Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa boma chotetezera thupi ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimaletsa kusutidwa m'khoti la boma popanda chilolezo. Chikuchokera ku Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi ku U.S., lamulo limeneli lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa ntchito za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu za boma . Malo, milatho, nyumba za anthu, ndi makompyuta a anthu. Pamene mikangano ibuka pa maprojekiti ameneŵa, maluso a kudzitetezera amene angapereke kwa munthu amene angam’zengere mlandu, amene ali ndi amene ali ndi mikhalidwe yotani. Kumvetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa opanga malamulo, mainjiniya, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo amene amayendetsa malo ovuta a za zomanga nyumba za anthu.

Magwero a Lamulo la Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu Yadziko

Demendment ya 115, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1795, inapereka kuti: “Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya Chiweruzo ya United States siidzalingaliridwa kukhala yopereka lamulo lililonse kapena kuyenera, yoyambitsidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu pa umodzi wa United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ya nzika kapena ya nzika za Dziko lina lililonse.” Ngakhale kuti malembawo amaoneka kukhala opapatiza, Khoti Lapamwamba laimasulira kuti ikhale ndi lamulo lalikulu: maboma ali otetezeka ku milandu yachinsinsi m’khoti a boma pokhapokhapokha ngati avomereza kuimbidwa kapena kuperekedwa ndi bungwe lotetezera dzikolo. Kupeŵa kumeneku kumafalikira ku maboma ndi zida za boma, monga madipatimenti a zoyendera zoyendera anthu, mayunivesiti, ndi mayunivesite.

Chiphunzitsocho chili ndi maziko aakulu m'lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene Chisoti chosatha kusutidwa popanda chilolezo chake. Mafulensi ananyamula lingaliro limeneli ku dongosolo la malamulo a America, kuliwona kukhala kofunika kutetezera ulemu ndi kukhazikika kwa maboma a boma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lawongolera chiphunzitso m'nkhani zosinthasintha zinthu monga Hans v. Louisiana . [1890], zimene zinakhulupirira kuti malamulo ali otetezeka ku masuti a nzika zawo monga nzika zawo, ndipo . Florida v.[FLT] (1969]), zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu ya Mabungwe a ufulu wa kuteteza pansi pa mfundo za I. Zigamu zamphamvu zimenezi zili ndi zotetezera zamphamvu kwambiri zokhudzana.

Mmene Kugaŵikana Kolamulira Kumakhudzira Kufalitsa Malamulo Okhudza Anthu Onse

Makonzedwe a zomangamanga za boma amayambika mwachibadwa. Mapangano osokoneza zinthu angabuke chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa pangano (m' lekuatiso, boma limalephera kulipirira womanga) kuvulala kwake (m’chitsanzo, msewu wosasamalidwa bwino umachititsa ngozi), kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala (m’chitsanzo, ntchito yomanga ingawononge malo otentha apafupi), kapena nkhani zapadera. Mkhalidwe uliwonse, kuteteza chitetezo kwa munthu woyang'anira ku khoti, kuwakakamiza kulondola mankhwala m'khoti la boma .

Mikangano Yotsutsana

Pamene womanga waboma alemba kampani ya boma kuti apange mlatho, panganolo lingathe kutetezeredwa ndi odzilamulira. Ngati boma laswa panganolo, kampaniyo singathe kungoipereka kukhoti la boma pokhapokha ngati boma laletsa kutetezedwa kwake m'panganolo kapena mwa lamulo la boma. Maboma ambiri amafuna omanga nyumba kuvomereza chigamulo cha boma kapena kuikiza m'khoti la boma. Zimenezi zingachedwetse chithandizo ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zimene gulu la boma likufuna kulipira ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zimene likuwononga kwa mabungwe amene akugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma.

Kunena Zoipa

Ngati nzika yavulazidwa ndi chikwangwani chogwera pa nyumba ya boma kapena m'ngozi ya galimoto chifukwa cha msewu wa boma wosasamalidwa bwino, odzitetezera angaletse mlandu wachindunji ku boma. Federal Tort Ipenitions Act (FTCA) siimagwira ntchito ku boma; mmalo mwake, boma lililonse lili ndi mawu akeake odzinenera omwe angawonongere chitetezo ku malire ena. Komabe, malamulo a boma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti adziwitse m'kanthaŵi kochepa, ziwombolo, ndi kuchotsa mitundu ina ya zonena (m.g., zosankha zanzeru).

Mavuto a Malo Okhala ndi Atsogoleri

Magulu a malo okhala kapena eni malo oyandikana angatokose ntchito ya boma ya kuswa malamulo a boma otetezera chilengedwe. Kuteteza kolamulira sikumaletsa kwenikweni maalamu a boma m'kukhoza kwawo kwa kuyembekezera kupatsidwa mpumulo pansi pa chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Expate Young [ (1908). Kupatula kumeneku kumalola akuluakulu a boma kusungirira akuluakulu a boma amene akukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kapena kuswa malamulo a boma, koma sikumalola kuti apereke chiwombolo cha ndalama kwa bomalo. Monga chotulukapo, oyendetsa ntchito ayenera kuyang'anira madandaulo awo ndi kufuna chithandizo cha anthu wamba.

Chinsinsi Chopatulidwa ku Kugaŵikana Kolamulira

Ngakhale kuti chiwembuchi chimakhala chachikulu, si kuti chiwembu cha boma n’chokhachokha.

Kuswa Ufulu wa Anthu

Pansi pa Gawo 5 la Kusintha kwa 14 ndi, Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kutetezera ufulu wa boma pa masuti osonyeza kuswa ufulu walamulo. Galimoto yofala kwambiri ndi 42 U.S.C. . . . . . ., imene imalola anthu kusudzula akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka chiwombolo ndi kuletsa kuletsa pamene akuluakuluwo aswa ufulu wa boma kapena ufulu wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ntchito yomanga msewu ya boma isankha dala chitaganya cha Active Protection Claine, anthu okhudzidwa ndi boma angasunge akuluakulu a boma. Komabe, suti yolimbana ndi boma (monga kwa akuluakulu a boma) ingaletsedwebe popanda lamulo loletsa oletsa kuteteza.

Kusoŵa Kokhala Pamalo Ochitira Zinthu

Maboma angavomereze dala kuimbidwa mlandu. Kuvomereza koteroko kuyenera kukhala komveka ndi kosatsutsika. Ambiri amatchula mapangano otetezera thupi m'mawu ake, monga ngati mwa mapangano awo otsatizana, mwa kuloŵa m'mapangano amene amaphatikizapo ziganizo za kusankha, kapena mwa kutenga nawo mbali m'maprogramu a boma opereka chivomerezo chogwirizana ndi. Okonza zinthu amalankhula ndi otsutsa oterowo kaŵirikaŵiri kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi tsiku m’khoti ngati mkangano wabuka. A Waivers angakhale ndi tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingavomereze kuyenerera m'makhoti zake zokha, kapena kungopanga ndalama zingapo.

Kudzitukumula kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo Pansi pa Ulamuliro Woyenera

Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ingachotsenso malamulo otetezera maulamuliro awo pamene ikhazikitsa malamulo otsatizana, makamaka pansi pa 14th Amereka Ofestment . Mwachitsanzo, Ages Onect of Age Dicline Act, ndi Umutwe VI wa Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Anthu onse onse adachirikizidwa kukhala oyenera kuvomereza m'zochitika zina. M'mabungwe, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti tsankho la anthu opunduka m'maprojekiti oyendera kapena tsankho la zaka za m'maboma lingayambirire boma mosasamala kanthu za kutetezedwa kwa ulamuliro. Komabe, bungwe la Congress Commoration Resordern (m. Clas Claus) logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake I (m. Claus) monga momwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu [FLD: 0]

Asuti yotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a Boma: Ex + [Kusafuna]

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, chiphunzitso Ex parte Young chimalola maulamuliro a boma kusudzula kuti athetse kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Ichi ndi chiŵiya chovuta kwambiri kaamba ka ufulu wa malo okhala ndi anthu kuphatikizapo zigwirizano za zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma likumanga damu m’kuswa lamulo la Chenea Water Act, gulu la malo okhala lingasunge woyang’anira bungwe la boma kuletsa kumangidwa. Mlandu wa mlanduwo umaonedwa kukhala wotsutsana ndi oyang'anira, osati boma, chotero kutetezedwa sikumagwira ntchito. Komabe, chivulatso chirichonse chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi nduna kapena boma ngati chivomereza modzifunira.

Kuvuta kwa Lamulo ndi Khalidwe

Kugwirizana pakati pa chitetezo cha boma ndi zigwirizano za boma kumachititsa kuti anthu oyendetsa ntchito azikhala ndi malo ovuta kwambiri oyendera malamulo amene ayenera kusamala kwambiri.

Zoyesayesa Zoyesa Kuyesa

Poona zopinga za kusuta boma, mamembala achinsinsi ayenera kuphatikizapo malamulo omveka bwino ochotsera m'mapangano awo ndi mabungwe a boma. Nyumba zambiri za boma zakhazikitsa malamulo amene amavomereza mabungwe awo kuvomereza kutsata malamulo ena. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la zoyendera lingavomereze kukhazikitsa pangano logwirizanitsa kapena khoti loikidwa ndi munthu wokana kulowa m’dzikolo. Popanda chilolezo, kampaniyo ingafunikire kudalira pa mankhwala oyenera a boma kapena makhoti amene angatsutse.

Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Chifukwa chakuti kutsutsana ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumaumirizidwa, chigamulo china cha mkangano (ADR) njira , kugwirizanitsa, ndi ma tribittion , zakhala zofala m'mapangano a zamalonda a boma. ADR ingakhale yofulumira, yosakwera mtengo, ndi yosapereka chilango chokulirapo kuposa mabwalo. Maboma ambiri amafuna kapena kulimbikitsa ADR kutsutsana kochokera ku mapangano a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Federal Highway Ad AdR yavomereza kwa nthaŵi yaitali ADR pa maprojekiti a boma oyendetsedwa ndi boma, ndipo mayiko ambiri atengera malamulo ofanana ndi zimenezi. Ayenera kuzindikira zofunika zimenezi ndi kutsimikizira kuti zigamu za chigamu cha chigamulo cha ADR chilo nchomveka bwino ndi chovomerezeka.

Uyang’aniro wa Malamulo ndi Kulamulira

Mabungwe amene nthaŵi zambiri amagwirizana ndi maboma a boma . monga magulu omanga, zipangizo zothandizira, kapena kusapanga phindu la malo okhala . Kusintha kwa malamulo kumene kumachepetsa mphamvu zotetezera ufulu wa munthu m’malo ena kungakhale kothandiza. Maboma ena akhazikitsa kuletsa kopangika kwa pangano koma osungidwa kaamba ka kuukirana; ena apanga makhoti apadera a mawu akuti asamalira mikangano ya zachuma. Kumvetsetsa malo andale ndi kugwirira ntchito ndi boma kuchepetsa malamulo otetezera ku zigamu za lamulo kungachepetse upandu kwa zigamu zonse zoloŵetsedwa.

Zochita ndi Chitukuko Zaposachedwapa

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, khotili lafotokoza mfundo zingapo zokhudza zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Trores v. Dipatimenti ya Texas ya Safety [[FLT: 1]

Mu Trores v. Department of Public Safety [202], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti maboma sangadziteteze modzifunira pamene atenga nawo mbali m'maprogramu a boma omwe amaphatikizapo ndemanga yomveka ya kuteteza thupi. Mlanduwu unaphatikizapo wa asilikali amene anazemba Department of Public Safety pa ntchito za ntchito za ntchito pansi pa bungwe la United States ndi Rescrament Rights Rights Act (URRA). Khoti linagamula kuti pamene boma lilandira ndalama kapena mapindu pansi pa programu imene imatengamo mbali yowola ya chitetezero, boma lavomereza mwalamulo kuyenerera kulinganiza. Lamulo limeneli limavomereza mwachindunji kuti: kulola ndalama za m'makwanizo za m'makwawa (UST) Activesss Act (Act) ya kuchuluka kwa mapangano a kuyendetsa malamulo ena a boma a boma.

Boma la Waiver ndi Unduna Waunyinji

Mayanjano a anthu onse (ma P3) amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka kupezera ndalama ndi kupereka ntchito zazikulu za za zapamgwirizano. Makonzedwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kugaŵira zinthu zaupandu zocholoŵana, kuphatikizapo amene ali ndi mlandu wa zophophonya zopanga, kuchedwa, ndi kulephera kugwira ntchito. Kukopa kusungitsa ndalama zachinsinsi, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo akuti chitetezero chachisawawa cha P3. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena amawononga kwambiri chitetezo cha kuswa pangano kapena kutsegulira mapangano, oyenera kusungidwa ndi mabowonekedwe. Ena amafuna kuti mnzake wachinsinsiyo asunge mapanganowo ndi kutsimikizira boma. Osunga chuma chachinsinsi ayenera kuchita ntchito yosamalirira yosaukira pa kampani m'malo amene ntchitoyo ili, monga mmene mlingo wa chitetezo wa kudziko lingasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma.

Zonena za Boma ndi Kulephera Kuyendera Boma

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa chitetezo cha boma ndi chotetezera thupi cha boma pansi pa FTCA. Pamene kuli kwakuti FTCA ikufuna kuteteza antchito olephera a boma, siimagwira ntchito kwa antchito a boma. Komabe, pamene maboma akugwira ntchito yogwirizana ndi boma. Kudalirana kwake kwa makampani monga misewu yam’dziko kapena njira zoyendera zaunyinji zoyendera. Funso la boma lingakhale lotsutsana ndi boma. Ngati womangayo asungirira boma chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza ntchito yake yosasamala ntchitoyo, boma lingasunge chitetezo cha ulamuliro pansi pa Demendement. Nthaŵi yomweyo bungwelo limadalira pa lamulo ndi kuchepetsa chivomerezo. Chikalata chaposachedwapa cha boma chafufuzanso ngati angasungedwe pansi pa malamulo a Thecracy Acts of Waters of acts, okhala ndi makhoti oyenera kuyendetsa malo ambiri [FFF:]

Njira Zothandiza kwa Obadwira

Polingalira za kuvuta kwa chitetezo cha ulamuliro, mamembala ogwirira ntchito za kampani ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse ngozi za kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Njira zotsatirazi zikuvomerezedwa kuti zikhale zomangamanga, magulu omanga, ndi othandizira ntchito:

  • [[FLT: 0] Maigotiate akufotokoza zitsutso za kutaya m'pangano lililonse ndi bungwe la boma. Waiver ayenera kulongosola ukulu wa chivomerezo (m.g., kuti makhoti, mitundu ya zonena, zipewa) ndipo ayenera kulembedwa.
  • Mumaphatikizapo makonzedwe a ADR oyenera amene amakhazikitsa njira yomvekera bwino ya kubwezera kapena kutumiza, ndi makonzedwe amene boma limawononga chitetezo cha lamulo kaamba ka kusungitsa mphotho iliyonse yotulukapo.
  • Masinthidwe a malamulo pa milingo ya boma ndi boma. Monga momwe kuwonekera mu Trores , Congress ikhoza kukhazikitsa ndalama za boma pa opatsirana. Maboma mwa apa ndi apo amapendanso machitidwe ndi malamulo awo a pangano.
  • Kuzenga mlandu kwa akuluakulu a boma mmalo mwa boma lenilenilo pofunafuna chithandizo chopitikitsa. Mawonero ayenera kutchula nduna imodzi mwa maulamuliro awo alamulo ndi kuswa malamulo kwa lamulo kapena boma kopitirizabe.
  • Ganizirani za pulogalamu. Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti la boma lingakhale losapezeka, makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amazoloŵerana kwambiri ndi malamulo awo otetezera thupi. Kumvetsetsa khoti la boma la zinenezo kapena njira ya kuweruza kungapereke njira ina yabwino.

Kumaliza

Kulephera kutetezera dziko sikuli chopinga chapadera koma chiphunzitso champhamvu chimene chimagwirizana ndi mbali iliyonse ya kupangidwa kwa zinthu zapadera za anthu. Kuchokera pa pangano la kukangana ndi kutsutsana, kukhoza kusungirira boma [1] kapena kusoweka kwake kumayambukira maupandu ndi zotsatira zake. Mwakumvetsetsa chiyambi cha Demendmentth Amendment, kusiyana kwakukulu (kuyenera kwachikomyunizimu, kuyendetsa malo, kukhazikitsa, [[FLM:0]] Kuchotsapo mbali ya ntchito yaching'ono ndi yotsatira. ), ndi zikhumbo zaposachedwapa, ozengamira, angayende bwino ku malo alamulo. Pamene mapangano a boma akukula ndi malonda a boma akukula, kufunika kwa kuteteza kwa mbuye kudzakhala kokha. Mabungwe a lamulo, ndi oyendetsa ntchito pamodzi ndi kukwaniritsa malamulo a zaudindo a boma pamene akuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuweruza bwino.

Kwa awo ofuna tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka, zopereka zodalirika zimaphatikizapo Cornell Legal Information Institute ya kupenda kwa Pramendment ya 11 , Congregational Research Service pa Service Immuny ndi Demendment ya khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi , ndi malingaliro aposachedwapa a Khoti Lapamwamba monga [[FLT:] Testares v. Department of Public Safety . Attorysings apadera m'pangano lapoyera ayeneranso kuyang'ana malamulo ndi lamulo la boma lawo lachigamu, monga chiphunzitso chotetezera chinga chosiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana.