Kumvetsa Maziko a Kusankha

Chiphunzitso cha kusankha chimakhala chimodzi cha njira zapadera kwambiri za malamulo a boma ku America. Chimayankha funso lofunika kwambiri: ndi ziti zimene Bill of Rights imaletsa maboma, osati boma la boma lokha? Lisanakhazikitsidwe la 144th Confective, Bill of Rights inagwiritsa ntchito boma la boma lokha, monga momwe inatsimikizidwira ndi Barron v. Baltimorentine . [1833]. Malamulo a bungwe la Clauscession, avomerezedwa mu 1868, adapanga njira yalamulo yoperekera chitetezo chimenechi kwa maboma. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba silinavomereza nthaŵi yomweyo kuphatikizana ndi chigawo chonse. Mlandu, mlandu wodziŵika ndi kapangidwe kake.

Njira imeneyi yapangidwa ndi magaŵano aakulu a malingaliro pakati pa oweruza. Njirayo si yamwambo; imafuna kumasulira mawu a 14th Amendment kuti “Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo” kugamula kuti ndi ufulu uti umene uli “wogwirizana ndi kakonzedwe ka chilungamo cha Amereka.” Kutsimikiza mtima kumeneko kumadalira kwambiri pa nthanthi yachiweruzo iliyonse. Chotulukapo ndicho kuphatikizapo ufulu woikidwa kotheratu, ena, ndipo ena ochepa adakali otsala kuti apereke chiweruzo.

Mmene Filosofi Imathandizira Zosankha Zopereka Zopereka Chilango

Filosofi yachiweruzo imapatsa malens amene oweruza amaŵerenga mawu alamulo osamveka bwino. Pa Khoti Lapamwamba, kusagwirizana pa kuphatikizana kwapadera kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepetsa malingaliro opikisana ponena za mtundu wa ufulu, mbali ya mbiri, ndi unansi woyenera pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi boma. Mapulaneti atatu aakulu a filosofi amasonkhezera nthaŵi zonse zosankha zimenezi: Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi [[FLT:], [FLT:]] [FLT]] [2]], [FLT] [FLT]] , ndi [malamulo] ogwirizana ndi malamulo apamwamba.

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Malire a Kudziimira Pamodzi

Olemba malamulo a kumbuyoku amanena kuti malamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba la anthu. Malamulo monga ngati munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kugonetsa anamvetsetsa mawuwo. Ofufuza za kuyambika ayamba kukayikira ufulu wowonjezereka kuposa umene unakonzedwa ndi opanga ufulu wa 149 Demendment. Zoweruza zonga maderesi a Antonin Scalia ndi Clarence Thomas zikadafunsa kuti: Kodi opanga malamulo a 145 Olamulira agwirizana ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa munthu? Oyambirira ambiri amanena kuti ayi. Monga chotulukapo chake, malingaliro oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amakana ufulu woikidwa ndi ufulu wosoŵa maziko a mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, Jasi Thomas anatsutsa kuti kukhazikitsa malamulowo kupyola pa malamulo achiŵiriwo kupyola pa kulinganiza kotsatira ndi kuchepetsa kotsatira Klasmakena ndi kuwonjezera kuchepetsa ufulu wa Claussmake.

Filosofi imeneyi imayambitsanso vuto. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambirira kungachepetse kuphatikiza, kungafunikirenso kuphatikizapo ngati umboni wa mbiri usonyeza olemba maulansidwe a kuyenera kwapadera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito kutsutsana ndi maboma. Mu McDonald v. Chicago [1] (2010]), Woweruza Thomas anavomereza ndi unyinji kuti Second Amendment imagwira ntchito ku maboma, koma amadalira pa Malo Oyenera kapena Immunoniste Clause, osati njira yoyenerera, chifukwa chakuti anakhulupirira kuti mawu oyamba kuikidwa ndi ufulu waukulu.

Kulemba ndi Kufunafuna Tanthauzo Lomveka

Chikalata, chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyambika kwa zinthu, chimagogomezera mawu omveka bwino a Konsichushoni monga magwero aakulu a kumasulira. Chiweruzo cholemba chidzapendabe mawu a Century Claus ndi kufunsa ngati frameyoyoyo ili ndi chinenero chilichonse chonena za ufulu. Chifukwa chakuti pepalalo silitchula za Bill of Rights, olemba mawu kaŵirikaŵiri amagamula kuti lembalo lokha sililamula kuphatikiza kokwanira. Komabe, angavomerezebe ngati atengerapo, monga Getow v. New York (18) [1925] kapena [FLT:] [Gideon . v. Winrightight [FFFLT] .[3] [6]), adapanga lamulo lachiganing'. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsutsa kwa Chilungamo cha Chilungamo, Kalgenis adalemba lapamwamba, Kalgis adalemba la Kaltis.

Akatswiri a kalembedwe amakondanso kuŵerenga kochepa, pafupifupi kopangidwa ndi luso kumene ufulu uli “wovuta.” Amapeŵa ziyeso zambiri za maganizo kapena za chikhalidwe chonga“ chikumbumtima , mmalo mwake kuvomereza kutsimikiza kwa mbiri yakale kuti kaya kuyenera kuli kozikidwa kwambiri pa miyambo ya dzikolo. Kuteroku kumatulutsa kulinganiza kochenjera m'kuphatikiza zosankha.

Lamulo la M’dziko Lomwe Lili ndi Kusintha kwa Mtengo

Ochirikiza Malamulo amoyo amaona chikalatachi kukhala maziko amphamvu amene ayenera kusinthira ku makhalidwe a anthu. Nzeru imeneyi imalimbikitsa oweruza kumasulira mapangano a Claus monga njira yotetezera kutuluka kwa malingaliro a ufulu. Zoweruza zonga William Brennan, Thirfable Marshall, Stephen Breyer, ndi Ruth Bader Ginsburg zalongosola bwino lingaliro limeneli. M'nkhani zophatikiza, zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatanthauza kutsutsa kotheratu kuphatikizapo Bill wa ufulu wa ufulu [1] ndi ngakhale ufulu wofunikira ku ufulu wa anthu amakono.

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi . . . . Imasonyeza njira ya Malamulo yamoyo, ngakhale kuti sinaphatikizepo kusankha kuikidwa kwa malo amodzi a kumanja. Mokulira, mu Timbs v. Indiana (2011]), Khoti lachigwirizano linakhulupirira kuti Kupambanitsa kwa Malamulo kwa Ubwino wa Eight Express kumagwira ntchito ku maboma. Woweruza Ruth Bader Ginsburg , sanadalire pa malingaliro oyambirira a munthu koma pa chiphunzitso chakuti choyenera kulungamitsa chopambanitsacho. Kusintha kwa malamulo kwa ku America kuchirikizanso ufulu wa kukwaniritsa ufulu wa banja, ndi kuwonjezera ufulu wa kukwaniritsa ufulu wa banja, umene uli woyenerera kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuyenera kukwaniritsa ufulu wa kukwaniritsa ufulu wa kuyenera kulongosola.

Kulinganiza Zinthu ndi Udindo Wake

Oweruza ena amatsatira njira yothandiza, akumayesa zotulukapo zenizeni za kuphatikiza ndi kusiyira nkhani ku maboma. Woweruza Lewis Powell ndi Woweruza Sandra Day O’Connor adaphatikiza njira imeneyi. [[FLT: 0] Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transtit Authority [[[FL:1] ] [1985] [Akatswiri]), Khoti linasiya njira yodzisankhira ulamuliro ndi kutengera mayeso oyenera. M'mayeso oyenera, Fractives afunsa: Kudzakonzanso kuyenera kwa chilungamo? Idzafunikira ndalama zochuluka motani? Kupanga chiwoneretso choposa chikachitika m’dziko lonse? Kufikira chivomerezo kumapeto cha kuyenera kukwaniritsa zinthu za kumanja kwabwino. [Fractive, chitsanzo:]

Milandu Yosonyeza Chigamulo cha Filosofi Ikugwira Ntchito

Kusandulika kwa kuphatikizana kungapezedwe mwa kusankha zochita pa mpambo wa zopangapanga zimene zinapikisana. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene chiweruzo cha dziko chimayambukirira mwachindunji kaya kuyenera kwa dzikolo kuli kogwirizana ndi mtundu.

Gitrow v. New York (1925) – Njira Yoyamba

Mu .Gitlow[[FLT , khotilo linalingalira kuti mawu aulere a First Amendment adaphatikizidwa mwa Geneth Amendment, koma linachirikiza chitsimikiziro chifukwa chakuti mawu ofunsidwa sanatetezedwe. Malingaliro oyambawa anali opatulika. Ambiri, olembedwa ndi Woweruza Edward Sanlford, sanaloŵerere m’kulingalira kwakuya kwa filosofi; anangolingalira kuti kuliko. Woweruza Oliver Welvey Holmes adatsutsa, akutsutsa kuti lamulo la boma linalephera kupereka “upandu ndi upandu wapakalipo. [Bholmeatry] Filosofiki . . . . . .Inano yapamwamba ndi yokayikira za magulu aumboni yosatsimikizirika . Iye adagwiritsira ntchito muyezo kutetezera kwa dziko lonse. Chilungamo cha kutsutsa mphamvu za dziko lonse la Mulungu liyenera kuwonjezera mphamvu pa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa filosofi.

Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961) – Kugwirizanitsa kwa Ulamuliro wa Exclussion

Mapp . anaphatikizapo chitetezo cha Lamulo Lachinayi loletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi lamulo lake lotsagana ndi maboma. Woweruza Tom C. Dokotala anadalira pa lamulo la kuletsa ndi kufunika kwa mankhwala ofanana. Chigamulo chinali kupambana kwabwino kwa Malamulo amoyo: Khoti linawonjezera kuyenera kumene sikunagwiritsiridwe ntchito poyamba, akumati umphumphu wa dongosolo la chiweruzo unafuna zimenezo. Zoweruza John Marshall Harlan II ndi Felikerder zinatsutsa, akumanena kuti lamulo lopatula silinali laumwini koma mankhwala opangidwa omwe sayenera kukakamizidwa pa maulamuliro. Chifilosofi chawo chapamwamba ndi ulemu wa bungwe lachi.

Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963) – Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Kuwonjezera pa mlandu wakale ( Malingaliro a Brady . Brady [1] , khoti mu Gideon adakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kwa kulangiza nkwafunika ndipo amagwira ntchito ku mayiko. Lingaliro la Woweruza wa Black la Khoti la mogwirizana linagwiritsa ntchito “chilungamo” kuyesa. Anthu akuda anali okhulupirira kuti Bill of Rights ayenera kuphatikizidwa. Lingaliro lake limasonyeza kuti: iye anakana lingaliro limene limanena kuti likhoza kuyesa ndi miyezo yosiyana yopereka uphungu. Nkhaniyo kaŵirikaŵiri imatchulidwa monga chitsanzo cha mmene choweruza cha“ chigamu cha [chigamu chigamu).

[[NTL:0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – Jury Mayeso

Dincan adaphatikiza kuyenera kwa kuweruza milandu yaikulu. Woweruza Byron White anagogomezera kuti kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli kuli kofunika kwambiri ku pulogalamu ya apandu ya ku America. Woweruza Harlan anatsutsa, akumanena kuti Ser Process Claus imaletsa machitidwe okha amene amaswa “malamulo a ufulu ndi chilungamo, [1] Muyezo umene amakhulupirira kuti sunafunikire kuzenga milandu ya ajuli m'nkhani zonse. Chiphunzitso cha Harlan nthaŵi zambiri chinatcha kuti “kusankha kuphatikizana ndi miyezo ya boma yodziimira. [2] Mosabisa kutsutsana ndi njira yofala kwambiri ya anthu. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza mmene kusiyana kwa mafilosofi kumakhalira ndi zotsatira za chilungamo pamene agwirizana pa kuyesa koweruza kwakukulu.

Ntchito ya Mwaŵi wa 14 wa Kusintha Zinthu Kapena Kugwirizanitsa Claus

Kusintha kwa nthaŵi zambiri m'kutsutsana kwa kusankha ndiko njira ina yodzera ku Priviges kapena Immunites Clause ya Kusintha kwa 14neth. Saenz v. Rooct] (1999]), Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito mawuwo kutetezera kuyenera kwa kuyenda. Akatswiri ena ndi olemba mawu anatsutsa kuti, si pepala la Classisting Claus, cholinga chake chinali kuphatikizapo Bill of Rights logation polimbana ndi malamulo. Iwo angaloze kutchula Nyumba za Nyumba za Nyumba za Nyumba [FFT:] [FT] [FFF:5] [5] [187], zimene zikana kulakwa, monga momwe ziyenera kuganitsiriridwanso. Ngati kuti chiganizo cha kubwereranso ku chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa cha chigawa chachi. Chikho cha Chikho chachi chika chika chika chachi, chika china chotchedwa chika kuwonjezera

Mabungwe Amakono ndi Tsogolo la Kusankha

M’zaka za zana la 21, Khotilo latsala pang'ono kumaliza njira yophatikiza zambiri za Bill of Rights. Chikalata cha Third Amendment chidakalibe cholembedwa, makamaka chifukwa chakuti sichatchulidwa. Chisinthiko chachiŵiri chinaikidwa mu McD [[[[FLT:]] [2011] [Maganizo] [mafuno] [[FLT] [1] [20] [9]. Komabe, kutsutsana kwa nzeru kumapitiriza [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FFF:5] [i] kugawa ufulu wochuluka.

Dera lina limene likubuka ndilo kuloŵetsedwa kwa ufulu wosandandalikidwa bwino m'Bai la Ufulu Woyenerera, monga ngati kuyenera kwa kukwatira kapena kuyenera kwa kudzilamulira kwa thupi. Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (20:5) chigamulo cha ukwati wa pakati pa mlingo umodzi wofanana wodalira pa njira yoyenerera yokhayokha, imene otsutsa ambiri amatsutsa ndi mtundu wa kulowa m'gulu la a khoti. Oyambirira onga Jasi Thomas adakana mfundo imeneyi, akutsimikizira kuti Proclement Claus system sati kutetezera zoyenera zosatchulidwa. Kutsutsana pakati pa mafilosofi ameneŵa kungafotokoze bwino mchitidwe wotsatira wa kuyambitsa mikangano, makamaka monga kutembenuza kwa Khoti.

Mabuku Othandiza kwa Ophunzira, Aphunzitsi, ndi Akatswiri Oona za Malamulo

Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa nthanthi zachiweruzo ndi kugwirizanitsa kosankha sikuli kokha kupenda kwa maphunziro. Kwa aphunzitsi, kumapatsa maziko a kulongosola zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba. Kwa ophunzira, kumamveketsa chifukwa chake ufulu wina umayendera limodzi m’maiko onse pamene ena sakuchita. Kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, kumathandiza kudziŵiratu mmene milandu yamtsogolo ingasankhidwire. Pamene Khoti liyang'ana mafunso okhudza zachinsinsi za chinsinsi (kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa m’nyengo ya mafoni), Second Amendmentment kunja kwa nyumba, kapena ufulu wa oimbidwa ndi aupandu, zoweruza za ufilositi zidzatsimikizira ngati ufulu umenewu uli wa dziko kapena ku bwalo lamilandu. Mfundo yabwino yoyambira kufufuza kwambiri ndiyo [FLD: 0] Conflluctive Information Institute of resolution ya Onetication Institute of [Foct1]

Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito malingaliro osiyana mu . [FLT .Louisiana [1] ndi Timbs v. Indiana . [FLT:] kuonetsa mmene chilungamo chokhala ndi mafilosofi osiyanasiyana chimafikira pa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana. Ophunzira ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuŵerenga malingaliro enieni a nzeru za filosofi kuti aone mmene zikugwirira ntchito. Malo othandiza kuyerekezera ndi [FLT:] malo a Bwalo lapamwamba [FLT:], amene akupereka mabuku.

Mapeto: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Filosofi

Kusankha kuphatikizako kudakali mbali imodzi yamphamvu kwambiri ya lamulo la malamulo chifukwa chakuti imakhudza kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ufulu wa boma, pakati pa tanthauzo lokhazikika ndi miyezo yosintha. Nzeru zachiweruzo zimagwira ntchito monga kampasi imene imatsogolera chilungamo chilichonse ku chigawo chimenechi. Ngati woyambitsa wa malamulo apamwamba, wolemba malamulo a , kapena wolemba malamulo a , kapena woweruza, wailesi imene imayang'ana kupendedwa kwa malamulo a dziko lapansi, kupendedwa ndi kuyenera kwa ufulu wa 147 ndi kusanduka mtundu wa dziko. Monga zitokososozo zatsopano zochokera ku ku luntha la kupenda zinthu zakubala. Zomwenso za ufilo wa zaka za zana la 21 zikukambidwa ndi “kuyambika kwa". Mbiri ya kuphatikiza ufulu wa anthu imasonyeza, m’mbiri ya dziko la Amerekali. Timaphunziranso kusamvetsa za kukonzekera kukwaniritsa maluso a Bill.