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, monga momwe zinafunidwira ndi Twelfth Amendment ku Malamulo. Twelfth Amendment inasintha njira yofuna kuti pulezidenti ndi pulezidenti wachiŵiri aliyense asankhidwe m'mavoti osiyana ndi Electoral College, ndi oyembekezera Pulezidenti amene tsopano adzasankha amene adzawamenyane monga "mgwirizano wachiŵiri kwa iwo" kutumikira monga pulezidenti wawo.

Ophunzitsa Opanda Chikhulupiriro: Malamulo ndi Kukakamiza

Imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za Electoral College imaphatikizapo funso lakuti kaya osankha ayenera kuvotera wosankhidwa amene anapata chisankho chawo chotchuka cha boma kapena ngati ali ndi nzeru yakuvota mosiyana.

Makonzedwe a Lamulo la Malamulo

Palibe makonzedwe a Malamulo kapena lamulo la Federal limene limafuna osankhidwa kuvota mogwirizana ndi zotulukapo za voti yotchuka m'Maboma awo. Sipakhala Malamulo a U.S. kapena malamulo a boma anena za lingaliro la "osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro," monga momwe nkhani imeneyi yasungidwira ku maboma.

Kuthekera kwa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro kwa kudzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kuyenera kwa ufumu wa democracy wa dongosolo la Electoral College ndipo kwasonkhezera maboma ambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo oyankhula ndi nkhaniyo.

Malamulo a Boma Ogwirizanitsa Ofufuza

Maiko ena amafuna osankhidwa kuvota awo mogwirizana ndi voti yotchuka, ndi zitsimikizo zimenezi zikugwera m'magulu aŵiri . Opanga olamulidwa ndi lamulo la Boma ndi awo omangidwa ndi ziŵiya ku zipani za ndale zadziko. Maboma ambiri ndi District ya Columbia ali ndi malamulo pa mabuku amene amafuna osankhidwa kukalonjeza kuvota a mavoti awo a mamenti awo a Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti.

Malamulo osungitsa malamulo ameneŵa amasiyana kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma makumi atatu ndi atatu ndi magawo a Columbia amafuna osankhidwa kuti avote kwa wosankhidwa amene alonjezedwa, 14 okha a maboma amenewo ndiwo ali ndi njira yosungitsa kuti alowe mmalo mwa wosanthula wopanda chikhulupiriro ndi voti yake yolakwika. Mayiko ena amaona kuswa lamulo kukhala kupangitsa kutsala kofunikira kukwaniritsa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amapanga chilango kwa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro.

Khoti Lalikulu Linavomereza Malamulo a Boma

Mu July 2020, United States Court Supreme ananena kuti Boma lingapereke "kusankha munthu woswa chitsimikizo chake ndi kuvotera munthu wina osati pulezidenti amene anapambana chivoti chake cha Boma". Chigamulo chimenechi mu Cafalo v. Washington [1] anathetsa mafunso anthaŵi yaitali onena za malamulo a boma ovomereza osankhidwa kuti avote m'chipani chawo.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba chinatsimikizira kuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kukakamiza zitsimikizo za osankha ndi kuti kusungitsa koteroko sikumaswa malamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chalimbitsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka malamulo a boma ofuna osankhidwa kuvota mogwirizana ndi zotulukapo zotchuka za voti yawo, ngakhale kuti sichifuna maboma kuvomereza malamulo oterowo.

Kudzaza Malo Osungiramo Nyama

Nthaŵi zina pamakhala mikhalidwe imene wosankha satha kupezekapo pa msonkhano wa Electoral College kapena kumene voti ya wosankha amalephera chifukwa cha kuvota kopanda chikhulupiriro m'maboma ndi njira zosungitsira. Maboma akhazikitsa njira zothetsera kusowa kwa malo ameneŵa.

Ngati pali malo pamsonkhano wa osankha, osankha ayenera kuvota kuti apeze malo. Njira zachindunji zosungira malowo zimasiyana ndi boma, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo osankha otsala osankha oloŵa m’malo pa chipani cha ndale chimodzi monga wosankhidwa yemwe salipo kapena wosayenerera.

Mayiko ena amasankha osankha ena pasadakhale kuti atsimikizire kuti malowo angadzazidwe mofulumira ndi bwino. Masinthidwe ameneŵa amasankhidwa kudzera pagulu limodzi monga osankha apadera ndipo amakhala okonzekera kutumikira ngati afunikira.

Ntchito ya Akuluakulu a Boma

Akuluakulu a boma, makamaka apolisi a Boma, amachita mbali zazikulu m’masankho osankhidwa, ngakhale kuti iwo kwenikweni alibe ulamuliro pa zipani za ndale zadziko wosankha malectal.

Obisa Boma kapena akuluakulu ena a boma amalandira zikalata kuchokera ku zipani za ndale zadziko ponena za osankha awo osankhidwa, kusungitsa zolembedwa zalamulo za zotulukapo za chisankho, kukonza zikalata za Malo otsimikizira kupambana kwa osankhidwa, ndi kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma kutumiza mavoti osankhidwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti njira yosankha yosankhidwira imagwira ntchito bwino ndi kuti pambali iliyonse pamakhala mapepala oyenerera.

Akuluakulu a chisankho cha boma amatumikiranso monga zothandizira za chidziŵitso chonena za njira zachindunji za boma. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chonena za njira ya Electoral College mu Boma lanu, lankhulani ndi Mlembi wa Boma la Boma lanu. Akuluawa angapereke tsatanetsatane wa njira za kagwiridwe ka ntchito, mafomu otumizira mapepala, ndi nthaŵi ya masitepe osiyanasiyana m'zochitika.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri ya Njira Zosankha

Kumvetsa zimene zinachitika m’mbiri imeneyi kumathandiza kuti zinthu zisinthe pa nthawi imene zinthu zakhala zikusintha pa nkhani ya Electoral College.

M’zaka zoyambirira za dzikolo, maboma ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito kuikidwa kwa lamulo mmalo mwa mavoti otchuka. Nyumba za malamulo za boma zinasankha mwachindunji osankha popanda chivoti. Njira imeneyi pang’onopang’ono inatha pamene kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase kunakula ndipo maboma anatembenukira ku mitundu yachindunji ya ulamuliro wotchuka.

Kusintha njira zotchuka zovota kunachitika pang’onopang’ono m'zaka za zana la 19. Pofika pakati pa ma 1800, maboma ambiri anali atatengera mtundu wina wa masankho otchuka osankha osankha, ngakhale kuti njira zolondola zinali zosiyanasiyana. Njira yopambana inakhala yofala kwambiri, ngakhale kuti sinkafunidwa mwalamulo.

Zaka za zana la 20 zinakhala ndi kulinganizika kowonjezereka, ndi maiko ambiri akutsatira njira zonse zopambana panthaŵi ya ndawala zamakono za pulezidenti. Kulandira kwa Maine njira yachigawo ya ma hologatoria mu 1972 ndi Nebraska mu 1992 kunaimira maleka kuchokera ku chikhoterero chimenechi, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zidakali maulamuliro aŵiri okha ogwiritsira ntchito njira inayi.

Kutsutsana kwa Panthaŵiyi ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Njira yosankha opanga mavoti idakalipobe ndipo njira zosiyanasiyana zowasintha n’zofuna kusintha mmene amasankhira kapena kuchotsa onse a pa koleji ya Electoral.

Mgwirizano Wotchuka wa Boma la Interstate

Kuyesayesa kwina kotchuka kwa kusintha kumaphatikizapo National Popular Vote Interstate Community, pangano pakati pa maiko otengamo mbali kubwezera mavoti awo osankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa ndi pulezidenti amene apambana chisankho chotchuka cha dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu za chotulukapo cha m’boma lawo. Mabomawo akagwira ntchito kokha ngati maboma okwanira amene anatengamo mbali yopanga osankhidwa ambiri pa koleji, ndipo monga May 2024, 17 maboma ndi District of Columbia anavomereza kutengamo mbali.

Chigwirizano chimenechi chikutanthauza kuyesayesa kupanga njira yotchuka ya voti popanda kutsutsa Konsichushoni. Chimadalira pa ulamuliro wa malamulo a boma kugamula mmene osankhidwa awo amaikidwa, kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewo kupanga dongosolo logwirizana m'maiko ambiri.

Maganizo a Anthu pa Kusintha Koleji ya Electoral

Malinga ndi kafukufuku amene anachitika ku Pew Research Center, anthu 65 pa 100 alionse a ku America, amavomereza kuti asiye kuonera ku Electoral College n’kusankha anthu m’dziko lonselo.

Mu 1824, 1888, 188, 2000, ndi 2016, pulezidenti wa pa koleji ya Electoral , ndipo analephera kusanthula. Zochitika zimenezi zawonjezera mkangano wonena kuti kaya dongosolo lamakonoli likusonyeza bwino lomwe chifuniro cha anthu a ku America ndi ngati kusintha kuli kofunika.

Mtengo wa Electoral Count Reform Act wa 2022

Malamulo aposachedwapa a boma asintha mbali zina za Electoral College, ngakhale kuti sanasinthe kwenikweni mmene maboma amasankhira osanthula.

Congress inakhazikitsa Electoral Count Reform Act ya 2022 (ECRA), lamulo la bipartisan lophatikizapo mbali ya kulembedwa kwa gulu la ambus ndi ndandanda ya malamulo yomwe imasintha mawu a padial Electoral Count (ECA) ya mu 1887. ECA, monga momwe inasinthidwira ndi ECRA, imakhazikitsa malamulo alamulo ovomerezeka opangira ndi kuŵerengera Electoral Colleges m'mavoti a Platects statives a detation.

ECRA kwakukulukulu imalankhula za kaŵerengedwe ka bungwe la osonkhana ndi kulongosola bwino zinthu zimene zinawonekera pa masankho 2020. Komabe, imaphatikizaponso makonzedwe oyambukira njira za boma, makamaka ponena za zikalata za nthaŵi ndi maina a akulu a boma okhala ndi thayo la kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa osankha.

Kusintha kumeneku kumalimbikitsa kukhulupirika kwa Electoral College ndi kuchepetsa mipata ya kukangana kapena kupotoza, pamene kuli kwakuti kusungitsa maziko a kusankha kwa boma.

Zofunika Zoti Anthu Azigwiritsa Ntchito Popanga Zopanga

Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma osankha osankhidwa aliri ndi ziyambukiro zofunika kaamba ka osankha ofuna kutengamo mbali mogwira mtima m’masankho a pulezidenti.

Choyamba, ovota ayenera kuzindikira kuti mavoti awo a pulezidenti alidi chikalata chosankhira osankha mmalo mwa opitawo mwachindunji.

Chachiwiri, njira yopambana yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maboma ambiri imatanthauza kuti ovota m’mayiko osapikisana angaone kuti mavoti awo sagwira ntchito mofanana ndi osankha m'mayiko ena.

Chachitatu, malamulo a boma onena za osanthula opanda chikhulupiriro amapereka zitsimikizo zosiyanasiyana zakuti mavoti osankhidwa adzasonyeza zotsatira za voti yotchuka. Maboma okhala ndi njira zosungitsa zolimba angakhale otsimikiza kwambiri kuti mavoti a boma lawo adzagwirizana ndi zotulukapo zotchuka za voti.

Pomalizira pake, kumvetsetsa njira yosankha osankha imapatsa mphamvu ovota kuti ayambe kutsutsana modziŵa bwino za kusintha ndi kupenda malingaliro osintha njira. Ngati achirikiza kakonzedwe katsopano kapena kuchirikiza njira zina, ovota amapindula mwa kuzindikira mmene kachitidwe kamene kalipo kangayendetsedwe.

Ziŵiya Zodziŵira Nkhani Yowonjezereka

Pali zinthu zambiri zodalirika zimene zimapereka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha mmene maboma amasankhira opanga masankho ndi njira yokulira ya Electoral College.

National Archives and Records Administration imasunga chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za Electoral College, kuphatikizapo malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a sitepe iriyonse m'dongosolo ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Webusaiti yawo pa archives.gov / stellal-college imatumikira monga chiwonetso cha boma.

National Association of Secretary of State imasonkhanitsa chidule cha malamulo a boma mogwirizana ndi boma onena za osankha a pulezidenti, kupereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ponena za njira zosankhira mapulezidenti, zofunika za mapepala, ndi mavoti m'boma lililonse. Malo opanga zimenezi ndi ofunika kwambiri makamaka kuti boma lizimvetsa bwino zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa ntchitoyi.

Bungwe la National Conference of State Legislatures likufotokoza njira za Electoral College ndiponso malamulo a boma okhudza kusankha anthu osankha.

Maofesi a chisankho chimodzi ndi chimodzi a boma amapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ku njira zawo. Kuonana ndi Mlembi wa Boma lanu kapena nduna ya chisankho ya boma lanu kungapereke chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane chonena za mmene boma lanu limasankhira, kusankha, ndi kugwirizanitsa osankha a pulezidenti.

Kumaliza

Njira imene maboma amasankha masankho a prezidenti imasonyeza dongosolo la boma la America ndi kupatsa kwa Konsichushoni ulamuliro ku magawo m'mbali yofunika imeneyi. Kuchokera ku kusankhidwa kwa zikalata zosankhidwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko kupyolera m'voti yotchuka imene imasankha kuti ndileti iti imene yaikidwa, ku msonkhano walamulo kumene osankha aika mavoti awo, sitepe lirilonse limaphatikizapo msanganizo wa lamulo la boma, malamulo a chipani, ndi zifuno za lamulo.

Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi lakhala likusintha kwambiri kuyambira pa nyengo yoyambirira, ndi kufalikira kwa onse kwa njira zovota ndi kupata zonse, maboma amakhala osinthika kwambiri ponena za mmene amagwiritsirira ntchito njira zimenezi. Kukhalapo kwa njira zina ku Maine ndi Nebraska, mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza malamulo a osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro, ndi malingaliro a kusintha kwakukulu, zonse zimasonyeza kuti njira yosanthula yosanthula idakali yamphamvu ndi yokhoza kusintha.

Kuzindikira mmene mavoti amaperekera chidziŵitso chofunika pa masankho a pulezidenti wa ku America ndi mbali yapadera imene boma limachita posankha mkulu wamkulu wa dziko. Kaya dongosolo lamakonoli silinasinthe kapena likupita patsogolo m'zaka zikubwerazi, njira yosankhidwa ndi boma idzakhalabe mbali yolongosola mmene anthu a ku America amasankhira pulezidenti wawo.